Este estudo visa à criação e aplicação de um índice de acessibilidade de aeroportos que considera vários perfis de usuários (passageiro com e sem bagagem, estrangeiro, idoso e gestante, cadeirante e deficiente visual) que possuem diferentes restrições de mobilidade. O método tem início com uma seleção de indicadores que surgiram da identificação de potenciais problemas que os passageiros podem enfrentar ao acessar o aeroporto. Os indicadores são agrupados de acordo com o modo de transporte disponível para acesso ao aeroporto: táxi, carona, automóvel próprio, automóvel de aluguel, ônibus regional e ônibus especial. Em seguida os indicadores são avaliados através de pesquisas e levantamentos de campo e recebem pontuações de acordo com o seu desempenho. Por fim, os escores dos indicadores são ponderados e um valor final é calculado para cada aeroporto. Para aplicação e avaliação do índice foram selecionados, em São Paulo, os aeroportos Congonhas, Guarulhos e Viracopos; no Rio de Janeiro, Galeão e Santos Dumont, e em Brasília, o aeroporto Juscelino Kubitschek. Em uma escala que vai de zero a um, os aeroportos estudados apresentaram resultados com uma amplitude de 0,16. O maior valor encontrado foi 0,629 para o aeroporto Santos Dumont e o menor valor foi 0,469 para o aeroporto de Guarulhos. Isto evidencia que há muitos aspectos a serem melhorados no que diz respeito à acessibilidade dos aeroportos no Brasil. / This study aims to create an index of accessibility to airports that takes into account several profiles of users (passengers with and without luggage, foreigners, elderly and pregnant women, wheelchair users and visually impaired users) that have different mobility constraints. The method starts with a selection of indicators that emerged from the identification of potential problems that passengers may have when accessing the airport. The indicators are grouped according to the transportations modes available for access the airport: taxi, ride with a third party, own car, rental car, regional bus and shuttle bus. The indicators are then evaluated through surveys and field observations and scored according to their performances. Finally, the scores of the indicators are weighted and an overall score is calculated for each airport. For implementation and evaluation of the index, six important Brazilian airports were selected. In São Paulo, the airports of Congonhas, Guarulhos and Viracopos; in Rio de Janeiro, Galeão and Santos Dumont; and, in Brasília, the airport Juscelino Kubitschek. In a scale that goes from zero to one, the studied airports showed results with an amplitude of 0.16. The highest value was 0.629 for Santos Dumont airport and the lowest value was 0.469, for Guarulhos airport. The results highlight the fact that many aspects must still be improved regarding accessibility to Brazilian airports.

Despite the continued interest in transportation accessibility, it is still unclear how different types of accessibility measures relate to one another and which situations are best for each. The current study undertakes a statistical comparison among six transit accessibility measures (representing three main categories of accessibility models) to determine whether they are comparable and/or interchangeable. Specifically, this analysis considers a case study to measure individuals’ access to healthcare via paratransit. Results indicate that the three categories of accessibility measures provide drastically different interpretations of accessibility that cannot be duplicated by each other. Furthermore, the more closely accessibility models capture individuals’ perceptions and true access to activity opportunities, the more consistent and evenly distributed the results. / text

Nowadays government departments and businesses use social networking sites to communicate with stakeholders. Notable reasons for this ongoing change are that the numbers of users on social networking sites have increased dramatically during the past ten years. Other reasons for utilizing social networking sites are that it is cost effective, more interactive due to Web 2.0 technology, as well as public demand. Besides increased interactivity and related benefits for normal users, this change emerged with accessibility problems for disabled users, especially when government departments utilize social networking sites. The adapted pages of these sites should be accessible for the disabled according to standards. Örebro municipality also utilizes social networking websites pages and this study provides an overview of the social networking sites’ accessibility to blind users. The study evaluated Örebro municipality’s Facebook and Twitter pages accessibility, by automatic evaluation tools against selected attributes of blind users’ accessibility metrics which are also the guidelines of W3C. The result of the study shows that there is more development required to make these pages completely accessible to blind users. However, the selected official website page of Örebro municipality was found completely accessible to blind users when evaluated for comparison, by the same automatic evaluation tools and selected guidelines.

For the past few years, Sweden has worked towards digitalisation of the public sector, however without any legislated requirements for accessibility. In order to make public sector body websites and applications accessible to all users a new Swedish law, based on the Web Accessibility Directive, has been implemented. This new law dictates that public sector websites and applications need to comply with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) in September of 2020. This study explores factors influencing web practitioners when developing accessible websites, applications and services for the public sector. This is done through a survey and semi-structured interviews, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The new law does not provide guidance on methods or evaluations to develop products and services accessible for all users. Instead it has a main focus on compliance with WCAG 2.1. The result show that the close connection between the law and the guidelines removes the focus from the users in evaluations. Instead the focus is on measurable compliance with the law through the use of static checklists or automatic testing tools. As long as the method of using a checklist or automatic tool is presented as equally sufficient as user testing in terms of reaching compliance with the law, clients requesting accessible solutions will not change their priorities or allocate resources towards user testing. The findings are presented in a model representing the factors influencing web development and accessibility evaluation and how these factors are connected and dependent on each other.

