Resumo: Esta tese visa ao estudo da valorização de serviços ancilares de reserva, particularmente, a reserva utilizada na regulação de freqüência e que é fornecida pelos geradores hidrelétricos. O objetivo principal do trabalho é desenvolver propostas que indiquem os custos reais desses serviços. Na valorização desses custos, busca-se motivar as empresas geradoras para que assumam a responsabilidade pela prestação de tais serviços, assim como garantir uma remuneração apropriada. Essa valorização é realizada em função da disponibilidade e do uso da reserva, sob uma operação segura e econômica do sistema. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, inicialmente se realiza uma revisão das características técnicas e dos métodos de valorização dos serviços de reserva em diferentes sistemas. Posteriormente, ilustram-se as características do setor elétrico brasileiro, com a finalidade de contextualizar a valorização no marco de regulação , comercialização e operação correspondentes. Seguidamente, apresentam-se duas propostas de valorização. A primeira considera o ponto de vista de um agente gerador, cujo objetivo é estabelecer o valor do serviço a partir dos custos incorridos no fornecimento. Esses custos incluem, principalmente, os custos pela disponibilidade e pelo uso do serviço. Dentro desses componentes de custo, destaca-se o custo por perdas de eficiência, o qual é calculado utilizando um algoritmo de despacho ótimo de unidades. Essa abordagem é aplicada no cálculo do custo da reserva na usina hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira. Nesse cálculo são utilizados dados da Companhia Energética de São Paulo - CESP. A segunda proposta considera o ponto de vista do operador de rede, em um ambiente de mercado, no qual os agentes participantes podem ofertar pela disponibilidade da reserva. Para a atribuição dessa reserva utiliza-se um despacho ótimo hidrelétrico, que inclui rest / Abstract: This work presents a reserve ancillary services pricing research. Particularly, the reserve that is used for frequency regulation and that is provided by hydroelectric generators. The development of pricing methodologies, that show real reserve delivery costs, is the main target of this project. Ancillary services pricing procures incentives to motivate agents to take responsibilities in the service supply and ensuring an appropriated remuneration. This pricing is based on the use and availability costs of reserve; under an economic and reliable system operation. In order to do that, firstly an overview of technical characteristics and pricing methods of the ancillary services in different systems is presented. Then, in order to fit this pricing methodology to the corresponding regulation, commercialization and operation rules, an introduction of the Brazilian electrical sector is realized. Next, two reserve ancillary services pricing methods are presented. The first one considers a hydraulic generator point of view. In this case, the aim is to set up the real value of the services by mean of a generator costs analysis. These costs include, basically, availability and use costs. Inside these cost components, efficiency costs are highlighted, and a single generator unit commitment dispatch is used to calculate them. This proposal is applied to calculate the ancillary service reserve costs in the Ilha Solteira hydroelectric generator, using data from the Companhia Energ'etica of S˜ao Paulo (CESP). The second pricing method considers the operator system point of view, under a market environment. In these circumstances, agents are free to set up a price offer for the availability of the reserve. To attribute the reserve, an optimal hydroelectric dispatch is used, considering electrical and hydraulic constraints. This methodology is tested in two systems. The first one represents a didactic three bus / Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Coorientador: José Maria Yusta Loyo / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Ricardo Bernardo Prada / Banca: Thales Souza / Doutor

This thesis presents a thorough and significant work on the properties of radio sources as derived from deep 610-MHz GMRT data and ancillary multi-wavelength data. The faint radio sources at 610-MHz are found out to distances such that the objects are seen as they were when the universe was less than half its current age. These data provide a first look at the faint radio sky at sensitivities that will soon be achieved by key programs on the South African MeerKAT radio telescope, and thus take a first step in the exploration of the radio universe that will be made by the Square Kilometre Array. I report deep 610-MHz GMRT observations of the EN1 field, a region of 1.86 deg2 . We achieve a nominal sensitivity of 7.1µ Jy beam−1 . From our 610 MHz mosaic image, we recover 4290 sources after accounting for multiple component sources down to a 5σ flux density limit of 35.5 µ Jy. From this data, I derive the 610 MHz source counts applying corrections for completeness, resolution bias and