Este trabalho trata das seções cônicas (circunferência, elipse, hipérbole e parábola), curvas planas obtidas pela intersecção de um cone circular reto com um plano. O objetivo do trabalho é representar algebricamente essas figuras geométricas. As referidas curvas serão estudadas num sistema cartesiano ortogonal. Nos primeiros capítulos as cônicas serão estudadas individualmente com relação aos seus elementos e às equações que descrevem cada curva. Serão apresentadas as equações canônicas, as equações paramétricas e as equações em coordenadas polares dentre outras. Destaque especial é dado às retas tangentes a essas curvas. No último capítulo as cônicas serão relacionadas através da equação geral. Serão estudados métodos que permitem a identificação e caracterização dessas curvas a partir da equação geral. / This paper deals with the conic sections (circumference, ellipse, hyperbola and parabola), plane curves obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone with a plane. The objective of this work is to represent these geometric figures algebraically. These curves will be studied in an orthogonal Cartesian system. In the first chapters the conics will be studied individually with respect to their elements and to the equations that describe each curve. The canonical equations, the parametric equations and the equations in polar coordinates, among others, will be presented. Special emphasis is given to the tangent lines to these curves. In the last chapter the conics will be related through the general equation. Methods will be studied that allow the identification and characterization of these curves from the general equation.

Este trabalho trata das seções cônicas (circunferência, elipse, hipérbole e parábola), curvas planas obtidas pela intersecção de um cone circular reto com um plano. O objetivo do trabalho é representar algebricamente essas figuras geométricas. As referidas curvas serão estudadas num sistema cartesiano ortogonal. Nos primeiros capítulos as cônicas serão estudadas individualmente com relação aos seus elementos e às equações que descrevem cada curva. Serão apresentadas as equações canônicas, as equações paramétricas e as equações em coordenadas polares dentre outras. Destaque especial é dado às retas tangentes a essas curvas. No último capítulo as cônicas serão relacionadas através da equação geral. Serão estudados métodos que permitem a identificação e caracterização dessas curvas a partir da equação geral. / This paper deals with the conic sections (circumference, ellipse, hyperbola and parabola), plane curves obtained by the intersection of a right circular cone with a plane. The objective of this work is to represent these geometric figures algebraically. These curves will be studied in an orthogonal Cartesian system. In the first chapters the conics will be studied individually with respect to their elements and to the equations that describe each curve. The canonical equations, the parametric equations and the equations in polar coordinates, among others, will be presented. Special emphasis is given to the tangent lines to these curves. In the last chapter the conics will be related through the general equation. Methods will be studied that allow the identification and characterization of these curves from the general equation.

Talvez mais que a própria Mecânica, a Termodinâmica possui em seu interior uma grande diversidade de teorias, que se distinguem por motivos vários. Um modo de identificá-las é analisar como se organizam, reflexo da metodologia empregada ao construí-las. Em particular, a organização que Carnot, Thomson e Clausius conferiram à ciência do calor é do tipo sintética, baseada no poder heurístico de ciclos termodinâmicos. Por isso, tal formalismo é chamado de termodinâmica de ciclos. Por outro lado, Gibbs, inspirado na tradição que remonta a Lagrange e a Hamilton, constrói uma teoria analiticamente organizada, conhecida como termodinâmica de potenciais. O estudo comparativo das duas é viável e mostra-se como uma excelente ocasião para verificar e elucidar o poder explicativo e racional de cada uma, com interessantes consequências para a própria Filosofia da ciência. Além disso, contextualizando historicamente cada uma, vê-se que a termodinâmica de Gibbs é uma teoria inspirada no método analítico de Hamilton. / Perhaps more than Mechanical itself, thermodynamics has in its interior a wide variety of theories which differ for various reasons. A way to identify them is analyze how they are organized, which is a reflection of the methodology used to construct them. In particular, the organization that Carnot, Clausius and Thomson have given to the science of heat is the synthetic type, based on heuristic power of thermodynamic cycles. Therefore, this formalism is called thermodynamic cycles. On the other hand, Gibbs, inspired by the tradition going back to Lagrange and Hamilton, builds an analytically organized theory, known as thermodynamics of potentials. The comparative study of the two is possible and shows up as an excellent opportunity to verify and clarify the explanatory and rational power of each, with interesting consequences for the Philosophy of science. In addition, each contextualized historically, it is seen that the Gibbs thermodynamic theory is inspired by the analytical method of Hamilton.