No / A two-step modelling strategy is applied to a panel of 5,861 foreign-invested and 7,697 indigenous Chinese firms for the period 1998¿2001 to investigate whether export spillovers may represent a mechanism underpinning Dunning¿s Trade Development Path hypothesis. ¿ Such spillovers are found, and the results emphasize the importance of a wide spectrum of spillover channels involving labour mobility, spatial agglomeration, technological imitation and the diffusion of exporting experience. ¿ Multinational enterprises in China positively affect local Chinese firms¿ exports through various spillover channels, and inward FDI brings significant, indirect spillovers.

Yes / Tumour suppressor proteins, such as p53, BRCA1, and ABC, play key roles in preventing the development of a malignant phenotype, but those that function as transcriptional regulators need to enter the nucleus in order to function. The export of proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm is complex. It occurs through nuclear pores and exported proteins need a nuclear export signal (NES) to bind to nuclear exportin proteins, including CRM1 (Chromosomal Region Maintenance protein 1), and the energy for this process is provided by the RanGTP/RanGDP gradient. Due to the loss of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints, drug resistance is a major problem in cancer treatment, and often an initially successful treatment will fail due to the development of resistance. An important mechanism underlying resistance is nuclear export, and a number of strategies that can prevent nuclear export may reverse resistance. Examples include inhibitors of CRM1, antibodies to the nuclear export signal, and alteration of nuclear pore structure. Each of these are considered in this review.

Call number: LD2668 .R4 1985 R64 / Master of Science

No description available.

<p>The pharmaceutical industry is one of Sweden’s most important export industries with 6% of total exports. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse which factors affect Sweden’s ex-port of pharmaceutical products. Further, the different pharmaceutical products group Sweden exports will be identified. The modern trade theory, the monopolistic competition model, the product life cycle theory and the gravity equation are used to explain and to un-derstand the problem at hand.</p><p>To analyse the problem, data of Swedish export of pharmaceutical products from 1997 to 2003 was used to the 176 destination countries Sweden exported to during the time period. The following factors were used as independent variables; distance, Gross Domestic Prod-uct (GDP) /capita, Area, Population, dummy variable for EU-membership, dummy vari-able for English or Scandinavian speaking countries, dummy variable for bordering to Sweden, dummy variable for same religion as Sweden and a dummy variable for countries that are not land-locked.</p><p>The findings coincide with previous studies in the manner that distance and GDP/capita have a major impact on the sales abroad of pharmaceutical products. Also, countries with a larger population are importing more than countries with a smaller population. However, the strong affinities between the exporter and the importing countries found in previous studies were not found in the export of pharmaceutical products. Further, Sweden exports most of the product group that includes medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses.</p> / <p>Läkemedelsindustrin är en av Sveriges viktigaste exportindustrier med 6 % av den totala exporten. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar dess export. Vidare, de olika exportgrupperna av läkemedel som Sverige exporterar kommer att identifieras. Den moderna handelsteorin, monopolistisk konkurrens, produktcykelteorin och gravitationsmodellen används för att förklara och förstå det uppstådda problemet.</p><p>För att analysera problemet så används Sveriges export av läkemedel från 1997 till 2003 för alla 176 destinationer. Följande faktorer används som oberoende variabler; distansen, BNP/capita, arean, folkmängd, dummy variabel för EU-medlemskap, dummy variabel för engelsk- eller skandinaviskspråkiga länder, dummy variabel för gränsande länder till Sverige, dummy variabel för länder som har samma religion som Sverige, samt en dummy variabel för länder som angränsar till vatten.</p><p>Resultatet överensstämmer med tidigare forskning att avståndet och BNP/capita har ett stort inflytande av exporten av läkemedel. Likaså länder med ett stort invånarantal importe-rar mer än länder med ett mindre invånarantal. Däremot, det starka släktskapet mellan ex-portören och de importerande länderna som funnits i tidigare studier observerades inte i exporten av läkemedel. Vidare, Sverige exporterar mest av produktgruppen som innehåller medikamenter bestående av blandade eller oblandade produkter för terapeutiskt eller profy-laktiskt bruk.</p>