Eddington bias. The 610- MHz source counts show a flattening at flux densities below 1 mJy. The source counts are higher than previous observations at this frequency below this break. However, they are generally consistent with recent models of the low-frequency source population. Using ancillary multi-wavelength data in the field, I investigate the key issue of source population classification using the deepest data at an intermediate-low frequency (higher than LOFAR and lower than JVLA), where previous work has not been sensitive enough to reach the µJy population. By cross-matching against the multi-wavelength data, I identify 72% of the radio sample having reliable redshifts, of which 19% of the redshifts are based on spectroscopy. From the classification, I obtain 1685 sources as Star-Forming Galaxies (SFGs), 281 sources Radio-Quiet (RQ) and 339 sources Radio-Loud (RL) Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) for the sub-sample with redshifts and at least one multi-wavelength AGN diagnostic. SFGs are mostly low-power radio sources, i.e L610 MHz < 1025 W Hz−1 while RQ AGN and RL AGN have radio powers L610 MHz > 1025 W Hz−1 . From cross-matching my sample with other radio surveys (GMRT at 325-MHz, FIRST at 1.4-GHz and JVLA at 5-GHz), I obtain the median spectral index from 325-MHz to 610-MHz to be −0.80 ± 0.29, 610-MHz to 1.4-GHz to be −0.83 ± 0.31 and 1.4-GHz to 5-GHz to be −1.12 ± 0.15. The main result is that the median spectral index appears to steepen at the highest frequency. With the above catalogue in hand, I use the non-parametric V/Vmax test and the radio luminosity function to investigate the cosmic evolution of different source populations. I study SFGs and derive their IR-radio correlation and luminosity function as a function of redshift. By integrating the evolving SFG luminosity functions I also derive the cosmic star formation rate density out to z = 1.5. I address the long standing question about the origin of radio emission in RQ AGN. I compare the star formation rate (SFR) derived from their far-infrared luminosity, as traced by Herschel, with the SFR computed from their radio emission. I find evidence that the main contribution to the radio emission of RQ AGN is the star formation activity in their host galaxies. At high luminosities, however, both SFGs and 1 RQ AGN display a radio excess when comparing radio and infrared star formation rates. The vast majority of our sample lie along the SFR − M? ”main sequence” at all redshifts when using infrared star formation rates. This result opens the possibility of using the radio band to estimate the SFR even in the hosts of bright AGN where the optical-to-mid-infrared emission can be dominated by the AGN. I investigate the evolution of radio AGN out to z ∼ 1.5 with continuous models of pure density and pure luminosity evolution with Φ? ∝ ( 1 + z)(2.25±0.38)−(0.63±0.35)z and L610 MHz ∝ ( 1 + z)(3.45±0.53)−(0.55±0.29)z respectively. I also constrain the evolution of RQ AGN and RL AGN separately with a continuous model of pure luminosity evolution. For the RQ and RL AGN, we find a fairly mild evolution with redshift best fitted by pure luminosity evolution with L610 MHz ∝ ( 1 + z)(2.81±0.43)−(0.57±0.30)z for RQ AGN and L610 MHz ∝ ( 1 + z)(3.58±0.54)−(0.56±0.29)z for RL AGN. The results reveal that the 610 MHz radio AGN population thus comprises two differently evolving populations whose radio emission is mostly SF-driven or AGN-driven respectively. Finally, I probe the infrared-radio correlation and radio spectral indices of the faint radio population using stacking. I stack infrared sources in the EN1 field using the MIPS 24 micron mid-infrared survey and radio surveys created at 325 MHz, 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz. The stacking experiment shows a variation in the absolute strength of the infrared-radio correlation between these three different frequencies and the MIPS 24 micron band. I find tentative evidence of a small deviation from the correlation at the faintest infrared flux densities. The stacked radio spectral index analyses reveal that the majority of the median stacked sources exhibit steep spectra, with a spectral index that steepens with frequency between α 325 610 and α 610 1400. This work is particularly useful to pave the way for upcoming radio surveys with SKA pathfinders and precursors.

The diploma thesis entitled "Analysis of ancillary costs of budget" deals with ancillary costs with a focus on the cost of site equipment. The aim of this work was to analyze the-se costs and subsequent evaluation of incidental costs and with a more detailed focus on the cost of site equipment. The first part of the work focuses on the analysis of the con-struction budget, a detailed description of secondary budget costs and construction site equipment. The second part deals with the analysis of ancillary costs of the construction budget. The emphasis here is on the cost of site equipment. For each type of cost, an ana-lysis was performed using percentage cost rates.

