<p>The reproductive health of individuals is severely compromised by HIV infection, with candidiasis being the most prevalent oral complication in patients. Although not usually associated with severe morbidity, oropharyngeal candidiasis can be clinically significant, as it can interfere with the administration of medications and adequate nutritional intake, and may spread to the esophagus. Azole antifungal agents are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prophylaxis of candidal infections. However, the emergence of drug resistant strains and dose limiting toxic effects have complicated the treatment of candidiasis. Consequently, safe and effective and affordable medicine is required to combat this fungus. Commercial garlic (Allium sativum) has been used time since immemorial as a natural antibiotic, however very little is known about the antifungal properties of two indigenous South African species of garlic, namely Tulbaghia alliacea and Tulbaghia violacea, that are used as folk medicines for a variety of infections. This study compares the in vitro anti-candidal activity of Tulbaghia alliacea, Tulbaghia violacea and Allium sativum extracts. It was found that the greatest concentrations of inhibitory components were extracted by chloroform or water. The IC50 concentrations of Tulbaghia alliacea were between 0.007 &ndash / 0.038% (w/v). Assays using S. cerevisiae revealed that the T. alliacea extract was fungicidal, with a killing half-life of approximately 2 hours. This inhibitory effect of the T. alliacea extracts was observed via TLC, and may be due to an active compound called Marasmicin, that was identified using NMR. This investigation confirms that extracts of T.alliacea exhibit anti-infective activity against candida species in vitro.</p>

Studies have shown that the traditional healers have used Tulbaghia violacea (TV) (also known as ‘wild garlic’) for the treatment of a number of ailments including fever, tuberculosis, stomach problems, and oesophageal cancer. However, little is known with regards to the anticancer and antiproliferative properties of this plant. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of TV and domesticated garlic extracts on Jurkat cells, in order to determine whether or not these extracts possess anti-proliferative properties. Cultured Jurkat cells were treated with IC50 concentrations of garlic (14μg/ml), TV leaf (256μg/ml), TV bulb (225μg/ml) and TV stalk (216μg/ml) extracts as determined by the methylthiazol tetrazolium assay. Free radical production was measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) assays, while glutathione (GSH) concentration was measured using the GSH-Glo™ assay. The apoptosis inducing properties of each extract were measured using flow cytometry (Annexin V- Fluos and JC-1 assays) and luminometry (caspases 3/7, 8, 9 and ATP). Western blots were run to determine protein expression, while comet and DNA fragmentation assays were used to determine the level of DNA damage induced. Wild and domesticated garlic extracts induced a significant increase in malondialdehyde concentration ([MDA]), with TV bulb extract inducing the highest concentration (p<0.0001). A significant increase in NO concentration was observed in the bulb (p<0.0001) and stalk (p<0.001) extracts, and leaf (p<0.05) and stalk (p<0.05) TV extracts significantly increasing GSH concentration. The longest comet tails were observed in TV bulb extracts (p<0.0001) and comprised mainly of single strand breaks, while the comets induced following garlic exposure contained double strand breaks. All extracts, except TV leaf, increased the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. Tulbaghia violacea leaf induced a significant (p<0.0001) increase in percentage of cells undergoing necrosis, whereas TV bulb resulted in a significant (p<0.0001) decrease. All TV extracts induced caspase 3/7 and 9 activity, with the most significant increase in caspase 9 activity observed for TV leaf and bulb. No significant change in caspase 3/7 activity was evident for domesticated garlic. Cleavage of PARP and expression of NF B and HSP 70 occured for all extracts. However, HSP 70 was not differentially expressed. Exposure to wild and domesticated garlic extracts induced peroxidative lipid and DNA damage within the cells, indicating oxidative stress. This damage occurred in conjunction with increased percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis and expression of caspase 3/7. Therefore, these findings suggest that TV is inducing cell death through apoptosis in Jurkat cells using a number of mechanisms, including the induction of oxidative stress. This is of clinical significance, as cell death through apoptosis is the preferred method of action for anti-cancer drugs. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Visa gyvybė priklauso nuo augalų gebėjimo sugerti saulės šviesos energiją ir paversti ją cheminių medžiagų energija, kurią naudodamas augalas palaiko savo gyvybinius procesus, auga ir dauginasi. Augaline medžiaga maitinasi žolėdžiai gyvūnai, sudarantys bet kurios mitybos grandinės pagrindą, vadinasi, augalų gebėjimas panaudoti saulės energiją palaiko beveik visą gyvybę žemėje. Augalai yra svarbiausi palaikant žemės atmosferos kokybę (Marinelli ir kt., 2006). Darbo tikslas – nustatyti trilapės blignos (Isopyrum thalictroides), daugiametės blizgės (Lunaria rediviva L.), meškinio česnako (Allium ursinum) paplitimą Lyduvėnų kraštovaizdžio draustinyje ir įvertinti retųjų augalų buveinių valdymo principus. Darbo metodai – lauko darbų metu registruoti retieji augalai, augantys Lyduvėnų kraštovaizdžio draustinyje. Maršrutiniu metodu buvo vizualiai stebėti retieji augalai, augantys draustinyje. Augalų būklė įvertinta pagal augalų populiacijos skaičių, gyvybingumą, fiziologinę būseną ir augimo sąlygas. 