中國自改革開放以來，財政體系歷經了幾次重大的變革，其中財政分權為一個重要的階段，並且也被認為是促進中國經濟快速發展的關鍵因素之一。但中央將權力下放給地方，是否對地方政府效率造成正面的效益，許多文獻對此議題有著兩面的看法。因此，本文的研究目的主要探討中國財政分權對地方政府效率的影響。 首先，本研究採用DEA衡量中國31個省市的地方政府效率，並以財政收入的自主性衡量財政分權程度。接著，利用中國的省級追蹤資料（panel data），以及Tobit迴歸模型來進行實證分析。其實證結果指出，財政地方分權和地方政府效率之間存在非線性的關係，意即存在一個財政分權的臨界值。而其他解釋變數方面，各省市人口密度和人均實質GDP對地方政府效率為顯著且正面的影響。此外，時間趨勢變數對地方政府效率存在著顯著且負向的效果。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fiscal decentralization on the efficiency of local governments in China. Fisrst, this study uses the data envelopment analysis to weigh the efficiency of local governments in China, and takes revenue-autonomy to the variable of finance decentralization. Then, by using the panel data in 31 regions during the period of 1996-2008, this study adopts the Tobit model to analyze whether or not the fiscal decentralization provides a non-linear effect on the local government’s efficiency. The empirical result explain why past papers have inconstant conclusions to this problem and provides some important policy implications.

由績效觀點，品質(適質)與成本(適量)，在概念上是完全一致的。因此，績效的管理，應以品質與成本作為其目標達成與否的衡量標準。本研究以績效觀點來解決公司面臨到品質與成本的兩難的問題。隨著電子產品的功能多樣化，發熱問題卻接踵而來，發熱密度的不斷提昇，對於散熱設計的需求也越來越受到重視。本研究以電源轉換器為對象，其目前已設計完成且已通過美國UL安規認證，但因為其溫升及其變異很大，因此降低電源轉換器的溫升及其變異是一急需解決的問題，以期能找出穩健於不可控因子，使產品變異小且各零件溫升與損失均能降至最低的最適外部零件組合。透過了田口與實驗設計的方法規劃及進行實驗並收集數據。引用加權SN比(multi-response S/N ratio)的方法，分別透過(1)管制圖法及(2)資料包絡法的CCR保證領域法(指CCR-AR模型)來決定加權SN比的權數，以決定可控因子及其水準值。對矩陣實驗的數據利用MTS ( M a h a l o n o b I s － Taguchi System)來篩選研究問題中較重要的特性變數，再針對篩選結果中較重要的特性變數的數據分別利用(1)倒傳遞類神經網路結合資料包絡法及(2)資料包絡法結合主成份分析法兩種分析方法，得到外殼鑽孔形狀與矽膠片大小的最佳因子組合。由改善後的確認實驗結果得知，雖然平均溫升下降的程度不大，然而大部份量測點的溫升標準差都顯著變小了，因此本研究在降低該電源轉換器溫升變異的效果顯著。

建設公司為典型的內需產業，隨著國內經濟的發展而變動。在民國80年後房地產市場因經濟與政治的動盪而一路下滑，陷入長期的衰退時期，因此政府採取許多利多措施以振作該產業的發展，而土地增值稅減半徵收政策就是其中一項振興措施。土地增值稅減半措施可以降低土地的交易成本，被房地產市場認為是利多消息，而國內研究多從投資人的觀點探討政策對股價的影響，未曾探討該政策對身為房地產市場供給者之建設公司經營效率的影響程度。 因此，本研究針對1998年至2003年的36家上市櫃建設公司，採用資料包絡分析法與大邊界法的概念，畫出單一包絡曲線以涵蓋整體樣本期間，求出所有樣本的效率值並分析其長期趨勢，以探討減半徵收政策對建設公司成本效率、配置效率與技術效率的影響。 實證結果顯示，政策實施後之純技術效率顯著大於政策實施後，而政策實施後之規模效率則顯著小於政策實施前；以Tobit迴歸分析顯示，政策實施對建設公司整體而言有提升配置效率與純技術效率的效果，但規模效率是下降的，表示建設公司尚未達到最適生產規模，仍有調整提振的空間。另外，就不同組織型態下的建設公司探討政策對其影響程度，若就上櫃建設公司與上市建設公司兩個子群體分別觀察，分析結果發現上櫃建設公司在政策實施前與實施後之成本效率、整體技術效率、純技術效率與規模效率皆顯著大於上市建設公司，且政策實施對上市建設公司之純技術效率有大幅度提升的效果，而Tobit迴歸分析亦顯示上櫃建設公司之經營效率較上市建設公司為佳。從有無集團背景著眼分析顯示非屬於集團企業之建設公司在政策實施前與實施後之成本效率、整體技術效率與純技術效率皆顯著大於屬於集團企業之建設公司，而Tobit迴歸分析亦顯示屬於集團企業之建設公司在整體技術效率方面不如非屬於集團企業之建設公司。 / Developers as the typical domestic demand industry change with development of the domestic economy. Because of turbulence of the economy and politics the real estate market fell into long-term decline after 1990. So the government took many favorite policies to improve the development of this industry, and the Land Value Increment Tax (LVIT) cut was one of those policies. The LVIT cut could reduce the transaction cost of the land, so it was thought a profitable policy to the real estate market. Most domestic researches are based on the investors’ view to test the impact of the policy on stock market, but not focus on the influence on the suppliers of real estate market, developers. In order to trace the trend of developers’ efficiency, this research employs data of 36 listed developers from 1998 to 2003 and applies Date Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to construct a grand frontier. Therefore, based on the