Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1997. / Thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy. Reprint from Records of Western Australian Museum of article entitled "Status of Anadara trapezie (Deshayes) (Bivalvia: Arcoida) from Oyster Harbour, Albany (Western Australia) as compared with east Australian populations" by M. Roseline Yardine and Barry J. Richardson bound in back. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 249-328).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AntonioMUA_DISSERT.pdf: 1696201 bytes, checksum: e2516f76e3d7b85984f386475f859b2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-16 / Given the large existing biodiversity in the Brazilian coast, where many species are still little known, even under the nutritional aspect, and considering that bivalve molluscs are constituted by a natural resource of well accepted by the population, chose the bivalve Anadara notabilis, it was not found in the literature any nutritional or toxicological information about it and because its size is much larger than other species of mollusks commonly found in this region. Were studied moisture, ash, protein, macro and micro minerals, and metal ions of toxicological significance. All analytical determinations followed the standards of the Institute Adolfo Lutz. The protein determination was performed by the Kjeldahl method. All metal ions were determined by optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) method described by USEPA 6010C. The results showed that Anadara notabilis can be introduced into food for human beings, in view of its mineral wealth. Noteworthy among the macronutrients phosphorus and magnesium showed that their values in mg / kg 918.7 and 586.7. With regard to micronutrients stand out with this iron 586.7 mg / kg and zinc with 12.31 mg / kg. Was not found high content of metal contaminants to this mollusc, which would prevent their use, only this chromium 0.7 mg / kg above the value established by Brazilian legislation. The results will certainly be very useful in future studies of nutrition and to build a table of chemical composition of Brazilian foods / Tendo em vista a grande biodiversidade existente no litoral brasileiro, onde muitas esp?cies ainda s?o pouco conhecidas, inclusive sob o aspecto nutricional, e considerando que os moluscos bivalves se constituem em um recurso natural de boa aceita??o pela popula??o mundial, escolheu-se o molusco bivalve Anadara notabilis, por n?o ter sido encontrado na literatura nenhuma informa??o nutricional ou toxicol?gica sobre ele e devido seu tamanho ser bem maior que outras esp?cies de moluscos mais popularmente encontrados nessa regi?o. Foram determinados neste trabalho teores de umidade, cinzas, prote?nas, macro e microminerais, al?m de ?ons met?licos de import?ncia toxicol?gica. Todas as determina??es seguiram as Normas Anal?ticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A determina??o de prote?na foi realizada pelo m?todo de Kjeldahl. Todos os ?ons met?licos foram determinados por espectroscopia de emiss?o ?tica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES) descrito pela metodologia USEPA 6010C. Os resultados mostraram que a Anadara notabilis pode ser introduzida na alimenta??o dos seres humanos, tendo em vista sua riqueza mineral. Merecem destaque entre os macronutrientes o magn?sio e o f?sforo que apresentaram os respectivos valores em mg/kg 918,7 e 586,7. Com rela??o aos micronutrientes destacam-se o ferro presente com 586,7 mg/kg e o Zinco com 12,31 mg/kg. N?o foi encontrado ?ndice elevado de metais contaminantes para este molusco, o que impediria seu consumo, apenas o cromo esta 0,7 mg/kg acima do valor estabelecido pela legisla??o brasileira. Os resultados obtidos certamente ser?o muito ?teis em futuras pesquisas nutricionais e para constru??o de uma tabela brasileira de composi??o qu?mica de alimentos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AntonioMUA_DISSERT.pdf: 1696201 bytes, checksum: e2516f76e3d7b85984f386475f859b2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-16 / Tendo em vista a grande biodiversidade existente no litoral brasileiro, onde muitas esp?cies ainda s?o pouco conhecidas, inclusive sob o aspecto nutricional, e considerando que os moluscos bivalves se constituem em um recurso natural de boa aceita??o pela popula??o mundial, escolheu-se o molusco bivalve Anadara notabilis, por n?o ter sido encontrado na literatura nenhuma informa??o nutricional ou toxicol?gica sobre ele e devido seu tamanho ser bem maior que outras esp?cies de moluscos mais popularmente encontrados nessa regi?o. Foram determinados neste trabalho teores de umidade, cinzas, prote?nas, macro e microminerais, al?m de ?ons met?licos de import?ncia toxicol?gica. Todas as determina??es seguiram as Normas Anal?ticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A determina??o de prote?na foi realizada pelo m?todo de Kjeldahl. Todos os ?ons met?licos foram determinados por espectroscopia de emiss?o ?tica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES) descrito pela metodologia USEPA 6010C. Os resultados mostraram que a Anadara notabilis pode ser introduzida na alimenta??o dos seres humanos, tendo em vista sua riqueza mineral. Merecem destaque entre os macronutrientes o magn?sio e o f?sforo que apresentaram os respectivos valores em mg/kg 918,7 e 586,7. Com rela??o aos micronutrientes destacam-se o ferro presente com 586,7 mg/kg e o Zinco com 12,31 mg/kg. N?o foi encontrado ?ndice elevado de metais contaminantes para este molusco, o que impediria seu consumo, apenas o cromo esta 0,7 mg/kg acima do valor estabelecido pela legisla??o brasileira. Os resultados obtidos certamente ser?o muito ?teis em futuras pesquisas nutricionais e para constru??o de uma tabela brasileira de composi??o qu?mica de alimentos

