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Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / An 84-day study was conducted to find a suitable diet and feeding level for the culture of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) in Namibia. Two experimental diets, namely, a seaweed diet (SWD) Laminaria pallida (macrophytic algae) and a formulated diet (FD) (macro-algae), for use in abalone (Haliotis midae) feed development, were evaluated. The animals used in this study were juveniles (24.33 ± 3.14 mm shell length; 2.72 ± 0.83 g live weight, mean ± SE) and sub-adults (58.07 ± 10.33 mm shell length and 41.96 ± 20.61 g live weight, mean ± SE). The nutrient profile of the SWD and FD displayed no differences in the protein and carbohydrate levels. Crude protein levels ranged from 4.91 to 17.68% (dry matter (DM) basis). The lipid levels in the FD (0.25%) were almost 0.56% lower than that in the SWD (0.76%). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for the sub-adult abalone ranged from 2.80 to 10.90 and 0.10 to 0.40, respectively. The juvenile abalone fed on the FD yielded significantly lower (P < 0.05) FCRs (0.8) and higher PERs (1.20) than their counterparts fed on the SWD. A similar trend was observed for the sub-adult abalone although the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The relative growth rate (RGR) of juvenile fed on the FD was 25% lower compared to those fed on the SWD, while that of the sub-adult abalone fed on the FD was 29% lower compared to the abalone fed on the SWD. From the daily growth rate (DGR) in terms of daily body weight (DGRBW) calculated after the 84-day period, repeated-measures ANOVA (RANOVA) indicated no interaction between time period and diet. Although slightly lower, the DGRBW for the juvenile abalone fed on the SWD diet (0.033 g/day) did not differ significantly from the DGRBW of abalone fed on the FD (0.079 g/day). In contrast, sub-adult abalone fed on the SWD exhibited significantly higher DGRBW compared to those fed on the FD. Although the abalone fed on the FD was slightly higher in nutritional content, there was no significantly difference (P > 0.05) in the nutritional profile of the abalone soft body tissue fed on either the SWD or FD. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in preference when comparing the aroma of the abalone meat samples fed on either the SWD or FD. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the consumers’ preference in terms of flavour for the abalone sample fed on the FD. The trained taste panel results indicated that there was no difference in the aroma and flavour of the abalone fed on the different diets (P > 0.05). This study showed that cultured juvenile H. midae, readily accepted a FD, producing high consumption and survival rates. The FD still warrants further refinement and testing for it to become a more effective mariculture feed with commercial potential.

The purpose of this study was to examine the suitability of the YSI model 6600 Environmental Monitoring System (multiprobe) for long term deployment at a site in Lewisville Lake, Texas. Specifically, agreement between a laboratory extraction procedure and the multiprobe chlorophyll/fluorescence readings was examined. Preliminary studies involved determining the best method for disrupting algal cells prior to analysis and examining the precision and linearity of the acetone extraction procedure. Cell disruption by mortar and pestle grinding was preferable to bath sonication. Comparison of the chlorophyll/fluorescence readings from the multiprobe and the extraction procedure indicated that they were significantly correlated but temperature dependent.

Nitrogen (N) has traditionally been regarded as the primary limiting nutrient to algal growth in marine coastal waters, but recent studies suggest that phosphorus (P) can be limiting in carbonate-rich environments. To better understand the importance of P. alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was measured in reef macroalgae in seven counties of south Florida ; several significant trends emerged : 1) APA decreased geographically from the highest values in Dada>Monroe>Palm Beach>St. Lucie>Broward>Martin>Lee counties 2) APA varied temporally with increasing nutrient-rich runoff in the wet season 3) APA varied due to taxonomic division Phaeophyta>Rhodophyta>Chlorophyta 4) Nutrient enrichment experiments demonstrated that increased N-enrichment enhanced P-limitation while increased P decreased P-limitation. These results suggest that high APA observed in carbonate-rich waters of Dade County and low APA in Broward County resulted from high nutrient inputs associated with anthropogenic nutrient pollution. / by Courtney Kehler. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Pigment-based chemotaxonomy uses relative amounts of photosynthetic pigments (biomarkers) within algae samples to determine the algal class composition of each sample. Chemotaxonomy has been applied successfully to phytoplankton communities, but its efficacy for periphyton has not yet been established. This study examined the ability of simultaneous linear equations (SLE), CHEMTAX, and the Bayesian Compositional Estimator (BCE) to determine algal class composition in Florida Everglades periphyton. The methods were applied to artificial datasets, mixed lab cultures of known composition, and Everglades periphyton samples for which microscopic biovolume data was available. All methods were able to return accurate sample compositions for artificial data and mixed lab cultures. Correlation between pigment methods and microscopic results for natural periphyton samples was poor. SLE and CHEMTAX returned similar results for all samples while BCE performed less well. / by Jamie L. Browne. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta). Foi aplicado modelo fatorial 2 x 5, inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro, acrescido de AM, contendo 420 mg de DHA/100 g dieta (AM420) foram também utilizados. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: postura, peso do ovo, consumo alimentar, conversão alimentar, qualidade externa e interna dos ovos e qualidade organoléptica dos mesmos. O peso médio do ovo assinalado para o grupo CON (63,30 g) decresceu linearmente de forma significativa (Y = - 0,0051X + 63,8560, R2 = 0,97) em resposta à suplementação de níveis crescentes de DHA da fonte OP, atingindo valor mínimo de 62,13 g no grupo OP360. O índice de postura das aves de 88,10% (CON) não foi influenciado pelas fontes de DHA na ração. A qualidade interna do ovo, avaliada em unidades Haugh, apresentou melhora significativa (P&lt;0,05) com a adição de teores crescentes de AM igual ou superior a 1% na dieta das aves. Quanto aos teores de DHA na gema do ovo de aves suplementadas com OP, foi observado aumento significativo de 22,64 mg/ gema (CON), para 187,91 mg/ gema no grupo OP360. Os PUFAs n-3 apresentaram acréscimo significativo no contraste entre CON (62,16 mg/gema) e OP360 (218,62 mg/gema). Para a fonte AM, as médias de DHA também mostraram linearidade (Y = 0,23X + 1,27, R2 = 0,86), oscilando entre 22,64 mg/gema (CON) e 149,75 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-3 oscilou de 104,18 mg/gema (AM120) a 175,32 mg/gema (AM420). O inverso ocorreu com os ácidos araquidônico, linoléico e PUFAs n-6 que mostraram decréscimos significativos (P&lt;0,05) com o aumento de OP na dieta, variando, respectivamente, de 98,71 mg, 987,70 mg e 1108,92 mg/ gema na dieta CON a 38,87 mg, 734,22 mg e 802,79 mg/ gema, para o grupo OP360. O percentual de incorporação de DHA na gema dos ovos decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 85,11% (OP120) e 65,28% (AM120) para 49,45% (OP360) e 34,06% (AM420). Melhora significativa (P&lt;0,05) foi consignada na relação n-6/n-3, variando de 17,50 no grupo CON para 3,72 e 6,36 para tratamentos OP360 e AM420, respectivamente. A avaliação sensorial não detectou qualquer sabor ou odor estranho nos ovos dos diferentes tratamentos ou fontes utilizados, exceto para a análise qualitativa do grupo OP360 onde foi detectado grau de intensidade regular de sabor de peixe, diferindo significativamente (P&lt;0,05) do grupo CON. / This experiment was conducted using two hundreds eighty eight 32-wk-old Hisex White laying hens for a period of ten weeks, with the objective of studying the fatty acid enrichment of the egg yolk of hens fed diets supplemented with fish oil (OP) or marine algae (AM) to provide five levels of DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 mg/100 g diet) for each source. A 2 X 5 completely randomized factorial design with three replicates of eight birds per treatment was applied in order to have the following groups: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 and AM360. A control group submitted to a corn/soy basal diet (CON) and another one supplemented with AM at the level of 420 mg of DHA/100 g diet (AM420) were also used. Egg production, egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion, external and internal egg quality and the organoleptic quality of the eggs were evaluated. The egg weight mean obtained for group CON (63.30 g), decreased linearly (Y = - 0.0051X + 63.8560, R2 = 0.97) as the supplemented DHA levels from the OP source increased, reaching the lowest egg weight mean of 62.13 g for the group OP360. The egg production of the control group hens (88.10%) was not influenced by the source of DHA. The internal quality of the egg evaluated by Haugh units presented significant improvement (P&lt;0.05) with the increase of the AM source to 1% or more. The amounts of DHA into the egg yolk in birds fed OP diets, were significantly increased from 22.64 mg/egg yolk (CON), to 187.91 mg/egg yolk (OP360). The egg yolk PUFAs n-3 of the control group (62.16g) increased significantly as compared to the OP360 group (218.62 mg/yolk). The AM source showed DHA means also linear (Y = 0.23X + 1.27, R2 = 0.86), ranging from 22.64 mg/yolk (CON) to 149.75 mg/yolk (AM420), while the PUFAs n-3 ranged from 104.18 mg/yolk (AM120) to 175.32 mg/yolk (AM420). The araquidonic acid, linoleic acid and PUFAs n-6 showed significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) with the increase of OP into the diet, ranging from 98.71 mg, 987.70 mg and 1108.92 mg/egg yolk for the CON group to 38.87 mg, 734.22 mg and 802.79 mg/egg yolk, for the OP360 group. The percentage of DHA incorporation into the egg yolk decreased linearly as the DHA levels increased into the diet. Thus, for the OP and AM sources, mean values of 85.11% (OP120) and 65.28% (AM120) decreased to 49.45% (OP360) and 34.06% (AM420). Significant improvement (P&lt;0.05) was found in the ratio n-6/n-3, ranging from17.50 (CON) to 3.72 (OP320) and 6.36 (AM420). The sensorial evaluation of eggs did not detect any different flavor or odor in eggs among treatments or sources, except for the qualitative analysis of group OP360 which showed fish flavor, significantly different (P&lt;0.05) from the control group.