The increasing demand for renewable energy sources to meet climate targets and reduce carbon emissions poses challenges to the power grid due to their intermittent nature. One potential solution to maintain grid stability is by implementing Hybrid Energy Systems (HESs) that incorporate a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). To achieve the most favorable outcome in terms of both technical feasibility and profitability of a BESS, it is essential to employ models for simulating and optimizing the control of system components. This thesis focuses on the analysis of energy and revenue streams in a HES consisting of a BESS, photovoltaics (PVs), and an energy load including a fast charging station for electric vehicles (EVs). The objective is to optimize the system based on revenue generation by comparing the control techniques of peak shaving, energy arbitrage, and the integration of ancillary services within the Swedish energy market. The research questions explore the optimal utilization of the BESS and assess the impact of the different control techniques. A model is created in Python with the package CasADi where data from an ongoing installation of a HES in southern Sweden is combined with data from literature research. The model includes an objective function that minimizes the total cost of power from the grid based on the day-ahead price, battery degradation, and monthly peak power.  To answer the research questions, four different scenarios are simulated. The first scenario is a base for comparison, the second one focuses on peak shaving and energy arbitrage, the third on participation in the ancillary service FCR-D upwards regulation, and the last one is a combination of peak shaving, energy arbitrage, and the ancillary service FCR-D. The results show that the remuneration from the ancillary service FCR-D is comparably much higher than the revenues generated from peak shaving and energy arbitrage, providing more than 500% of revenue compared to the same system but without a BESS. The scenario with peak shaving and energy arbitrage shows an increase in revenue of 29% but with more cycling of the battery which could cause losses in performance in the long term. To validate the results, sensitivity analyses are conducted by evaluating weighting in the objective function, implementing Model Predictive Control (MPC), and reviewing price variations.  In conclusion, efficient control techniques can enhance system performance, minimize losses, and ensure optimal utilization of different energy sources, leading to improved feasibility and profitability. The optimal usage of a BESS involves finding a balance between maximizing revenue generation and minimizing battery degradation. This can be achieved through control strategies that optimize the charging and discharging patterns of the BESS based on electricity price signals, demand patterns, and battery health considerations.

With the increase in energy demand, and therefore, in energy generation, new high voltage direct current export links and overseas connections of large amounts of power are being introduced. These new links are subject to possible malfunction or failures, which may causea substantial frequency increase in the power system. The need of restorative measurements for over-frequencies is then necessary to regulate this probable imbalance. A new ancillary market product for frequency down-regulation is then being introduced. The Frequency Containment Reserves – Disturbances for downregulation is a service used to handle overfrequencies in the power system. The ancillary market has been historically dominated by hydro, however, with the local plans that set goals to reach 100 % renewable electricity production by the year 2040, ineluctably solar and wind will be occupying a large share of the energy generation, thus the amount of renewable resources to provide ancillary services will increase as well. Nevertheless, requirements to participate in the ancillary market are strict, and renewables face challenges such as unpredictable power generation, making forecasting tools essential for their participation. In this thesis, through the literature and research of an emerging field, the synthetic solar irradiance, an algorithm with adjusted parameters is replicated with the objective of downscaling solar irradiance presumptive-forecasts from 15-minute intervals to 1-minute intervals. An updated clear-sky model, and weather categorization method is used as input to improve the results of the synthesis. A year evaluation with a method to detect irradiance dips is used to evaluate the algorithm. The result of this study contributes with positive outputs. The introduction of this secondary tool to estimate higher resolution irradiance variability data proves to obtain, at 57 % of the point-to-point critical cases examination, an over-estimation of the measured irradiance. This, in turn, grants the actors that participate with solar power the option to adjust the bidding strategy process in the ancillary market accordingly to the output of this tool.