trend of grand frontier this research could examine the impact of LIVT cut on developers` cost efficiency, allocation efficiency and technical efficiency. The major findings of this research as follows. The statistical results show that pure technical efficiency after the policy is statistically significant greater than that before the policy, and scale efficiency before the policy is statistically significant greater than that after the policy. The Tobit regression suggests that the implement of the LIVT cut could improve pure technical efficiency and allocation efficiency but drop scale efficiency. The finding suggests that developers have not yet reached the best scale and still have adjustment space. In addition, this research examines the impact of the policy on developers under different organization type. First, to divide developers into TSE and OTC. The analysis result shows that whether before the policy or after the policy cost efficiency, technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of OTC are statistically significant greater than that of TSE, and Tobit regression also shows that business efficiency of OTC is greater than that of TSE. Besides, from views of group background, the analysis result shows that whether before the policy or after the policy cost efficiency, technical efficiency, and pure technical efficiency of independent developers are statistically significant greater than that of group developers, and Tobit regression shows that technical efficiency of independent developers is statistically significant greater than that of group developers.

合庫與農銀的合併是國內首宗公股銀行的合併案，國內一些學者從銀行的的相關財務比率來探討本案是否有合併綜效。但是銀行的經營動能來自於分行，合併後分行是否能有效提升其經營績效，才是關係著合併綜效是否能持續發揮的關鍵。因此，本研究試圖比較兩家公股銀行合併後分行績效是否提升，來檢視合併的成果。 本研究係以合庫與農銀合併前後三年即民國92年至民國98年間的分行做為研究樣本，實證結果發現合併後分行的整體技術效率、純粹技術效率及規模技術效率均較合併前高，合庫端分行的整體技術效率、純粹技術效率及規模技術效率均較農銀端分行高，顯示合併確實有合併綜效效果。在各項影響分行經營績效的變數中，區域是影響分行經營績效的最主要因素，次要的影響變數是業務類型、城鄉、營業規模及壞帳率。 / The merger of Taiwan Corporative Bank (TCB) and Farmers Bank of China (FBC) was the first consolidation case of public owned banking industry in Taiwan. Many studies used financial ratios to analyze the consociation synergy of the merger.For banking industry, however, the branch offices' operatings are the major driving force for the bank. Therefore, the key factor to evaluate the success of the consolidation is to evaluate the performance change of branches after merger. This study tries to compare the branches performace change to evaluate the synergy effect of the consolidation on two public owned banks. The sample of the branches came from 3 years before and after TCB and FBC from 2003 to 2009. The study applies Data Enveloping Analysis (DEA) and grand frontier approaches to measure the trend of efficiency for overall technical efficiency(OTE), pure technical efficiency(PTE), and scale efficiency(SE). The empirical results reveal that the average OTE, PTE and SE of the branches after merger are higher than those of before merger, and the branches of TCB indicate better efficiencies than FBC, which implies that the consoliation indeed create a synergy effect. The branches location is the major factor that affect the efficiencies of the branches and other factors include the type of operating, city or rural area, the scale of the operating and the bad debt ratio.

Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία περιγράφεται η διαδικασία συνδυασμού προβλημάτων Επιχειρησιακής Έρευνας με την μεθοδολογία εύρεσης συγκριτικής αποδοτικότητας (DEA). Αρχικά, παρουσιάζεται μια γενική περιγραφή της μεθόδου DEA και μια συνοπτική επισκόπηση της σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας. Παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος συνδυασμού της μεθόδου DEA και δύο κλασσικών μοντέλων χωροθέτησης εγκαταστάσεων, του μοντέλου με περιορισμό και του αντίστοιχου μοντέλου χωρίς περιορισμό στην χωρητικότητα. Για την επίτευξη αυτού του στόχου γίνονται οι απαραίτητοι χειρισμοί στην μέθοδο DEA ούτως ώστε να μπορεί να υπολογίζεται η αποδοτικότητα για όλες τις μονάδες λήψης απόφασης ταυτόχρονα – μέθοδος ταυτόχρονης DEA (Simultaneous DEA), εφόσον το κλασσικό μοντέλο βρίσκει την αποδοτικότητα μιας μονάδας λύνοντας μια φορά το γραμμικό πρόβλημα με τους συντελεστές βαρύτητας αυτής της μονάδας. Η λύση του πολυκριτήριου προβλήματος αναδεικνύει την αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ κόστους και αποδοτικότητας, για τη λήψη απόφασης ανάλογα με τις ανάγκες που μπορεί ενυπάρχουν σε ένα αντίστοιχο πραγματικό πρόβλημα. Στην συνέχεια αναπτύσσεται για πρώτη φορά στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία μια μεθοδολογία για το συνδυασμό δύο άλλων βασικών προβλημάτων, της κάλυψης και της σύμπτυξης συνόλου, αντίστοιχα, με την μεθοδολογία DEA. Στόχος είναι να μορφοποιηθεί ένα μοντέλο γραμμικού προγραμματισμού έτσι ώστε εκτός από το μέτρο απόφασης του κόστους για την κάλυψη ή σύμπτυξη ενός συνόλου-στόχου, από διαθέσιμα υποσύνολα να ληφθεί υπόψη και η αποδοτικότητα του εκάστοτε υποσυνόλου, η οποία εν τέλει θα επηρεάσει και την συνολική αποδοτικότητα του συνόλου-στόχου. Γίνεται ο συνδυασμός των μεθοδολογιών και αναπτύσσονται μεθοδολογίες πολυκριτήριας ανάλυσης που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την λήψη αποφάσεων που αφορούν την αποδοτική και οικονομική κάλυψη ή σύμπτυξη ενός συνόλου. Για την πιστοποίηση και τη διαπίστωση της λειτουργικότητας των προτεινόμενων μεθοδολογιών αναπτύσσονται παραδείγματα προβλημάτων, τα οποία και επιλύονται επιτυχώς. / In the present thesis, the combination of Operation Research Problems with the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is performed in order to make optimal and efficient decisions. Firstly, a general description of DEA and a breath literature review is presented. Then, we show and test location modeling formulations that utilize data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency measures to find optimal and efficient facility location/allocation patterns. In addition, to the authors’ best knowledge, the combinations of DEA with the Set Covering Problem as well as Set Packing Problem are formulated as multiobjective problems, for first time in the literature. The main aim of the proposed models is to make cost-effective and efficient decisions regarding the Set Covering and Packing Problem, respectively. Numerical examples are developed in order to validate and test the novel models. The numerical results of multiobjective analysis demonstrate that the proposed methods are able to successfully find optimal and efficient solutions for real set covering, packing and partitioning problems.