2014 m. augalų kiekio pokyčiai nustatyti pagal Braun-blanqe metodiką. Gauti duomenys išanalizuoti ir palyginti su ankstesnių tyrimų duomenimis. Darbo rezultatai. Tyrimų metu nustatyta, jog 2014 m. trilapės blignos (Isopyrum thalictroides) ir meškinio česnako (Allium ursinum) gausumas lyginant su ankstesnių metų duomenimis yra padidėjęs. Daugiametės blizgės (Lunaria rediviva L.) augalų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The whole life depends on the plants ability to imbibe the heat of the sun’s rays and transform into energy of chemical substance. The plants use this energy for maintenance of there one vital development, for growth and for propagation. The herbivores feed on plants, they are the basis of any food web. It means, that the plants ability to imbibe the heat of the sun’s rays keep holding almost the whole life on the earth. The producers (plants) are the most important species, which maintains the quality of earth atmosphere. (Marinelli and oth., 2006). Work goal is to ascertain the spreading Isopyrum thalictroides, Lunaria redivida and allium ursinum on the area of Lyduvenai reservation and to appraise the handling principle of thinly growing plants. Work methods. During the work on fields the registration of thinly growing plants on the Lyduvenai reservation. Visual observation was used on shuttle method. The plants status was appraised at number of plants population, vitality, physical state and the growing conditions. Change of plants state was established according to the population, tendency to increase and decrease in population. The obtained data was analyzed and compared with the data of previous research. Work results. During the research was ascertained the condition of all three investigative plants Isopyrum thalictroides, Lunaria redivida and allium ursinum. The condition in comparison with previous research has not... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Resumo: A cebola apesar de ser a hortaliça de maior expressão econômica no Submédio São Francisco, seu cultivo apresenta baixo nível tecnológico, tomando como exemplo seu sistema de fertilização. Foram instalados dois experimentos no Submédio São Francisco com o objetivo de avaliar o acúmulo de nutrientes pela cultura da cebola, assim como a influência de diferentes relações Ca:Mg no seu desenvolvimento. No primeiro experimento foram avaliados o acúmulo e o teor de nutrientes em duas cultivares de cebola - Alfa São Francisco e Franciscana IPA - 10. Para tanto foram coletadas plantas transplantadas, em áreas de produtores em duas ordens de solo: Vertissolo no município de Juazeiro - BA e um Argissolo no município de Casa Nova - BA. Para essa situação, os tratamentos correspondentes a datas de coleta de material vegetal, foram dispostos em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, sendo colhidas oito plantas competitivas, por repetição. No Vertissolo, o material vegetal foi colhido aos 20, 40, 60, 80 e 94 dias após o transplante - DAT e no Argissolo aos 20, 40, 60 e 80 DAT. As plantas foram separadas em folhas e bulbos para determinação da matéria seca e posterior determinação do teor e acúmulo de nutrientes. No segundo experimento foi avaliada a influência da relação Ca:Mg em amostras de um Argissolo Amarelo Eutrófico, em vasos com capacidade de 13 dm3, sem controle das condições ambientais. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, constaram das seguintes relações Ca:Mg, dados em percentual: 95:5, 80:20, 50:50, 20:80, 5:95 e um tratamento sem correção do solo. Para essa situação foram coletadas amostras de solo para análises químicas após o processo de incubação e por ocasião da colheita. Nesse experimento as plantas foram mantidas até a colheita... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Despite being the vegetable crop of highest economical value in the middle lower São Francisco river basin the onion crop has a low technological asset, as it can be seen in the fertilizing system. Two experiments were set in the middle lower São Francisco river basin to evaluate nutrient accumulation by the onion crop and the influence of different rations Ca: Mg for the onion development. In the first experiment the nutrient content of two different onion cultivars were evaluated (Alfa São Francisco and Franciscana IPA - 10). Then transplanted plants were collected from farmers with two orders of soils in their farms: Vertisol in the town of Juazeiro-BA and Argisol in the town of Casa Nova-BA. For the first experiment the treatments, regarding the vegetal material collecting date, were done in randomized blocks with three replications, where eight plants were collected per replication. In the Vertisol the vegetal material was collected 20, 40, 60, 80 and 94 days after transplanting - DAT, and in the Argisol 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAT. The plants were sorted in leaves and bulbs to determine dry matter weight as well as accumulation and nutrient content. In the second experiment the influence of the Ca: Mg ration was evaluated in Yellow Eutrophic Argisol, in 13 dm3 vases, with no control of environmental conditions. The treatments were set in a completely randomized design, with four replications, with the following Ca: Mg relations in percentages: 95:5, 80:20, 50:50, 20:80, 5:95 and one treatment was the check. For this experiment soil samples were collected for chemical analyses after the incubation process e during the harvest. In this experiment the plants were kept until harvest and the nutrient content was evaluated in the bulbs and leaves and the productivity was also evaluated. The highest macronutrient accumulation in the Vertisol was for N followed by... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Coorientador: Leonardo Theodoro Büll / Coorientador: Davi José Silva / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Rumy Goto / Banca: Paulo Augusto da Costa Pinto / Banca: Alessandra Monteiro S. Mendes / Doutor