Lim Sze Nee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-176). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviation --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Classification of algae --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Chemical and mineral composition of marine macroalgae --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Uses of marine macroalgae --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Food --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Industrial uses --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Agricultural uses --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Fertilizer --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Fodder --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Medicinal properties --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Pharmacological effects of marine macroalgae --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Antioxidant activity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Hypotensive activity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Antiviral activity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Antimicrobial activity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Antitumor activity --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Hypocholesterolemic activity --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidative Activities of Marine Macroalgae --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Free radicals: definition and sources --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Free radical-induced damage --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Biological lipid peroxidation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Lipid oxidation of foods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Antioxidants --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Antioxidants --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Antioxidant mechanisms --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Synthetic antioxidants --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Natural antioxidants --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods and Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of algae extracts --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Determination of free radical scavenging activities --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Superoxide anions scavenging activity --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Antioxidative activity using hemolysis assay --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Preparation of red blood cell (RBC) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Hemolysis assay --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Lipid peroxidation assay --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation of rat brain homogenates --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Measurement of lipid peroxidation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistics --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Superoxide radical scavenging activity of algal extracts --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Effects of algae extracts on hemolysis assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Effects of algae extracts on lipid peroxidation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Isolation of Antioxidative Phenolic Compounds from Sargassum siliquastrum --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Phenolic compounds --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Major classes of phenolic compounds --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Functional aspects of phenolic compounds --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Functions of phenolic compounds in plants --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Biological and pharmacological activities --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Food industry --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Polyphenolic compounds in brown algae --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Objectives --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods and Materials --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Extraction and isolation of antioxidant components from S siliquastrum --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Thin-Layer chromatography --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Antioxidant activity --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination of total phenolics --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Infrared spectra --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Ultra-violet and visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Statistics --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Identification of phenolic compounds from various solvent extracts of S. siliquastrum --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Isolation of dichloromethane fraction by liquid chromatography --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Phenolic content of isolated compounds --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- IR and UV-vis spectra --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Antioxidative activities --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Relationship between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Identification of antioxidant compounds --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Hypotensive Activities of Marine Algae in the Rat --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Basic principles of cardiovascular system --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Regulation of arterial pressure --- p.105 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Short-term regulation of arterial pressure --- p.105 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Long-term regulation of arterial pressure --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Hypertension --- p.108 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Causes of hypertension --- p.109 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Where do antihypertensive or hypotensive agents act? --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.1 --- Sympathetic nervous system inhibitors --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.2 --- Diuretics --- p.120 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.3 --- Vasodilators --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.4 --- Calcium antagonist (Calcium channel blockers) --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.5 --- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors --- p.122 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.6 --- Antihypertensive drug combination --- p.122 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- The relationship between hypertension and free radicals --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Development of new antihypertensive agenrs --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Animal care --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of the blood pressure measurement in rats --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Effects of seaweed extracts on arterial blood pressure of rat --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.2.1.1 --- Single-dose response curve --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.2.1.2 --- Cumulative-dose response curve --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Pharmacological blocker studies --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistics --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Hypotensive effects of marine algal extracts --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effects of pharmacological blockers on MAP --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Hypotensive effects of the marine algal extracts --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Pharmacological action of marine algal extracts --- p.152 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Conclusion --- p.160 / REFERENCES --- p.165 / RELATED PUBLICATIONS --- p.177

Zhu Wen. / "May 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-249). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-258). Estimates the primary production and investigates the photosynthetic performance of temperate turfs at West Island, off the coast of South Australia. These communities play a fundamental role in reef ecology, being the main source of food for grazers, both fishes and invertebrates. Turfs also have an important function in benthic algal community dynamics, being the first colonizers on disturbed and bare substratum.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-258). / xxi, 274 leaves, [8] leaves of plates : ill. (chiefly col.), map 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Estimates the primary production and investigates the photosynthetic performance of temperate turfs at West Island, off the coast of South Australia. These communities play a fundamental role in reef ecology, being the main source of food for grazers, both fishes and invertebrates. Turfs also have an important function in benthic algal community dynamics, being the first colonizers on disturbed and bare substratum. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2002