Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística mención Lengua Inglesa. / El siguiente trabajo se inserta en el área del análisis del discurso. El tema específico a abordar es la entrevista noticiosa televisiva. Este tema de investigación surge a partir del interés en los variados estudios de análisis del discurso que surgen en la era de los 60 y 70. Esta época se caracteriza por el gran interés en el tema del discurso oral como fenómeno interaccional y lingüístico, pero paradójica o irónicamente, como lo plantean Eggins y Slade (1997:25), los primeros estudios no provienen de la lingüística sino de la sociología. Sin embargo, la complejidad del fenómeno es de tal magnitud, que ha sido abordado desde diferentes puntos de vista. De esta manera, la variedad de enfoques en torno al tema del lenguaje da cuenta de la diversidad en el énfasis disciplinario. En otras palabras, las distintas disciplinas que han abordado el tema del discurso oral, sea éste en forma de conversación u otras formas dialógicas alternativas, han tenido motivaciones y objetivos propios a sus dominios del saber. Por lo tanto, el lenguaje, eje motivacional de este estudio, ha ocupado roles fluctuantes en importancia y atención. La entrevista noticiosa televisiva es un tipo de interacción comunicativa que difiere de la conversación casual, en tanto tiene normas de alternancia mucho más rígidas que las del ritual casual y que deben ser respetadas con el fin de preservar el rol que define a cada participante, a saber, entrevistador y entrevistado.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística mención Lengua Inglesa / No autorizada su publicación a texto completo, según petición de su autor / To date, most of the existing standard grammatical descriptions of the English language have used decontextualised written sentence tokens as their primary source of data. However, these standard grammatical descriptions have overlooked the complexities of the constructions and patterns which can be normally found in oral interactions. The present research study aims to determine the defining structural properties and discourse-pragmatic functions of adnominal and sentential English relative clauses in spontaneous oral narratives produced by adult native speakers of British English. For this purpose, 110 relative clauses which were gathered from 4 interviews collected from an online British database of real life personal narratives of health and illness experiences were analysed. Results show that some instances of adnominal relative clauses and sentential relative clauses differ structurally from relative clauses commonly found in written English for such factors as the proximity between the antecedent and the relative clause, on the one hand, and the role of ellipsis in spoken interactions, on the other hand. It was also found that relative clauses in spoken interactions can be considered supra-sentential units which serve six different discourse pragmatic functions: narrative, evaluative, argumentative, reporting, descriptive and informative.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística mención Lengua Inglesa / No autorizada su publicación a texto completo, según petición de su autor. / The present research focuses on the implicit compliments among the native speakers of American English. The pioneering research by Manes and Wolfson (1981) revealed that verbal compliments in middle-­‐class American society are “formulaic”, meaning that a small variety of constructions accounts for the majority of the data. Since then, existing research has focused almost exclusively on the explicit compliments and appears to have adopted a restricted view of the gender differences in verbal complimenting behaviour. This work argues that a more balanced picture of complimenting is required, and to this end, presents discourse and conversation analysis of 40 samples of implicit compliments, produced by male and female TV presenters of 4 American talk-­‐shows. By taking a stance of the “difference” approach to gender discourse (e.g. Tannen, 1991), it attempts at discovering gender-­‐based differences between their topics, linguistic realisation and functions. Overall showing a significant distinction between the use of implicit compliments by men and women in terms of their form and function, and an asymmetry in their topics, the research makes a contribution to the existing work on discourse and gender. On the one hand, it adds new perspectives and findings about the difference in the ways men and women construct conversations and build social relations through complimenting. On the other hand, it shows how a shift from explicitness to implicitness in evaluative language allows the speakers to deal with topics not commonly associated with gender expectations.