Buscou-se identificar e comparar a atividade antibacteriana do extrato alcoólico de três acessos de Allium tuberosum - Rottler ex Sprengl – Liliaceae - originários da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS frente a agentes de toxinfecções alimentares, especificamente: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25.923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19.433), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11.076) Escherichia coli (ATCC 11.229). Inicialmente, in vitro, através de Teste de Diluição, por meio de Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos e o emprego de desinibidores bacterianos, determinou-se a Intensidade da Atividade de Inibição Bacteriana (IINIB) e a Intensidade de Atividade de Inativação Bacteriana (IINAB), revelando-se capacidades seletivas sobre os diferentes inóculos Gram-negativos, que atingiram inibição e inativação máximas e permanentes para Salmonella às 48 horas de confrontação inóculo/extrato, e às 72 horas de confrontação para Escherichia coli, respectivamente. As bactérias Gram-positivas ( Staphylococcus e Enterococcus) apresentaram resistência total nas diferentes confrontações. Não houve diferença significativa na atividade antibacteriana das três amostras de alho em estudo. Em um segundo momento, para um dos acessos de alho, através de Teste de Suspensão, determinou-se IINAB em duas simulações de preparação alimentar, requeijão cremoso e caldo de carne, condimentados com alho nirá, respectivamente. No modelo requeijão, E.coli mostrou-se completamente resistente em concentrações finais de 103, 104 e 105 U.F.C./mL, estas imediatamente acima da concentração máxima tolerada pela legislação brasileira, em três tempos de confrontação (24, 48, 72 horas), nas concentrações finais do extrato alcoólico de 10, 20 e 30 %, atendendo à legislação quanto à padrão de identificação e qualidade deste alimento. No caldo de carne, na concentração constante de 50 % de planta originalmente verde, Salmonella foi inativada totalmente na concentração de 105 U.F.C./mL já às 24 horas de confrontação, enquanto Escherichia atingiu este patamar às 48 horas de confrontação,Comenta-se, outrossim, o significado da inibição bacteriana demonstrada, relacionada à preditividade dos resultados de diagnóstico bacteriológico em protocolos de investigação de surtos toxinfectivos alimentares. / It was looked for to identify and to compare the antibacterial activity of the alcoholic extract of three accesses of Allium tuberosum - Rottler ex Sprengl - Liliaceae - original from Porto Alegre (RS/BR) metropolitan area, confronted to alimentary toxic infections agents, specifically: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25.923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19.433), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11.076) Escherichia coli (ATCC 11.229). Initially, in vitro, through Test of Dilution, System of Multiple Tubes and the use of bacterial uninhibitors, was determined the Intensity of the Activity of Bacterial Inhibition (IINIB) and the Intensity of Activity of Bacterial Inactivation (IINAB), being revealed selective capacities on the different Gram-negative inoculums, that reached inhibition and maximum and permanent inactivation for Salmonella at 48 hours of confrontation inoculum/extract, and 72 hours of confrontation for Escherichia coli. The Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and Enterococcus) presented total resistance in the different confrontations. There was not significant difference in the antibacterial activity of the three accesses of garlic in study. Subsequently, for one of the samples of garlic, through Test of Suspension, was determined IINAB in alimentary simulation of creamy cheese seasoned with alcoholic extract in final concentration of 10, 20 and 30%, assisting to the legislation as for to identification pattern and quality of this food; as well as in simulation of alimentary preparation of bouillon, with the plant recently picked, in the final concentration of 50%. In the model creamy cheese, E.coli was shown completely resistant in final concentrations of 103, 104 and 105 U.F.C./mL, these immediately above the maximum concentration tolerated by the Brazilian legislation, in three times of confrontation (24, 48, 72 hours), in all of the final concentrations of the alcoholic extract. In the conditions of the simulated bouillon, Salmonella was totally inactivated in the concentration of 105 U.F.C./mL already at 24 hours of confrontation, while Escherichia reached this point at 48 hours of confrontation. Is commented, likewise, the meaning of the demonstrated bacterial inhibition, related to the prediction of the results of bacteriological diagnosis in protocols of alimentary toxic infective outbreaks investigation.