Power to gas is an emerging energy storage technology with great versatility. This thesis investigates the economic prospects of investing in such a facility via a case study linked to the Söderåren biogas plant in southern Sweden.The basis for this study is cash flow scenario analysis based on revenues and costs, which are referred as scenario parameters. Each of these parameters have different options to choose from, with nominal values chosen as the most likely options for each scenario parameter. In current market condition it was observed that installing power to gas is not profitable. However after exploring numerous combinations of scenarios, it was found that the electrical grid fee charges and higher ancillary service income was critical to achieve a viable business case for power to gas. Another scenario achieved profitability with a small margin which occurred when the grid fee was removed, referred as “grid fee off”. Both the most likely scenario and grid fee off scenario included sensitivity analysis. This was used to observe the impact of net present value when changing one parameter at a time. / Power to gas/ El till gas är en teknik på frammarsch med mångsidiga egenskaper. Den här master uppsatsen ämnar att undersöka om power to gas är lönsamt att investera idag vid en anläggning i södra Sverige vid namn Söderåsen/Wrams biogasanläggning. Samt överskåda under vilka ekonomiska den skulle kunna bli lönsam. Resultaten kan extrapoleras till liknande biogasanläggningar med liknande ekonomiska förutsättningar.Grunden för denna studie är analys av kassaflödesscenarion baserat på intäkter och kostnader, vilket kommer att refereras till som scenarioparametrar. Var och en av dessa parametrar har olika alternativ att välja mellan, där en av dessa parametrar antas vara det mest troliga alternativet att hända verkligheten. I nuvarande marknadsförhållanden observerades det att installation av el till gas inte är lönsam. Däremot efter att ha undersökt en mängd olika scenario, tillsammans 90 stycken kombinationer av scenarier (mer finns i bilagan), visade det sig att nätavgiften var avgörande för att uppnå en bärkraftig affärssituation för el till gas. Ett alternativt scenario med slopad nätavgift illustreras därefter. Känslighetsanalys sker i det mest troliga scenariot och i det alternativa scenariot utav projektets nuvärde för belysa ändring av enskilda scenario parametrars inverkan på resultatet.En intressant men osäker ekonomisk möjlighet diskuteras kring möjligheterna att ersätta uppgraderingsenheten för konventionella biogasenheter helt och hållet. Det diskuteras hur vissa parametrar korrelerar samt ifall det går att ekonomiskt motivera an slopning av nätavgiften.Slutligen tas rekommendationer till framtida studier upp.

According to the “Draft development plan for meeting the current and future electricity demandfor 2023-2032” developed by the Polish Transmission System Operator PSE, the most appropriate solution is to significantly expand the possibilities of energy storage, due to its role as a factor improving the power balancing with the increase of wind farms and photovoltaic (PV) sources. Poland has changed the rules governing the energy industry to encourage energy storage. Few barriers have already been eliminated like double charging of transmission fees, but there is still a big novelty to come and that is the reform of the balancing market. With the introduction of this change many more revenue streams should be available that are already present in other EU countries. The objective of this thesis is to provide a high-level overview of the Polish electricity market, identification of existing legal barriers, assessing the role of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) participating in distinct applications, and evaluating a possible business case considering a foreseeable market evolution. The scope of the study is limited to only one storage option Li-Ion standalone project of 10MW/40MWh at HV Point of Connection. In literature review, there does not seem to be a study on storage in the context of Poland. Hence, identifying the research gaps, an analysis of standalone storage system for grid applications in Poland is performed. In this study the NPV, IRR and PP for different scenarios of available revenue streams is determined to compare current and future business models for techno-economic feasibility for BESS in the context of Poland. Results of the study are as following. In the future scenario under the assumed dispatch strategy and participation in CM, FCR, aFRR availability markets as well as aFRR energy market and wholesale arbitrage, the overall project IRR is around 18% with a payback time of around 5 years. Provided the number of new accessible revenue streams BESS can present a strong business case in Poland.