Tesis para optar al grado de Licenciada en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa / The analysis presented in this presentationcenters on conversational turn-taking in these interviews and a comparative analysis of the interactions among different politicians according to a conversational structural interaction, examining, specially, the organization of turn-taking, along with, the conceivableadjustments thatturn-taking system can suffer such as interruptions, overlaps and some others In this opportunity, the analysis will be particularly keen on deviances from the turn-taking regulation that stipulates that only one party should talk at a time. The original hypothesis is that the interactions amongst politicians and the interviewer are surrounded by general features of the political interview; however these interactions also display certain areas of variability that replicatecertain ambiguity about the roles of the interlocutors.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística, mención Lengua Inglesa / The relations holding between politics and cognitive science have to do with the cognitive unconscious level: much of what we interpret from political discourse does not lie in the linguistic expressions being used but in the interpretation that is activated and configured in our minds by such expressions. According to van Dijk (2002) and Lakoff (2009), the domain of political discourse and cognition has not received enough attention so far. Taking this into account, the main motivation of the present research was to attempt to determine discoursal interconnections holding between the operation of conceptual metaphors by means of the examination of the paradigmatic sets of linguistic expressions which formalise them at text level, and the expressions of evaluative meanings according to the proposals by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the former, and Martin and White (2005), the latter. Focusing on political discourse, the corpus chosen consisted of public political speeches given by the latest two presidents of the United States, namely, George W. Bush and Barack Obama. It is proposed the existence of linguistic differences in opposing politicians’ public speeches when they express their ideological positions by means of joint expressions of Conceptual Metaphors and Appraisal Items, this difference being in correlation with Lakoff (2009)’s proposal of metaphorical systems of moral values. In addition, it is also proposed the existence of a metaphorical evaluative discourse modelled by the participants in discourses such as the ones presented in this study.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística mención Lengua Española / En la presente investigación de tesis se aplica la teoría lingüística del discurso a una muestra de discurso publicitario. Se han tomado como referencia los modelos teóricos de la teoría de la argumentación publicitaria de Adam y Bohmme (2000) y la teoría de la relevancia de Sperber y Wilson (1994). A partir de dicho marco teórico, se explican los procedimientos lingüísticos que se emprenden para operar pragmáticamente sobre su destinatario objetivo. En el estudio se realiza un análisis de las frases publicitarias en lengua española utilizadas en 18 piezas publicitarias publicadas en la prensa chilena reciente. El análisis de dichas frases se dirigió hacia la descripción de la frase o insight publicitario que es el segmento lingüístico y pragmático del texto que es el centro de los recursos argumentativos y la generación de inferencias en publicidad escrita. Como resultado del análisis se propone un modelo sobre los tipos de inferencias formales que se pueden reconocer en el estudio del texto publicitario. El aporte de este estudio se enmarca tanto en el análisis del discurso publicitario, como en la explicación de los mecanismos lingüísticos involucrados las estrategias creativas de la comunicación publicitaria.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística mención Lengua Inglesa / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento. / The present two-fold theoretical research attempts to firstly identify the emotions that emerge in the oral narratives of twelve pre-service English teachers about their learning experience and, secondly, to examine their linguistic instantiation. The analysis was centred upon how the twenty two emotions, as defined by Ortony, Clore, & Collins (1988), relate to specific events, agents and objects involved in this experience of learning English in tertiary education. A secondary step was to analyse the emotion-indexed utterances and recognise lexical and discursive patterns across the corpus. The results showed a slight increase in the display of negative emotions across participants, which can be interpreted through linguistic theory of cultural scripts. It was also revealed from the data the occurrence of reproach as the highest cued emotion associated to classmates and teachers, yielding insightful reflections as to the role of those agents in the learning experience and identity construction. Finally, the discussion on the interplay of emotions, multiple functions and concept metaphors for emotions helped elucidate on the long-held debate over linguistic relativism or universality of emotions.

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Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades / Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Lingüística con mención en Lingüística Española / El propósito de este estudio, de naturaleza descriptiva y exploratoria, es analizar los tipos de falacias existentes en un corpus del género discursivo “comentarios” generados en un blog de carácter político. El marco conceptual de base es la teoría pragma–dialéctica de la argumentación (van Eemeren y Grootendorst, 2006). Nuestro interés surge a partir de la visita a estos sitios web donde los temas de la contingencia política nacional abundan en pleno período de elecciones presidenciales. Los usuarios de dichas páginas tienen un espacio, aunque reducido, para opinar anónimamente, dando a conocer su postura, lo que obviamente genera textos argumentativos. Por consiguiente, queda en evidencia la calidad de las competencias argumentativas de los usuarios de estos espacios electrónicos.