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-08T13:45:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2316803 bytes, checksum: 4afe1f4487df04301a81d79b610a82d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-08T13:51:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2316803 bytes, checksum: 4afe1f4487df04301a81d79b610a82d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-08T13:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2316803 bytes, checksum: 4afe1f4487df04301a81d79b610a82d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work it is a proposal of approach of Analytic Geometry to be used as a tool on resolution of problens in general. The Analitic Geometry has its greater value axacty where it is unespected, in aplications in other branches of exact ecience. The purpose it is to shou hom the Analytic Geometry can be applied, and hau ea we do to emplasize to students thal the Analytic Geometry is not a part of Matematics which ends itself. We will mak vector approach, when it is convinient making the statments in formulas and resolutions of problens, become more simple. We beliave that making a articulation between Analytic Geometry and its application, in a very natural way, we are improving, the level of students learning. / O presente trabalho é uma proposta de abordagem da Geometria Analítica, para ser usada como ferramenta na resolução de problemas em geral. A Geometria Anal ítica tem seu maior valor, exatamente onde ela é inesperada, nas aplicações em outros ramos das ciência exatas. O objetivo é mostrar como a Geometria Analítica pode ser aplicada, e como podemos fazer para enfatizar para o aluno que ela não é uma parte da Matemática que se encerra em si mesma. Faremos uma abordagem vetorial, quando for conveniente, fazendo com que as demostrações de fórmulas e resoluções dos problemas se tornem mais simples. Acreditamos que fazendo uma articula ção entre a Geometria Analítica e suas aplicações, de uma forma bem natural, estaremos melhorando o nível de aprendizagem dos alunos.

Talvez mais que a própria Mecânica, a Termodinâmica possui em seu interior uma grande diversidade de teorias, que se distinguem por motivos vários. Um modo de identificá-las é analisar como se organizam, reflexo da metodologia empregada ao construí-las. Em particular, a organização que Carnot, Thomson e Clausius conferiram à ciência do calor é do tipo sintética, baseada no poder heurístico de ciclos termodinâmicos. Por isso, tal formalismo é chamado de termodinâmica de ciclos. Por outro lado, Gibbs, inspirado na tradição que remonta a Lagrange e a Hamilton, constrói uma teoria analiticamente organizada, conhecida como termodinâmica de potenciais. O estudo comparativo das duas é viável e mostra-se como uma excelente ocasião para verificar e elucidar o poder explicativo e racional de cada uma, com interessantes consequências para a própria Filosofia da ciência. Além disso, contextualizando historicamente cada uma, vê-se que a termodinâmica de Gibbs é uma teoria inspirada no método analítico de Hamilton. / Perhaps more than Mechanical itself, thermodynamics has in its interior a wide variety of theories which differ for various reasons. A way to identify them is analyze how they are organized, which is a reflection of the methodology used to construct them. In particular, the organization that Carnot, Clausius and Thomson have given to the science of heat is the synthetic type, based on heuristic power of thermodynamic cycles. Therefore, this formalism is called thermodynamic cycles. On the other hand, Gibbs, inspired by the tradition going back to Lagrange and Hamilton, builds an analytically organized theory, known as thermodynamics of potentials. The comparative study of the two is possible and shows up as an excellent opportunity to verify and clarify the explanatory and rational power of each, with interesting consequences for the Philosophy of science. In addition, each contextualized historically, it is seen that the Gibbs thermodynamic theory is inspired by the analytical method of Hamilton.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-11-08T16:59:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ezildo_Antunes_2017.pdf: 1053924 bytes, checksum: 3ba93f27e83caa34d5213d98e0e77c49 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T16:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ezildo_Antunes_2017.pdf: 1053924 bytes, checksum: 3ba93f27e83caa34d5213d98e0e77c49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Guided by mainly in the book Being and time fom the german phylosopher Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), this book aims to anwer the question: What comes after the anguish? In order to carry out this aim, the work consider the themes from existencial analitic, subproject from the biggest study to know the fundamental ontology. In the subproject in question, Heidegger presentes us the being-there, the entity who comprehends the being and, for that insinuate like privileged being. Seeking for total characterization of this entity, Heidegger is presenting on the pages of the work mentioned, the constitutives structures by himself, nominated of existencial. In the initial chapters of this work, after realizing the preliminar consideration of existencial