H παρούσα διατριβή προσφέρει, για πρώτη φορά, μια ολοκληρωμένη ανάλυση της επίδοσης των τραπεζών σε επίπεδο υποκαταστημάτων (branch level). Αξιολογήθηκε η επίδοση ενός ομοιογενούς δικτύου υποκαταστημάτων μεγάλης Ελληνικής Τράπεζας για την περίοδο Ιανουάριος 2006 - Ιούνιος 2009, στη βάση δύο λειτουργικών κριτηρίων, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη και την επίδραση της πρόσφατης κρίσης: στην αξία που παράγουν τα υποκαταστήματα για το μέτοχο της τράπεζας (shareholder value), όπως αυτή μετράται με το Υπολειμματικό Εισόδημα (residual income -RI), και στο βαθμό αποτελεσματικότητας κέρδους και παραγωγής (profit and production efficiency). Αναφορικά με τη διαχείριση της αξίας, βρέθηκε ότι οι λειτουργικοί παράγοντες αξίας (operational value drivers) που σχετίζονται με τη διαφοροποίηση του εισοδήματος, τη διαχείριση του ελεγχόμενου κόστους, την ικανότητα διαχείρισης του πιστωτικού κινδύνου, το spread των δανείων, και την ικανότητα του υποκαταστήματος να δημιουργεί έσοδα από καταθέσεις χαμηλού κόστους, συνδέονται στατιστικά σημαντικά με το RI. Η κρίση επηρεάζει στατιστικά σημαντικά μόνο τη διαχείριση του πιστωτικού κινδύνου, καταστρέφοντας περαιτέρω αξία για το μέτοχο και υποδεικνύοντας χαμηλότερη ικανότητα διαχείρισης του πιστωτικού κινδύνου. Επιπρόσθετα, αυτό το εμπειρικό εύρημα αποκαλύπτει και την αδυναμία του τρέχοντος λογιστικού πλαισίου σύμφωνα με το ΔΛΠ 39, να αναγνωρίζει και να καταγράφει νωρίτερα (την περίοδο της πιστωτικής ανάπτυξης) ζημιές απομείωσης της αξίας των δανείων. Όσον αφορά στη μέτρηση της αποτελεσματικότητας, βρέθηκε ότι η κρίση μειώνει στατιστικά σημαντικά μόνο τη μέση αποτελεσματικότητα κέρδους του δικτύου, απόρροια της χορήγησης κακών δανείων την περίοδο της πιστωτικής επέκτασης. / This thesis offers, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the performance of banks at the branch level. We evaluated the performance of a homogenous retail branch network of a large private Greek bank for the period January 2006-June 2009, based on two operational criteria, taking into account the impact of the recent crisis: the shareholder value that branches generate as measured by the Residual Income (RI) and the profit and production efficiency in branch operations. Regarding the value management, we found that diversified income, cost management, credit risk capabilities, income on core deposits and loan spread are all statistically significant associated with the RI. In addition, the value driver of credit risk capabilities is incrementally negatively associated with residual income at the branch level during the recent crisis, indicating lower ability to manage credit risk. Moreover, this finding reveals the inability of the current accounting framework under IAS 39 to recognize and record earlier (in the expansion period) impaired loans. Regarding the efficiency measurement, we found that during the crisis only the average profit-oriented efficiency of the branch network reduced significantly. We located the roots of the efficiency loss in the expansion period, in which over-optimism leads to the granting of bad quality loans.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PASSONI_PEDRO_2014.pdf: 1210057 bytes, checksum: e23679a0deab9ef3b8128c385a95a931 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Assess levels of efficiency in the provision of public services and its determinants becomes increasingly important to meet growing needs of the population and the scarcity of resources. The provision of health services accounts for a large part of municipal budgets and fundamentally depends on a good management of limited public resources, as well as greatly impacting on social and economic development of municipalities. In this sense, the present study sought to examine the level of efficiency in the delivery of public health services to the population of the municipalities of the state of São Paulo to promote wellness. So it was posed a mathematical programming problem involving the measurements of efficiency, through the non-parametric efficiency analysis technique known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), with varying scale and orientation product returns. The results indicate that the municipalities of the state of São Paulo have unsatisfactory utilization of resource allocation for the provision of public health services. In general, districts that spend more did not show higher levels of efficiency, but for the group of the least efficient municipalities this hypothesis was confirmed. Regarding the relationship with the Municipal Human Development Index (IDH-M), a slightly negative relationship was found. On the other hand, the group of 14 less efficient shows a positive relationship between the score and the IDH-M. The results are scattered so apparently random state, and indicate that there is no homogeneity among