Exporting is a critically important strategy for firms to grow, yet research in this area has tended to ignore how firms can leverage resource-based capabilities to improve export performance. Building on the resource-based view and institutional theory, the authors develop a novel perspective to explain how a firm can improve export performance by aligning its export channel with its level of market orientation capabilities, contingent on the institutional distance between home and export markets. Using a unique database of Chinese exporters, the authors find that exporters with strong market orientation capabilities prefer hierarchical export channels, while those with weak market orientation capabilities prefer hybrid channels. The analysis also indicates that the institutional distance between China and the export market moderates this relation. Moreover, the authors find that aligning export channel choice with firm-level market orientation capabilities and institutional distance yields better export performance. (authors' abstract)

Dans cette thèse, deux axes ont été investigués. Le premier visait à étudier les relations Si-Corg et plus précisément Si-Clipides. La mise au point d’un protocole destiné à l’analyse des lipides associés aux frustules a été réalisée. Ce protocole nous a permis de montrer que ces lipides, représentant environ 1 % du Corg total, étaient dominés par des acides gras saturés (14:0, 16:0 et 18:0) chez Thalassiosira weissflogii. Le suivi de cette fraction au cours d’expériences de dégradation nous a permis de confirmer l’hypothèse de protection de la matière organique (MO) par la silice biogénique. Ces relations Si-Corg ont également été analysées après une croissance carencée en nitrate. Les résultats montrent que cette fraction n’était pas affectée par une carence en nitrate chez T. weissflogii.Notre deuxième axe d’investigation a consisté à étudier l’impact des conditions nutritives de croissance (carence en N, P et Si) sur la composition biochimique de T. weissflogii et sur sa biodégradation. Le calcul des constantes de dégradation de ses différents pools constitutifs (COP, NOP, monosaccharides et lipides) nous a permis de juger de l’efficacité des diatomées carencées, à exporter du Corg. La dégradation du Corg est peu affectée par ces carences à l’échelle globale mais sa quantité absolue par cellule augmente. De plus, la réponse physiologique de nos cellules face à une carence en Si semble être découplée du métabolisme énergétique contrairement aux réponses observées face aux carences en N et P. Cette variabilité de la réponse physiologique pourrait expliquer en partie la variabilité interbassins observée dans les corrélations entre flux de Si et de Corg en profondeur. / In this thesis, two axes of investigation on the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii have been studied. The first one aimed to study Si-OC relationships and more specifically Si-OClipids. The development of an adapted protocol designed to analyse lipids intimately associated with frustules has been carried out. This protocol enabled us to show that lipids, amounting to about 1 % of the total OC, were dominated by saturated fatty acids (14:0, 16:0 and 18:0) in T. weissflogii cells. The monitoring of this fraction during degradation experiments enabled us to confirm the protective role of biogenic silica on organic matter (OM). These Si-OC relationships have also been analyzed after diatoms grew in nitrate starved conditions. Results indicated that this fraction was not impacted by nitrate starvation in T. weissflogii.Our second axis of investigation was to study the impact of nutrient growth conditions (starvations in N, P and Si) on T. weissflogii biochemical composition and its biodegradation. The estimation of degradation rate constants for some OM pools (POC, PON, monosaccharides and lipids) enabled us to assess the OM quality changes and the efficiency of nutrient starved diatoms to export OC. Interestingly, the degradation of OC is weakly affected by these starvations at the global scale (POC) but its absolute amount per cell increases. Moreover, the physiological response of cells facing Si starvation seems to be uncoupled with energetic metabolism, the opposite of observed responses during N and P starvations. This variability of the physiological response could explain partly the inter basin variability observed in Si and OC flux in depth.

The state financial support of export is a part of the general economic policy of many countries. The thesis describes and compares systems of state financial support of export which are provided in the Czech republic and Italy, presented by specialized institutions (Česká exportní banka, Exportní garanční a pojišťovací společnost, Societa Italiana per le Imprese all' Estero, Istituto per i Servizi Assicurativi del Commercio Estero) and export strategies of both countries. Different aspects of comparison are the campaign and accessability of information, the institutional comparison and the pro-export strategies one. It is important to have well-structured and institutionally secured system of the state export support. The global crisis was an impulse for both countries to provide even more effective help to their international trade entrepreneurs.