analitic, we will go to the identification of these existencial. First of all, being-there, stands out about the traditional conception of human being, it is, through out the responsable existence by himself. Thus, the comprehension about this being-there, goes on in existencial seek out of this biggest character to know, being an entity of power-be. In this way, the existentiality of being-there is always in the world to which he was launched, and it is in the world to being-there it will inaugurate its first existential behaviors. From now on in the diverse ways of occupation, being-there, througt out of the use that he does of the tools, will go experienced the entire world to know, the significance. In this way, the being-there is being in the world who will exist in the most of the time improper use, it is in the way of work of the tools, he will experience the totality of the world to know the significance. In this way, the being-there is to being in the world who will go existente in the most of times in order to, it is in the use of anyone object, in the occupations and protected by the dictatorial character of the impersonal. In this way, escape the truth of its existence, it is, the possibility of “recognize” by himself like a being the power-being. The opportunity that this entity beside its existence guided in decadence, has in your constitution nominated affective tone, which will go straight the way as the being-there look himself connected with the world. Among the many affective tones Heidegger presents exactaly in the paragraph forty the Being and time the anguish such as the fundamental affective tone. It has the fundamental character, because he puts the being-there in front of himself, suspend the occupational mobilizers and, more than that, it will be in the anguish crisis that the being-there can rediscover like being the power-being that it is. Passed the anguish crisis, what decision can take the being-there? As we have seen, being-there is an entity of possibilities, that is, even after being suspended before the nothingness that is, through the 'clear night' of anguish, being-there, as a possibility, can decide by the character of impropriety of its existence if, on the one hand, to intensify its existence in the most banal everyday, that is, to submerge himself more and more in the occupations, being guarded by the impersonal and thus always fleeing from the encounter with its own being. On the other hand, if the being-there decided by propriety as a way of existence, he tends to search for the truth of its existence, guided by that who it is in essence: care. Therefore, being-there will develop a careful handle with its own existence, redefine its projects in the authentic way. / Pautado principalmente na obra Ser e tempo do filósofo alemão Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), o objetivo desse trabalho é responder à pergunta: O que vem após a angústia? Para que esse objetivo seja atingido, o trabalho transita por temas da analítica existencial, subprojeto da investida maior de Heidegger, a saber, a ontologia fundamental. No subprojeto em questão, Heidegger apresenta-nos o ser-aí, o ente que compreende o ser e, por isso, insinua-se como ente privilegiado. Na busca pela caracterização total desse ente, Heidegger vai apresentando, nas páginas da obra predita, as estruturas constitutivas do mesmo, as quais denomina de existenciais. Nos capítulos iniciais desse trabalho, após realizar as considerações preliminares da analítica existencial, partimos para identificação desses existenciais. Em primeiro lugar, ser-aí salta por sobre o conceito tradicional de homem, isto é, por ser através da existência responsável pelo seu próprio ser. Assim, a partir da compreensão disso, ser-aí se movimenta em existencialidade em busca do seu caráter maior, a saber, ser um ente de poder-ser. Deste modo, a existencialidade do ser-aí se configura sempre no mundo ao qual este fora lançado, e é no mundo que ser-aí vai inaugurar seus primeiros comportamentos existenciais. A partir dos diversos modos de ocupação, ser-aí, através do uso que faz dos utensílios, vai experimentar a totalidade do mundo, a saber, a significância. Desse modo, o ser-aí é ser-no-mundo o qual vai existir na maioria das vezes de forma imprópria, isto é, na lida com os utensílios, nas ocupações cotidianas e tutelado pelo caráter ditatorial do impessoal. Assim, escapa-lhe a verdade de sua existência, isto é, a possibilidade de se ‘reconhecer’ como um ente-de-poder-ser. De sorte que este ente, para além de sua existência pautada na decadência, possui em sua constituição as assim denominadas tonalidades afetivas, as quais vão direcionar o modo pelo qual ser-aí se vê afinado com o mundo. Dentre as várias tonalidades afetivas, Heidegger apresenta exatamente no §.40 de Ser e tempo a angústia como tonalidade afetiva fundamental. Ela possui o caráter de fundamental, porque vai colocar o ser-aí de frente com o seu próprio ser, suspender os mobilizadores ocupacionais e, mais do que isso, será na crise da angústia que ser-aí pode redescobrir-se como ente de poder-ser que ele é. Passada a crise da angústia, que decisão pode tomar o ser-aí? Como vimos, ser-aí é um ente de possibilidades, isto é, mesmo depois de ser suspenso diante do nada que é, através da ‘noite clara’ da angústia, ser-aí, como possibilidade, pode decidir pelo caráter de impropriedade de sua existência se, por um lado, intensificar sua existência na cotidianidade mais banal, isto é, submergir-se cada vez mais nas ocupações sendo tutelado pela impessoal e assim fugindo sempre do encontro com seu próprio ser. Por outro lado, se ser-aí decidir-se pela propriedade como modo de existir, ele tende a buscar a verdade de sua existência, orientando-se por aquilo que ele é em essência: cuidado. Sendo assim, ser-aí se movimentará numa lida cuidadosa com a própria existência, ressignificando seus projetos de forma autêntica.