Today’s society already requires a great connectivity network. This need will only increase in the future, and EDGE data centres are concepts meeting this future need, where the computational power is deployed close to the end user. They are defined, in this thesis, as a concept including different nodes, or data centres, located in proximity connected and participating in the market as one entity. The electricity grid in the Nordics is also a complex system. Many types of interactions with the grid exist and depend on the type of stakeholder. One collection of such interactions is ancillary services, which refer to different types of measures that maintain a reliable grid and electricity system. Electricity consumers within the grid network have the potential to interact and participate in these different functions. In this thesis, the participation of data centres, or EDGE data centres in ancillary services market, is studied. This thesis modelled different scenarios of an EDGE data centre with the grid network. Scenario 1 looked into self-consumption; scenario 2 looked into spot trading; scenario 3 looked into the FCR-N market; scenario 4 looked into the FCR-D markets; and scenario 5 looked into the combination of self-consumption and the FCR-D markets. It is observed from the results that scenario 4 generated the most favourable economic benefits. The results in relation to the price areas (zones in Sweden) were varied for the results. The price area SE4 gave better results for scenarios 1, 2, and 5 as compared to others. The best price area for scenarios 3 and 4 was from the SE1 zone. It is observed from the results that the potential benefit of the different ancillary markets exist and are at times favourable. Hence, there lies a future potential for the participation of EDGE networks in the electricity market thereby generating benefits for the data centres as well as stability for the grid. / Dagens samhälle kräver redan ett bra nätverk för uppkoppling. Detta behov kommer bara att öka i framtiden, och EDGE:s datacenter är koncept som uppfyller detta framtida behov, där datakraften placeras nära slutanvändaren. De definieras i denna avhandling som ett koncept som omfattar olika noder, eller servrar, som är placerade i närheten av varandra och som deltar på marknaden som en enhet. Elnätet i Norden är också ett komplext system. Det finns många olika typer av interaktioner med elnätet som beror på vilken typ av aktör det är fråga om. En samling av sådana interaktioner är stödtjänster, som avser olika typer av åtgärder som upprätthåller ett tillförlitligt nät och elsystem. Elkonsumenter inom elnätet har möjlighet att interagera och delta i dessa olika funktioner. I den här avhandlingen undersöks datacentraler, eller EDGE-datacenter, som deltar. I denna avhandling har olika scenarier för EDGE-datacenter modellerats i förhållande till elnätet. I scenario 1 undersöktes självkonsumtion, i scenario 2 spothandel, i scenario 3 FCR-N-marknaden, i scenario 4 FCR-D-marknader och i scenario 5 en kombination av självkonsumtion och FCR-D-marknader. I korthet gav scenario 4 de mest gynnsamma ekonomiska fördelarna. De potentiella miljöfördelarna diskuteras och kan inte lika lätt kvantifieras. Resultaten i förhållande till prisområdena varierade för resultaten. Prisområde SE4 gav de bästa resultaten för scenario 1 och 2 samt 5. Det bästa prisområdet för scenario 3 och 4 var SE1. Det framgår tydligt av denna avhandling att de potentiella fördelarna med de olika stödmarknaderna finns och att de vid vissa tillfällen är mycket gynnsamma med tanke på de höga lagringskostnaderna. EDGE-nätverkens framtida potentiella deltagande ger positiva resultat i både ekonomiska och miljömässiga termer.

Ancillary structures are highway support structures such as traffic signals, sign structures, luminaires, and high-mast light towers which are typically fastened to a concrete foundation using embedded anchor rods and anchor nuts. The inventory of ancillary structures across the United States is huge, and these structures vary dramatically in type, age, size, and material. There have been reported cases of anchor nut loosening on ancillary structures in the past few decades, but the cause of loosening is still unknown. Ancillary structures are susceptible to vibrations due to different wind loadings like natural gusts, vortex shedding, galloping, and truck-induced gusts. Wind-induced vibrations are believed to be one of the potential causes of anchor nut loosening. Previous research also suggests that vibrations can lead to loosening of nuts in structural and mechanical connections. There is concern regarding the current tightening procedures specified in the various federal and state specifications. Improper tightening can potentially lead to anchor nut loosening under the effect of wind-induced vibrations. In ancillary structures, the anchor rods and nuts are first snug-tightened using a wrench before fully pretensioning them as per the current specifications. The snug-tight condition is vaguely defined at present and needs revisions to avoid any under-tightening or over-tightening. Galvanization and overtapping of the anchor nuts also pose a potential concern. Anchor nuts are tapped oversize after galvanization to ensure the nuts fit well on the galvanized rod. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards provide specific allowable tolerances on the thread parameters of the anchor rod and nut after galvanization and overtapping. Any deviation from the allowable tolerances can lead to gaps between the mating threads, which can contribute to the loosening of nuts under vibrations. This study focuses on investigating the following potential causes of loosening: improper tightening, wind-induced vibrations, snug-tight condition, and thread fabrication tolerance. Current tightening procedures for double-nut and single-nut connections on ancillary structures were verified using a tightening study as part of the investigation. New revisions to the specified nut rotation values for double-nut connections and a draft for proposed new specifications on single-nut connections has been provided as a result of discrepancies and inconsistencies in the current specifications. Vibration testing of a full-scale traffic signal was conducted on the basis of results from a four-month field monitoring program in order to investigate the effects of wind-induced vibrations on anchor nut loosening. It was concluded from testing that improper tightening (pretension < 5ksi) can lead to loosening of anchor nuts under wind-induced vibrations. A small-scale testing was also conducted to verify the results from the large-scale vibration testing. Snug-tight pretension in grade 55, 1-inch and 2-inch anchor rods was found to be highly variable due to different wrench lengths and personnel strength. Thread parameters of galvanized anchor rods and nuts procured from 3 different regional suppliers were found to be within specified tolerances. Various recommendations were then made as a result of the above tightening, vibration, and thread tolerance studies in an effort to reduce the cases related to anchor nut loosening in the future. / Doctor of Philosophy / Ancillary structures like traffic signals, sign structures, and light poles are typically connected to the ground using anchor rods and anchor nuts. There is a very large number of ancillary structures throughout the United States and vary in type, age, size, and material. There have been reported cases of anchor nut loosening on ancillary structures in the past few decades, but the cause of loosening is still unknown. Different types of wind loadings like natural gusts, vortex shedding, galloping, and truck-induced gusts vibrate the ancillary structures. These vibrations due to the wind are believed to be one of the potential causes of anchor nut loosening. Vibrations in the past have been shown to cause loosening of nuts in other structural and mechanical connections. There is also concern that the anchor rods and anchor nuts are not tightened properly as per the specifications, which can lead to loosening of nuts when the ancillary structures vibrate due to wind loadings. In ancillary structures, the anchor nuts are first made tight using a wrench with the full effort of a worker, also known as the snug-tight condition. The snug-tight condition is not properly defined at present and needs to be changed to prevent any under-tightening or over-tightening of the anchor nuts. Also, the anchor rods and nuts are generally coated with a hot zinc layer to prevent their corrosion when exposed to environmental effects like ice, snow, humidity, and rain. This process is called galvanization. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provides some guidelines on the amount of coating allowed on the threads of the anchor rods and nuts. Any deviation from the allowable tolerances can lead to gaps between the threads of the anchor rod and nut, which can contribute to the loosening of nuts during vibrations of ancillary structures due to wind. This study focuses on investigating the following potential causes of loosening: improper tightening, vibrations of ancillary structures due to wind, snug-tight condition, and allowable tolerances for the amount of galvanization. Current tightening procedures for anchor rods and nut on ancillary structures were verified using a tightening study as part of the investigation. New revisions to the current tightening procedures have been provided as a result of discrepancies and inconsistencies observed in the current specifications. A traffic signal and a light pole were instrumented with sensors for four months to measure wind-related forces acting on these structures. Further, a full-scale traffic signal was vibrated in the laboratory using an electric motor to simulate the vibrations due to the measured wind forces. It was determined from the testing that if the anchor nuts were not properly tightened, they could become loose during vibrations due to wind. A small-scale testing was also conducted to check the results from the full-scale vibration testing. The snug-tight force in the anchor rods was also found to be dependent on the length of the wrench and the worker tightening it. The amount of galvanization on the rods and nuts procured from 3 different suppliers were found to be within allowable tolerances. Various recommendations were then made as a result of the conclusions in an effort to reduce the cases related to anchor nut loosening in the future.

This thesis investigates the opportunities and challenges of using repurposed electric car batteries, so called Second-life Battery (SlB), in a residential building as an energy storage. The performance of SlBs is compared to a First-life Battery (FlB) by identifying two potential scenarios and using a battery degradation model. The first scenario involved the batteries providing ancillary services to the grid, while in the second scenario the batteries were used for peak shaving. The battery degradation model is based on typical usage from the scenarios. The thesis findings indicate that the SlB degrades at a slower rate than the FlB, but can perform fewer cycles. Economic performance varies based on the application and initial assumptions. Both batteries proved to be profitable in the two scenarios studied, with some of the SlB configurations outperforming FlB configurations and vice versa. The yearly compensation received, when providing ancillary services with a 1000 kWh battery, ranged between 3-8 MSEK, while the yearly compensation received, when peak shaving with a 200-300 kWh battery, ranged between 20-35 thousand SEK. The main challenges identified included reduced lifespan, security risks, potential price increases, and space constraints. On the other hand, the main opportunities identified included potential price decreases and sustainability benefits such as carbon footprint reduction and grid stability. These results may provide valuable insights for informed decision-making regarding investments in FlBs and SlBs on the Swedish market.