In recent years, playing games has become a popular activity for everything from socialising purposes to educating purposes, with billions of players worldwide. However, being able to play games is not evident for people with disabilities. The gaming industry is excluding masses of people by not creating enough accessible games. Indie gaming is a part of the gaming industry that has grown immensely during the last decades. Indie game companies are often smaller studios with independent publications, finances and creativity. Almost everyone has the tools nowadays for making games. Indie game companies do not usually have the resources for engaging as much in accessibility as bigger companies do. Since they are distributing a big share of the games on the market today it is necessary to explore their possibilities of creating more accessible games despite their resource constraints. The research question for this study is “What are the game development challenges that Swedish indie game companies face when implementing accessible design practices, and how can they overcome them?”. This was investigated through a survey study where the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with employees at seven different indie game companies in Sweden. The results revealed perceived challenges in the tools that the investigated companies utilised, such as challenges in accessibility communication, resource constraints and how they aim to gather player feedback. Other challenges were identified in how the company operates, more specifically in their work tasks and planning of accessibility. Results also contributed to an understanding of how the investigated companies work with accessibility, through how they prioritise tasks and how they receive accessibility information. Possible solutions on how they can overcome challenges were identified, both on an individual and company level, as well as on an industry level for the indie gaming market. The results provided insights into the factors impeding indie game companies and developers from designing for accessibility as well as possible solutions to these challenges. These findings contribute to the understanding of the challenges with implementing accessible design practices and have added a nuanced perspective on the challenges faced by indie game developers and suggest potential directions for future investigation, both in research and in the indie game industry.

The guidelines for accessibility are many and it can be difficult to keep track of all of them. Therefore, test tools for evaluation are available to help developers identify accessibility problems. This study has aimed to investigate how useful one of these test tools is for developersand what strengths and weaknesses comes with such a tool. Five professional developers and five web development students performed a usability teston a selected accessibility test tool (Lighthouse). The result indicates that the test tool has high usability with strengths such userfriendliness, provides clear feedback of test results and can teach the user more about accessibility. The results also showed weaknesses in that the test tool did not find all the accessibility problems and it is unclear which criterias are being tested. The results of the study indicate that there are test tools that are useful for developers and students. The test tool can also make the user expand their knowledge regarding accessibility. Introducing the test tool to developers and students can contribute to more people thinking about accessibility in development. This can hopefully in turn lead to more web acessibility. / Riktlinjerna för tillgänglighet är många och det kan vara svårt för utvecklare att hålla koll på samtliga riktlinjer. Det finns därför testverktyg som utvärderar tillgänglighet och därmed hjälper utvecklare att identifiera tillgänglighetsbrister. Den här studien har syftat till att ta reda på hur användbart ett testverktyg är för utvecklare samt vilka styrkor och svagheter det finns i verktyget. Fem yrkesverksamma utvecklare och fem studenter inom webbutveckling har fått utföra användningstest på ett utvalt testverktyg för tillgänglighet (Lighthouse). Resultatet av studien indikerar att testverktyget har en hög användbarhet med styrkor så som att det är enkelt att använda, ger tydlig återkoppling av testresultat och kan lära användaren mer om tillgänglighet. Resultatet visade även på svagheter i form av att testverktyget inte hittade alla brister och att det var otydligt vilka kriterier som testas. Resultatet av studien indikerar på att det finns testverktyg som är användbara för utvecklare och studenter. Testverktyget kan även bidra till kompetensutveckling. Att introducera testverktyget till utvecklare och studenter kan bidra till att allt fler tänker på tillgänglighet vid utveckling. Detta kan förhoppningsvis i sin tur leda till mer tillgänglighet på webben.