municipalities. Observe also that there are municipalities that although efficient, spend resources for health that are lower than seems appropriate. All this demonstrates the asymmetry and how unequal is the situation of municipalities in the state of São Paulo in relation to health services. Furthermore, the group of the most efficient is less populated, compared to less efficient. According to the scale of production, the municipalities are presented as most in descending scale. The biggest problem has been found in the municipalities of scale. Regarding projections for municipalities become efficient, the results showed that the inefficient municipalities require increases of 124,66 % on average in their health services. Among regions the differences are not very striking, but there is a slight predominance of efficient municipalities focusing on the West region of the state. The Administrative Regions (RA's) showed similar mean technical efficiency, showing that no state in a spatial distribution pattern efficiency. The relationship between efficiency scores of RA's and IDH-M of each was positive. With this, one realizes that the average level of efficiency tends to increase when the IDH-M in each RA increases. It is, therefore, required a revision of management practices in counties in order to improve the methods adopted to make better use of resources and can provide the population with the best provision of their basic needs and more effective action by the executive branch. / Avaliar os níveis de eficiência na provisão de serviços públicos e seus determinantes torna-se cada vez mais importante frente ao aumento das necessidades da população e à escassez de recursos. A provisão de serviços de saúde responde por boa parte dos orçamentos municipais e depende fundamentalmente de uma boa gestão dos limitados recursos públicos, além de impactarem sobremaneira no desenvolvimento social e econômico dos municípios. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procurou analisar o nível de eficiência na prestação de serviços públicos de saúde à população dos municípios do estado de São Paulo para a promoção do bem-estar. Por isso, foi formulado um problema de programação matemática envolvendo a obtenção das medidas de eficiência, através da técnica não-paramétrica de análise de eficiência conhecida com Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), com retornos variáveis à escala e orientação produto. Os resultados encontrados indicam que os municípios do estado de São Paulo apresentam aproveitamento insatisfatório na alocação de recursos para o fornecimento de serviços públicos de saúde. Em geral, os municípios que gastam mais não apresentam níveis de eficiência maiores, mas para o grupo dos municípios menos eficientes esta hipótese foi confirmada. Quanto a relação com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano municipal (IDH-M), foi encontrada uma relação levemente negativa. Por outro lado, o grupo dos 14 menos eficientes apresenta uma relação positiva entre o score e o IDH-M. Os resultados obtidos estão dispersos de modo, aparentemente, aleatório pelo estado, e indicam que não há homogeneidade entre os municípios. Observa-se, ainda, que existem municípios que, apesar de eficientes, despendem recursos para a saúde que estão aquém do que parece adequado. Tudo isso demonstra a assimetria e quão desigual é a situação desses municípios do estado de São Paulo em relação aos serviços de saúde. Além disso, o grupo dos mais eficientes são menos populosos, comparados aos menos eficientes. De acordo com a escala de produção, os municípios se apresentam como maioria em escala decrescente. O maior problema encontrado nos municípios foi de escala. Em relação as projeções para os municípios se tornarem eficientes, os resultados mostraram que os municípios ineficientes necessitam de aumentos de 124,66%, em média, em seus serviços de saúde. Entre regiões as diferenças não são muito marcantes, mas existe um ligeiro predomínio de municípios eficientes se concentrando na região Oeste do estado. As Regiões Administrativas (RA s) apresentaram médias de eficiência técnica semelhantes, mostrando que não há no estado um padrão espacial de distribuição de eficiência. A relação entre score de eficiência das RA s e o IDH-M de cada uma mostrou-se positiva. Com isso, percebe-se que o nível médio de eficiência tende a crescer quando o IDH-M em cada RA aumenta. Torna-se, portanto, necessária uma revisão das práticas de gestão nos municípios paulistas, no intuito de aperfeiçoar os métodos adotados, para que haja melhor aproveitamento dos recursos, podendo proporcionar à população o melhor provimento de suas necessidades essenciais e uma ação mais efetiva por parte do poder executivo. Palavras-chave: Eficiência. Gasto Público. Análise Envoltória de Dados. Serviços de Saúde. Municípios Paulistas.