This Master's thesis is focused on study of color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous plants, especially during processing of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Sicilian honey garlic (Nectaroscordum siculum (Ucria) Lindl.). Color compounds formed in alliaceous plants significantly reduce their sensory quality percieved by consumers and represent a relatively significant financial burden for the food industry. While especially blue and yellow compounds are formed during processing of garlic, pink to red compounds are formed during processing of Sicilian honey garlic. The theoretical part of the Master's thesis is focused on two plants of the genus Allium L. - garlic and Sicilian honey garlic, their significance, occurrence and usage. The study also discusses the mechanism of color compounds formation, that involves mainly sulfur compounds. The experimental part of the Master's thesis is focused on isolation and identification of the most significant color compounds formed during processing of alliaceous species and proposal probable mechanism of their formation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8354_Dissertação Final Maria Nilza Corrêa Martins.pdf: 1237275 bytes, checksum: cb49008744ec3ad6aaeeb7f593e8eb60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / O lodo de esgoto pode conter elevados níveis de compostos inorgânicos e orgânicos com propriedades tóxicas, genotóxicas e mutagênicas. Sua utilização em solos agrícolas pode ser estudada pelo comportamento (pelo desenvolvimento e crescimento) relacionando aos efeitos tóxicos desse resíduo em diferentes espécies vegetais. Em uma revisão foi possível obter dados dos efeitos da transferência de contaminantes presentes em solos suplementados com lodo de esgoto para as plantas e das plantas via cadeia alimentar. O organismo teste Allium cepa apresenta resposta positiva para analisar esses efeitos, o qual se objetivou estudar a toxicidade genética do lodo de esgoto em Allium cepa. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Morfologia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES), no município de Alegre, utilizando-se sementes de Allium cepa tratadas com lodos provenientes da ETE JM e da ETE M. Os lodos foram analisados quanto às características físico-químicas e biológicas, de acordo com a resolução CONAMA 375/2006. Para a análise de toxicidade nas sementes de Allium cepa, foram avaliadas 5.000 células por tratamento de contato direto e solubilizados das amostras e controles. O lodo bruto apresentou resultados físico-químicos dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela resolução CONAMA 375/2006. Somente na análise microbiológica o lodo da ETE JM apresentou limite de coliformes termotolerantes acima do estabelecido pela resolução. Para o teste de potencial de toxicidade o lodo da ETE JM foi fitotóxico para o lodo de esgoto bruto, citotóxica e genotóxica para o lodo de esgoto solubilizado. O lodo bruto da ETE M apresentou potencial genotóxico e mutagênico, enquanto o lodo solubilizado foi citotóxico. O lodo de esgoto com adição de cal apresentou potencial fitotóxico para o lodo bruto, e para o lodo solubilizado apresentou efeito citotóxico e genotóxico. Os resultados foram expressos como média ± desvio padrão. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05). Conclui-se que ambos os lodos apresentam potencialidade tóxica, servindo de alerta para a sua utilização em solos agrícolas, que deverá ser monitorada com análises citogenéticas e controle dos elementos tóxicos presentes em sua composição. / The sewage sludge can contain high levels of inorganic and organic compounds with toxic, genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Its use in agricultural soils can be studied by the behaviour (or by the development and growth) of the different plant species relating to the toxic effects of this residue in different plant species. In a review it was possible to obtain data from the effects of the transfer of contaminants in soils supplemented with sewage sludge for plants and plants via the food chain. An organism test Allium cepa shows a positive response to this analysis of toxicity, that aimed to study the genetic toxicity of sewage sludge in Allium cepa. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Morphology of the Center for Agricultural Sciences at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES), in the municipality of Alegre, using seeds of Allium cepa treated with sludge from the ETE Jerônimo Monteiro and ETE Mulembá. The sludge were analysed with regard to physico-chemical and biological properties, according to the resolution CONAMA 375/2006. For the analysis of toxicity on the seeds of Allium cepa, 5.000 cells per treatment were evaluated by direct contact and trapped the samples and controls. The gross sludge presented physico-chemical results within the limits established by CONAMA resolution 375/2006. Only in the microbiological analysis the sludge of ETE of Jerônimo Monteiro presented fecal coliforms above the limit established by the resolution. For potential toxicity testing the sludge of ETE Jerônimo Monteiro was phytotoxic to raw sewage sludge, cytotoxic and genotoxic for sewage sludge solubilization. The gross sludge of ETE Mulembá presented genotoxic and mutagenic potential, while the sludge solubilized was cytotoxic. The sewage sludge with addition of lime presented potential phytotoxic to raw sludge, and for the sludge solubilized showed genotoxic and cytotoxic effect. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric test of Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05). It is concluded that both sludge have toxic potential, serving warning to their use in agricultural soils, which should be monitored with cytogenetic analyses and control of toxic elements present in its composition.

Submitted by Maykon Nascimento (maykon.albani@hotmail.com) on 2014-12-24T10:41:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Livia Dorsch Rocha texto completo.pdf: 676075 bytes, checksum: 0e220a4e7466d065fdb11c9e389109fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elizabete Silva (elizabete.silva@ufes.br) on 2014-12-29T17:57:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Livia Dorsch Rocha texto completo.pdf: 676075 bytes, checksum: 0e220a4e7466d065fdb11c9e389109fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-29T17:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Livia Dorsch Rocha texto completo.pdf: 676075 bytes, checksum: 0e220a4e7466d065fdb11c9e389109fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / O lodo de esgoto possui alto teor de matéria orgânica porém, também estão presentes diferentes poluentes e patógenos. Desta forma, neste trabalho foi extraído ácido húmico (AH) o qual é um composto resultante do fracionamento de substâncias húmicas que compreendem um grupo de compostos de carbono gerados na decomposição de resíduos orgânicos que sofrem ressíntese formando o húmus. O ácido húmico promove diversos benefícios nos vegetais, como crescimento, elongação celular, tolerância a estresses e aumento da permeabilidade da membrana plasmática. Com base nestas características, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos citogenéticos (ensaio Allium cepa), fisiológicos, anatômicos e bioquímicos do ácido húmico do lodo de esgoto sanitário. Foi realizada caracterização elementar do material para a definição das doses. Após 20 dias de tratamento, foram realizadas coletas do material e, posteriormente, analisadas. A caracterização química do AH indicou-o como bom condicionador para culturas apresentando elevadas taxas de C, H e N. Não foi observado efeito de toxicidade, citotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade do AH. Foi verificado aumento expressivo de todos os pigmentos fotossintéticos vegetais nas concentrações mais altas (2 mM C L-1 e 4 mM C L-1). Houve aumento da expressão da ATPAse em todos os tratamentos e das enzimas do estresse oxidativo (CAT, SOD, APX, GST) em diferentes concentrações. A integração destas análises permitiu concluir que o ácido húmico do lodo de esgoto pode ser utilizado como adubo orgânico, pois foi observado benefícios no vegetal tais como maior crescimento vegetal e aumento da atividade nas enzimas do estresse oxidativo. / The final disposal of sewage sludge has been presented as an environmental and public health problem. The sewage sludge is rich in organic matter but it also presents pollutants and pathogens. Thus, this work was extracted humic acid (HA) which is a compound resulting from the fractionation of humic substances that comprises a carbon group generated by the decomposition of organic waste that suffer resynthesis forming humus. Humic acid promotes many benefits in plants, such as growth cell elongation, stress tolerance, increased plasma membrane permeability. Based on these features, the present study aimed to evaluate the cytogenetic effects (Allium cepa test), physiological and biochemical in Oryza sativa culture treated with differents concentrations of humic acids derived from sewage sludge. Elemental characterization of HA was performed to define the doses (0,5; 1, 2 e 4 mM C L-1). After 20 days of treatment, samples of the material were taken and subsequently analyzed. The chemical characterization of HA indicated it as a good conditioner for cultures showing high rates of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. No effect of toxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity of HA was observed. The results have shown significant increase of plant photosynthetic pigments on higher concentrations (2 mM C L-1 and 4 mM C L-1). In general the higher concentrations have presented more growth. Futhermore, there was an increase of ATPase expression in all treatments. And enzymes of oxidative stress increased relatively in differents concentrations. By the integration of these analyzes it was possible conclude that the humic acid from sewage sludge can be used as organic fertilizer as observed by the plant benefits showed in this work. Moreover, HA offers a good alternative for the disposal of sewage sludge residue, recycling the organic matter.