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / David R. Steward / Konza Prairie is one of the few areas in the United States were natural landscape of the area is still intact. Human action on changing the landscapes in this area is limited and much of the land remains as native grassland. In spite of its natural existence, this area is not completely isolated from the rest of the world. Changes that are taking place in climate will eventually have the same effect to this region as well as other human populated areas. Increase in carbon concentration in the air has resulted to increase in temperature, this increase in temperature increases the evaporation from the sea, oceans and the ice capes. As the atmospheric water vapor changes the precipitation pattern also change. Changes in precipitation due to climate change will result to change in hydrology and hydraulics of the streams and groundwater flow regime. Precipitation provides surface runoff and groundwater infiltration, which recharge the cracked limestone aquifer present in the Konza area. The infiltration water moves trough the cracked rocks and eventually reach the creeks such as Kings Creek and flow to the Kansas River. Increase in precipitation will result to increase in surface runoffs and more groundwater recharge. Decrease in precipitation will result to decrease in both surface and groundwater. To examine changes in groundwater elevation as recharge change in Konza, a groundwater model was developed based on erosion impact calculator (EPIC) ecological model and SLIT groundwater model. EPIC model estimates the deep percolation (recharge) as 12% and total runoff to about 24% of the annual average precipitation. The annual average recharge values from EPIC were used in SPLIT to simulate results for the groundwater elevation at Konza prairie. Field wells elevation were use to calibrate the SPLIT results. By estimating the hydraulic permeability value to 0.546m/d the field well measurements and SPLIT simulated groundwater elevation results provide a good match. After calibration max and min recharge together with a 5-years moving average were used to examine the changes in groundwater elevation as recharge changes. Future study intends to use the calibrated Konza groundwater model and the forecasted climate data to simulate result for groundwater elevation as climate changes.

La cigarette électronique est installée sur le marché depuis plusieurs années et jouit aujourd’hui d’une forte notoriété. Les données scientifiques existantes tendent à considérer l’e-cigarette comme moins toxique que son homologue principal, la cigarette conventionnelle. Cependant, l’impact intrinsèque du vapotage sur la santé humaine, à court et long terme, n’est pas précisément connu et est actuellement au coeur de nombreux débats de Santé Publique.Depuis 2014, nous menons un projet dont l’objectif principal est d’étudier l’impact sanitaire de la cigarette électronique au moyen d’une approche pluridisciplinaire combinant entre autres l’analyse physicochimique et la toxicologie expérimentale. Dans le cadre de ce projet, mes travaux ont porté sur la caractérisation physicochimique des e-liquides, d’une marque commerciale, et de leurs e-vapeurs, basée en particulier sur l’identification et la quantification de composés potentiellement toxiques pour l’Homme. En l’absence de méthodes de référence, cette analyse requiert un niveau élevé de maîtrise et de robustesse de l’ensemble de la chaîne de mesure, allant de la génération à l’analyse, notamment pour les e-vapeurs.Les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) étant des composés à impact sanitaire potentiel, nos travaux ont débuté par le développement et la validation d’une méthode de dosage simultané de 15 ETM dans les e-liquides par ICP-MS. Il s’avère que l’e-liquide, matrice organique visqueuse, est source d’effets de matrice non négligeables qu’il est nécessaire de corriger par l’ajout de matrice dans le calibrant, en proportion adaptée. La méthode a été entièrement validée selon les recommandations du Comité français d’accréditation et de l’US Environmental Protection Agency et a démontré des paramètres de robustesse satisfaisants.Six e-liquides et leurs e-vapeurs respectives, générées par une machine à fumer/vapoter, ont été ensuite analysés pour la recherche et la quantification de leurs ingrédients principaux (propylène glycol, glycérol et nicotine) et de différents polluants potentiellement toxiques (15 ETM, 50 pesticides, 16 hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et 3 composés carbonylés). Les e-liquides avaient une composition conforme à celle annoncée par le fabricant et contenaient