[pt] Os estudos acerca da relação entre desempenho socioambiental e desempenho financeiro das firmas tem ganhado considerável destaque nos últimos anos, refletindo o interesse cada vez maior de investidores em aspectos sociais, ambientais, éticos e governamentais das organizações. A literatura nesse campo é vasta, porém bastante contraditória. Além disso, a falta de critérios consistentes para se mensurar o desempenho socioambiental das empresas figura como principal argumento contra a veracidade das pesquisas empíricas voltadas para esse tema. Através de uma abordagem diferenciada, na qual o desempenho socioambiental é estimado dentro de um contexto multidimensional que considera informações dos relatórios sociais das firmas, esse trabalho busca analisar o desempenho financeiro de empresas socioambientalmente responsáveis do setor elétrico brasileiro, comparando-as com as demais integrantes do setor. Para tanto, uma primeira seleção é feita através de um modelo de Análise Envoltória de Dados, que busca mensurar a eficiência socioambiental das empresas com base em informações de seus balanços sociais. De posse desses resultados, propõe-se a formação de três grupos distintos: um primeiro formado apenas por empresas com os melhores desempenhos socioambientais; um segundo grupo que inclui empresas com desempenhos moderados, mas que também divulgaram resultados sociais durante o período de formação de carteiras; e um terceiro grupo que envolve todas as empresas que não divulgaram nenhuma informação socioambiental nos últimos anos. Em seguida, são montadas diversas carteiras teóricas para cada grupo de empresas, com composições diferenciadas de ativos de acordo com diferentes cenários. Essas carteiras são, então, comparadas segundo métricas específicas de avaliação de performance financeira. A amostra engloba um total de 36 companhias do setor elétrico brasileiro, analisadas entre os anos de 2009 a 2013. Os resultados, tanto da análise ex-post como da análise ex- ante, permitem constatar que as carteiras do primeiro grupo são claramente superiores, em termos de maiores prêmios de risco e menores probabilidades de perdas, às integrantes do segundo grupo e essas, por sua vez, dominam aquelas do último grupo. Dessa forma, pode-se inferir que houve, de fato, uma relação positiva entre desempenho socioambiental e desempenho financeiro das empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro nos últimos anos. / [en] Research on the outcomes of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on firm performance have garnered much interest in recent years, reflecting investors growing awareness of social, environmental and corporate governance issues. The literature in this field, though vast, is littered with contradictory evidence. In addition, most studies lack a coherent set of metrics to assess CSR. Using a differentiated approach, in which firms social responsibilities are evaluated within a multidimensional framework considering information from their annual social reports, this work aims to examine the relationship between CSR and firm performance in the Brazilian electric sector in recent years. The analysis is conducted in two basic steps: first, the Brazilian electric companies are classified according to the information disclosed from their social reports using a Data Envelopment Analysis Model. Then, several portfolios are formed based on firms Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) performances and are subsequently assessed using different financial metrics. The sample comprises a total of 36 electric companies and the time period of the analysis spans from 2009 to 2013. The results from both ex-post and ex-ante evaluations clearly indicate that portfolios comprising assets from firms with the best ESG practices not only offered the highest excess returns per unit of risk but also presented the lowest probabilities of large losses during the analysis period. In addition, firms that presented lower ESG performances but also released social reports during the years of portfolio formation performed significantly better than firms that did not disclose any social information within this time span.

The land reform that has unfolded in Zimbabwe since 1980 used different models and had diverse consequences. Since the implementation of the fast tract land reform programme in 2000, Zimbabwe experienced heavy reduction in yield and output at farm level that led to a 70% shortfall in production to meet annual food requirements (Richardson, 2005). The economic crisis in Zimbabwe has been characterized by worsening food insecurity especially in the rural areas where harvests continue to be poor. In the beef sector, Zimbabwe has failed to meet its export quota to the EU. The shortfall in production to meet annual food requirements shows a very grim situation but do not tell us about the performance of resettled farmers who now occupy much of the productive land. The broad objective of the study was to determine and compare the production efficiency of resettled farmers in Zimbabwe across land reform models. In addition, the study determined land use intensity. The study was conducted in the Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe mainly because a wide variety of field crops were grown by resettled farmers. The respondents were stratified into three groups. These were: beneficiaries of land reform before 2000 (resettle scheme), fast track A1 model and fast track A2 model. The three models differ on how they were implemented and supported and this might result in different efficiencies of the models. A total of 245 copies structured questionnaire were administered on the resettled farmers from June to September 2010. Descriptive statistics was applied to the basic characteristics of the sampled households. The effect of model of land reform, gender of the household head, marital status, age of the household head, education, household size, religion, dependence ratio, whether the farmer was fulltime or part-time in farming, experience