A região objeto do presente estudo compreende uma área localizada às margens do rio Taquari, no município de Triunfo (RS), que pertence à bacia hidrográfica Taquari – Antas, com contaminação de solo específica por preservantes de madeira, cujo passivo ambiental são pentaclorofenol, creosoto e hidrosal arseniato de cobre cromado. O local é percorrido por corpos d’água associados à drenagem principal, formando sub-bacias. Através dos ensaios de microssuspensão com Salmonella/microssoma e Allium cepa, o trabalho teve por objetivo relacionar a atividade genotóxica com rotas de dispersão de poluentes. Analisando a área do sítio contaminado a partir dos extratos orgânicos do material drenado para o corpo d’água, após eventos de chuvas significantes e análises de extrato orgânico, água intersticial e sedimento bruto do rio. No teste Salmonella/microssoma, diversas linhagens permitiram avaliar diferentes danos ao DNA, como deslocamento no quadro de leitura (TA97a e TA98) e substituição de pares de base (TA100) em ausência (-S9) e presença (+S9) de ativação metabólica. No teste de Allium, foi possível verificar alterações em nível cromossômico. Respostas positivas de mutagenicidade pelo teste de Salmonella/microssoma do material exportado para fora da área do sítio indicam que este material pode estar sendo carreado para o rio Taquari. Isto pode ser evidenciado pela atividade mutagênica detectada em ambos os testes, na amostra de sedimento do rio coletada em frente ao sítio contaminado. O ponto a jusante no rio em relação ao ponto em frente ao sítio contaminado também foi avaliado e atividade mutagênica foi detectada, já o ponto de referência a montante mostrou pequena atividade mutagênica proveniente de fonte de contaminação diferente. Entretanto, tais poluentes não foram detectados no ponto abaixo. Os bioensaios empregados puderam indicar um possível risco de contaminação para o rio Taquari e mostraram ser eficientes para avaliar a mutagenicidade no material drenado do solo e no sedimento do rio. Embora a atividade mutagênica possa ser relacionada em parte à presença de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos nos extratos orgânicos das amostras, derivados do preservante de madeira creosoto ou de fontes antrópicas diversas, outros compostos orgânicos podem ser encontrados nos extratos, uma vez que resíduos de pentaclorofenol estão presentes no sítio. Além disso, a complexidade das amostras de sedimento do rio poderia ainda sofrer a influência de traços de metais pesados. / Mutagenic activity, using Salmonella/microsome and Allium cepa bioassay, was employed as markers to detect pollutant dispersion routes in contaminated soil site covered by water bodies associated with the drainage toward the river. The site of the present study comprises an area located along the banks of the Taquari River, in the city Triunfo (RS) belonging to the Taquari - Antas river basin with identified environmental contaminants (pentachlorophenol, creosote and hydrosalt CCA). The Salmonella/microsoma test evaluated organic extracts of the material drained into the water body after significant rain events as well as Taquari River samples including organic sediment extract, interstitial water and gross sediment. In the Salmonella/microsome test, different strains enabled evaluation of different DNA mutations including frameshift (TA97a and TA98) and base pair substitution (TA100) in the absence (- S9) and presence (+S9) of metabolic activation. The Allium test allowed verification of chromosomal alterations. Positive mutagenicity results in the Salmonella/microsome assay of material from the area indicate that contaminant mixtures may have drained into the Taquari River, as indicated by mutagenic activity detected in both bioassays in sediment samples collected at the contaminated site. Mutagenic activity was also detected at a site downstream from the contaminated site. Although the reference area upstream showed low mutagenic activity originating from a different pollutant source, such pollutants were not found at the downstream sites. The bioassays employed, mainly the Salmonella/microsome assay, can indicate a possible contamination route toward the Taquari River and were proven efficient at evaluating the mutagenicity of drained soil material and sediment from the river.