quelques rares polluants, à l’état de traces. Dans les e-vapeurs, 3 composés carbonylés, 2 HAP et 4 ETM (Sb, Cd, Cr et Pb) ont été retrouvés à des concentrations 7 à 6126 fois inférieures à celles mesurées dans la fumée de la cigarette de référence 3R4F, analysée dans des conditions comparables (à l’exception du Cr et du Sb non présents dans la fumée de la 3RF4).Le profil de vapotage, qui repose essentiellement sur le volume, la durée et la fréquence des bouffées, semble contribuer à la large variabilité de la composition chimique des e-vapeurs observée entre les différentes données de la littérature. En se focalisant sur l’analyse d’une seule famille de composés à impact sanitaire probable, nous avons montré, d’une part, que le profil de vapotage a une influence certaine sur la composition de l’e-vapeur en composés carbonylés et, d’autre part, que les profils de vapotage ne sont pas adaptés à tous les modèles d’e-cigarette.Les travaux de cette thèse ont participé à améliorer les connaissances actuelles sur la caractérisation physicochimique des émissions de cigarette électronique. Globalement, les e-cigarettes et e-liquides testés émettent et/ou génèrent quelques rares composés potentiellement toxiques, à des concentrations inférieures à celles observées dans la fumée de cigarette conventionnelle. Les résultats de nos travaux répondent en partie à l’urgente nécessité d’optimiser et d’harmoniser les pratiques analytiques dans le domaine de l’e-cigarette et de ses émissions. Ils devraient ainsi contribuer à l’établissement de méthodes de référence qui faciliteront et autoriseront l’interprétation et la comparaison des données, actuellement très disparates dans la littérature. / The electronic cigarette has been on the market for several years and enjoys a strong reputation. Existing scientific data tend to consider the e-cigarette as less toxic than its main counterpart, the conventional cigarette. However, the intrinsic impact of vaping on human health, in the short and long term, is not precisely known and is currently part of many Public Health debates.Since 2014, we have undertaken a project whose main objective is to study the health impact of the electronic cigarette using a multidisciplinary approach comprising physicochemical analysis and experimental toxicology. As part of this project, my work focused on the physicochemical characterization of e-liquids, from a unique commercial source, and their e-vapors, mainly based on the identification and quantification of potentially-toxic compounds. Regarding the current lack of reference methods, this analysis requires a high level of control and robustness of the entire measurement chain, from generation to analysis methods, especially for e-vapor study.Considering the potential health impact of metallic trace elements (MTEs), we first developed and validated a method allowing the simultaneous dosage of 15 MTEs in e-liquids by ICP-MS. The e-liquid, a viscous organic matrix, is a source of significant matrix effects which must be corrected by the addition of matrix in the calibration step, in a suitable proportion. The method was fully validated according to the recommendations of the French Accreditation Committee and the US Environmental Protection Agency and demonstrated satisfactory robustness parameters.Six e-liquids and their respective e-vapors, generated via a smoking/vaping machine, were then analysed to detect and quantify their main ingredients (propylene glycol, glycerol and nicotine) and various potentially-toxic pollutants (15 MTEs, 50 pesticides, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 3 carbonyl compounds). Each e-liquid composition was in accordance with that announced by the manufacturer and contained few pollutants, at trace levels. In the e-vapors, 3 carbonyl compounds, 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 4 MTEs (Sb, Cd, Cr and Pb) were found at concentrations 7 to 6126-fold lower than those measured in the mainstream smoke of the reference cigarette 3R4F, analysed under comparable conditions (except for chromium and antimony which were not detectable in the 3R4F smoke).The vaping regimen, that is mainly based on the volume, the duration and the frequency of puffs, is strongly suspected to participate to the large observed variability of the e-vapor chemical composition between different published data. Through focusing on the analysis of a unique family of compounds with health impact, we demonstrated, on the one hand, that the vaping regimen has some influence on the carbonyl composition of e-vapors and, on the other hand, that vaping regimens are not all suitable for any type of e-cigarette models.This work has contributed to improve the current knowledge on the physicochemical characterization of e-cigarette emissions. Globally, the e-cigarettes and e-liquids tested emit and/or generate few potentially-toxic compounds, at concentrations lower than those observed in conventional cigarette smoke. Our findings satisfy partly the urgent need of optimization and harmonization of the analytical practices used to study e-cigarettes and their emissions. They should thus contribute to the establishment of reference methods that will allow and facilitate the interpretation and comparison of data, which vary significantly across the literature.