This project investigated the genetic composition of natural populations of Anadara trapezia in Australia at three spatial scales : i) microgeographic (within an estuary, 50 metres to ~ 6 kilometres); ii) microgeographic (within populations, less than 50 metres); and, iii) macrogeographic (hundreds of kilometres along the coast of Australia). Allozyme polymorphism surveys using cellulose acetate strips have revealed, from 43 enzymes screened, 18 putative polymorphic loci. Comparisons of levels of heterozygosity among enzyme structural groups showed no significant differences, however, monomers were significantly more variable as a group than multimers. Significant differences in the level and distribution of polymorphism among functional groups of enzymes were observed. It appears that selection may be acting at the molecular level, not only on a particular locus, but on a group of functionally similar loci. At the macrogeographic scale, significant departures from random mating were observed in most populations. Significant differences in allele distribution among populations of A. trapezia along the east coast of Australia were found. At the macrogeographic scale, heterogeneity of allele frequencies may depend upon the distance separating the populations and surface water currents. Differentiation among population groups in this study is attributed to changes in the direction of the East Australian Current combined with onshore countercurrents. The systematic status of the disjunct western Australian population of A. trapezia was also evaluated as compared with the east coast populations. No evidence of genetic, hence evolutionary divergence was found. The results have serious implications in the management of fisheries as erroneous assumptions in fisheries management models may lead to depletion and near extinction of marine species. The research stresses the necessity of sampling at multiple scales and replication strategies. It also highlighted the complexities researchers are faced with in studies of marine bivalves, such as the presence of null alleles, deficiencies of heterozygotes, apparent inbreeding and the small geographic scales governing population structure. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This study examines the occurrence, distribution and storage of selenium in seagrass communities of Lake Macquarie, which is a heavily industrialised area of NSW, where notably high trace metal concentrations have been reported previously. Initially a suite of organisms was collected from a seagrass bed (Zostera capricornia) in the southeastern section of the lake to investigate the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of selenium. All organisms contained selenium, with sediment-dwelling organisms containing the highest Se concentrations. No consistent pattern of significant Se-metal correlations with Cu, Zn and Cd was found. Biomagnification of Se was evident, as concentrations increased from sediments and water to flora (algae and seagrass) to bivalves to Crustacea. However, this trend was not continued to the higher trophic groups of invertebrate predators and teleost fish. The bivalve Anadara trapezia was further studied. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the accumulation of Se were examined. Gender and mass were assessed in a single day study, followed by a temporal investigation of the effect of gender, reproductive cycle, temperature and salinity on Se accumulation. Gender had no effect on the accumulation of Se in A. trapezia. Se was present in all tissues (adductor, blood, foot, gills, intestine and mantle) and not immobilised or stored in a specific tissue, indicating that it plays a structural role in the tissues of A. trapezia. Se burden increased relative to size (shell length and dry mass) suggesting that Se is metabolically controlled within the organism. Se concentrations were found to fluctuate temporally because of: food availability in response to water temperatures; the reproductive cycle; and associated metabolic activities responding to temperature changes and food availability. Subcellular selenium associations in A. trapezia were examined to assist in the understanding of the fate of Se in marine tissues. Most of the Se was associated with proteins, suggesting that Se has a metabolic role in this marine organism. Proteins are intrinsically associated with the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes. A number of proteins (94, 85, 43, 36.5, 30, 23.4, 17.4 and 15 kDa) were separated by SDS PAGE from ethanol fractions. Determination of the Se concentration within individual proteins was not possible because the ratio of Se to protein was too low for further analysis. These findings indicated that Se plays a metabolic role in the tissues of the marine organism A. trapezia. The biochemical regulatory mechanism responsible for maintaining Se concentrations within the tissues is currently unknown.