With the rapid development and increased use of technology, making technology accessible for every user is becoming even more important. A vital part in the process of achieving this is evaluating products as part of the development process. This design-oriented study explores how a visualisation of a product’s accessibility performance can aid in creating a more inclusive and accessible product by increasing awareness and understanding amongst product stakeholders. To explore the requirements of such a visualisation a prototype was developed for a music streaming service’s desktop application and evaluated through a study with six stakeholders. All participants had a positive attitude towards the prototype and expressed that it helped them find accessibility issues. Five out of six participants felt they understood what an issue entailed and whom it could affect. Several different areas of usage were proposed by the participants, who also believed a broad group of different stakeholders could benefit from using a tool like this. The results showed that the proposed design could increase awareness and create a deeper understanding for accessibility issues amongst stakeholders. No specific part of the design could be identified as more valuable than the other, which indicated that the value lied within the prototype as a whole. Together all parts created a versatile tool that could be used to fulfil different users’ need in different situations. / Den snabba utvecklingen och det ökande användandet av teknik ökar vikten av att göra teknik tillgänglig för alla användare. En vital del I denna process är att integrera utvärdering av produkter i utvecklingsprocessen. Denna designorienterade studie utforskar hur en visualisering av en produkts prestation med avseende på tillgänglighet kan underlätta skapandet av mer inkluderande och tillgängliga produkter, genom att öka medvetenhet och förståelse hos intressenter i produktutvecklingen. För att utforska kraven på en sådan visualisering utvecklades en prototyp för ett musikstreamingföretags skrivbordsapplikation och utvärderades genom en studie med sex deltagare. Alla deltagare visade en positiv attityd mot prototypen och uttryckte att den hjälpte dem hitta problem med tillgänglighet. Fem av sex deltagare kände att de förstod vad ett problem innebar och vem det kunde påverka. Flera olika användningsområden föreslogs av deltagarna, som också menade att en bred grupp användare kunde gynnas av att använda ett verktyg som detta. Studiens resultat visade att den föreslagna designen kunde öka medvetenhet och skapa en djupare förståelse för tillgänglighetsproblem hos intressenter i produktutvecklingen. Ingen specifik del av designen kunde identifieras som mer värdefull än någon annan, vilket indikerade att prototypens värde ligger i dess helhet. Tillsammans skapade alla delar ett mångsidigt verktyg som kan fylla olika användares behov i olika typer av situationer.

Was bedeutet Barrierefreiheit im Internet? Welche Elemente auf einer Website werden zur Barriere für Menschen mit Sehbehinderungen oder Blindheit? Was sind Barrieren für gehörlose Menschen und was sind Barrieren für körperlich eingeschränkte Menschen? Und wie können diese Barrieren erkannt und abgebaut werden? Welche Lösungsmöglichkeiten gibt es und mit welchem Aufwand sind diese umzusetzen? Die Arbeit zeigt am Beispiel einer Plattform für Studierende mit Behinderungen an der TU Dresden Barrieren im täglichen Umgang mit elektronischen Dienstleistungen für betroffene Nutzer auf. Dafür wird die Anwendung verschiedener anerkannter Evaluationsmethoden am Praxisobjekt demonstriert und mit echten Nutzer-Interviews ergänzt. Auf der Grundlage der erhobenen Daten wird das der Plattform zugrundeliegende Kontextszenario qualifiziert und erweitert und ein Redesign durchgeführt. Die erfolgreiche Anwendung und Umsetzung der Richtlinien für Barrierefreiheit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit wird anschließend dokumentiert und demonstriert.

With the rise of e-learning and recent legislations of the European Union enforcing conformance to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 for web applications of public sector bodies, the issue of identifying and solving web accessibility issues in e-learning applications is more relevant than ever. This thesis is based on a case study of a publisher of course literature whose intention is to improve the accessibility of their e-learning applications. The thesis contains a theoretical foundation on disabilities, e-learning and web accessibility including assistive technologies, the web accessibility guidelines WCAG 2.0 and the web accessibility evaluation method WCAG-EM. This theory is used for developing solutions to accessibility issues found in the e-learning applications and comparing accessibility with e-learning theory. The results are presented as concrete examples to be useful for developers of e-learning applications. It was found that there exist a few instances where accessibility and e-learning contradict each other, but the solutions to accessibility problems are most often not affected by the learning premise of the applications.

There are several aspects which need to be considered while planning a building to achieve sustainable environment for people's well-being. One of the significant aspects is social sustainability which is largely about promoting everyone regardless of the circumstances. In a socially sustainable city, there should be access to meeting places to improve social life. The Park Paradiset and the Broparken in Vallastaden were designed to improve socializing between people. The parks in this work are examined based on social aspects; interaction and identity. In addition, a park should be designed based on different aspects to suit different people. This work considers aspects such as recreation/ leisure, cultural identity, accessibility and safety. Beyond these aspects, the stormwater management in the parks is also studied. These studies were conducted with systematic literature studies, site visits, survey and qualitative interviews. A site visit was in Vallastaden, where the authors explored the district and handed out survey to the resident. The interview for the Park Paradise was conducted with Ulrika Gunnman from White Arkitekter and the interview for the Broparken was conducted with Lina Moström from 02landskap. The result shows that the architects worked differently to achieve the social aspects. It can be concluded that Park Paradiset fulfills the aspects better than the Broparken based on survey results, site visits and the interviews. The results further show that the stormwater management for the parks consists of open systems. Open systems have even been current in the Park Paradiset. The open ditches in the park leads the water in the transverse dikes to a longitudinal dike. It can be concluded that the architects utilized stormwater management better in Broparken compared to the Park Paradiset, when the architects transformed the ordinary ditch into something attractive and gave the park a character.