of the farmers in farming at that environment, total land size owned by the farmers and soil type on revenue per hectare and land use rate were determined using the GLM procedure of SAS (2003). Significance differences between least-square group means were compared using the PDIFF test of SAS (2003). The relationship between Revenue and land utilization was examined using the Pearson‟s correlations analysis. Dependance between response variables that had an effect on either revenue per hectare or land utilization with all the other response variables was tested using the Chi-square test for dependance. To find the effect of arable land used and herd size on revenue per hectare and land use the RSREG Procedure of SAS (2003) was used. Input oriented DEA model under the assumption of constant return to scale was used to estimate efficiency in this study. To identify factors that influence efficiency, a Tobit model censored at zero was selected. The mean land use rate varied significantly (p<0.05) with the land reform model with A2 having highest land use rate of 67%. The A1 and old resettlement households had land use rates of 53% and 46%, respectively. Sex, marital status, age of the household head, education and household size significantly affected land use (P<0.05). Revenue per hectare was not affected by any the factors that were inputted in the model. Results from the DEA approach showed that A2 farmers (large land owners) had an average technical efficiency score of 0.839, while the lowest ranking model (A1) had an average score of 0.618. Small land holders (A1 and the old resettled farmers) are on average less cost-efficient than large land owners, with a score of 0.29 for the former compared with 0.45 for the latter. From the factors that were entered in the Tobit model, age of household head, excellent production knowledge and farmer status affected technical efficiency whereas allocative efficiency was only affected by good production knowledge, farm size, arable land owned and area under cultivation. Factors which affected economic efficiency of the resettled farmers are secondary education, household size, farm size, cultivated area and arable land owned. None of the included socio-economic variables has significant effects on the allocative and economic efficiency of the resettled farmers. Thus, the allocative and economic inefficiencies of the farmers might be accounted for by other natural and environmental factors which were not captured in the model.

Cette thèse porte sur La question du financement de la transition énergétique bas-carbone et le rôle du secteur financier et bancaire dans la réussite des objectifs climatiques internationaux. Les enjeux de la transition énergétique pour le secteur financier sont triples. Il faut d’abord comprendre la nécessité d’adopter une analyse différenciée de la consommation énergétique des ménages, en particulier celle liée à leur logement, dans la recherche d’adéquation des objectifs macroéconomiques avec ceux des arbitrages financiers et économiques individuels. Le premier chapitre conduit une analyse par typologie des dépenses énergétiques des ménages et propose une segmentation des comportements microéconomiques des acteurs et du marché de la transition énergétique dans le logement. Il faut ensuite trouver une manière de valoriser les investissements privés dans la transition énergétique, encore aujourd’hui difficiles à massifier notamment lorsqu’il est question de la performance énergétique du logement. Le chapitre 2 s’emploie à déployer un modèle issu d’une technique d’optimisation par les fonctions frontières, pour rendre compte de la présence d’une valeur verte sur un marché local du logement privé en France. Enfin il s’agit d’intégrer les multiples risques liés au changement climatique au sein de la cartographie des risques finaux (spécifiques, systématiques et systémiques) qui pèsent sur les institutions financières, dans l’évaluation de leur activité (la gestion des flux financiers) mais aussi dans l’évaluation du profil de risque de leur bilan. Les intermédiaires financiers mais également les institutions qui les régulent ont un rôle clé à jouer dans l’établissement d’une valeur sociale du carbone endogène aux marchés financiers (chapitre 3). / This thesis deals with the main challenges that we need to address to foster the private financing of a low-carbon energy transition. A massive amount of investment in low carbon assets is needed and most of the effort must come from final energy consumers such as households. Their ability as well as the ability of the financial intermediation institutions (that is banks in Europe) to valorise low-carbon investments and risk profile is the key for a successful low-carbon energy transition in France and in every industrialized country. These researches focus more particularly on the housing sector which represents 44% of the final energy consumption and 21% of the total greenhouses gases emissions in France. The first chapter of this thesis takes the viewpoint that only a disaggregated approach can actually permit macroeconomic and nationwide objectives to reduce final energy consumption match microeconomic arbitrages regarding energy spending in the private residential housing sector. Using segmentation and decision tree growing econometric techniques, the chapter proposes a typology of energy spending and a segmentation analysis and of the energy transition “market” in the housing sector. The second chapter uses frontier functions estimation technique on a local French private housing market to determine if selling prices contain a “Green Property Value”. An empirical analysis is then conducted to determine if this value can offset the upfront cost of energy retrofit. The last chapter takes the prism of the financial institutions. It attempts a first evaluation of the impact and exposition to climate related risks, those are physical, transition, liability and systemic risks, on the banking system and its prudential regulation framework.