As empresas de pequeno e médio portes (PME´s) têm procurado estabelecer várias formas de cooperação atualmente, objetivando se manterem competitivas num mercado cada vez mais globalizado. As redes de empresas representam um tipo de cooperação bastante funcional para PME´s. As redes assumem várias formas, dentre elas: os consórcios de exportação, os arranjos produtivos locais ou clusters industriais, as cooperativas, os aglomerados, as organizações virtuais. O consórcio de exportação, que é a união de empresas de pequeno e médio porte do mesmo segmento produtivo e/ou complementares para juntas exportarem seus produtos, pode ser apontado como uma importante estratégia para a inserção daquelas empresas no mercado internacional. A sinergia obtida proporciona as seguintes vantagens para as empresas participantes: redução de custos gerais de exportação (em especial a promoção), minimização do risco de exportar individualmente, aumento de competitividade das empresas, efeito motivador sobre os participantes, maior segurança na penetração e diversificação de mercados, alavancagem das vendas externas, possibilidade de exportar com marca própria, maior poder político em negociações com entidades de apoio ao comércio exterior, entre outras. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, realizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico sobre Redes de Cooperação de Empresas, Estratégia de Entrada em Mercados Internacionais e Consórcios de Exportação. O objetivo geral desse trabalho é descrever o processo de inserção das pequenas e médias empresas no mercado internacional via consórcios de exportação, discutindo o papel dessa forma de organização em redes. Como objetivos específicos, têm-se: - Identificar as motivações das PME´s para a formação de consórcios (redes de cooperação de empresas); - Identificar características de estrutura e funcionamento de consórcios de exportação no Brasil; - Verificar o desempenho exportador de consórcios de exportação no Brasil. Utilizou-se o método de estudo de caso (YIN, 2001) para se analisar: o consórcio Brazilian Health Products (BHP), do setor Médico-Odontológico-Hospitalar, estabelecido em Ribeirão Preto ? S.P., o consórcio Components & Machinery by Brasil, do setor de Componentes para Calçados, estabelecido e em atividade em Franca ? SP e o Projeto Setorial Integrado (PSI), originado a partir de um consórcio, Wines from Brazil, do setor Vinícola, estabelecido em Bento Gonçalves - RS. Entrevistas em profundidade semi-estruturadas e análise documental foram conduzidas como parte do processo de elaboração dos estudos de caso. Entrevistas complementares foram conduzidas na APEX-Brasil, com o intuito de obter informações complementares sobre consórcios de exportação no Brasil. Como alguns dos resultados obtidos, têm-se: os consórcios constituem uma importante estratégia na inserção de pequenas e médias empresas no mercado internacional; o aporte financeiro concedido pela APEX-Brasil é fundamental para o funcionamento do consórcio; os consórcios estudados obtiveram um bom desempenho exportador durante suas atividades; o governo brasileiro (APEX-Brasil) tem direcionado sua estratégia de exportação dos consórcios para os Projetos Setoriais Integrados. / Nowadays, small industries have chosen to establish different ways to cooperate, intending to keep themselves competitive face to a globalized market. The inter-organizational networks represent a strategy of cooperation very efficient for industries. The networks can adopt different types: the export consortia, the industrial clusters, the cooperatives, the agglomerates, the virtual organizations. The export consortium, which is the union of small industries of the same industry and/ or complementary intending to export together their products, can be pointed out as an important strategy to insert those industries in the international market. The synergy obtained offers the following advantages for the participant industries: export costs reduction, minimization of the risk to export individually, increasing of industries competitiveness, motivating effect among participants, safety to penetrate and diversify markets, to boost international sales, possibility to export with its own brand, political power to deal with entities related to international business, among others. To develop this research, a bibliographic review was performed about Inter-organizational Networks, Modes of Foreign Entry and Export Consortia. The general goal of this research is to describe the insertion processes of small and medium industries (SMI) in the international market through export consortia, discussing the role of this kind of networks. The specific goals are: - To identify the SMI´s motivations to the consortia formation (inter-organizational networks); - To identify characteristics of structure and operationalization of export consortia in Brazil; - To verify the exporter performance of export consortia in Brasil.The case study method was used (YIN, 2001) to analyse: the consortium Brazilian Health Products (BHP) ? Medical-Odontological industry, established in Ribeirão Preto ? S.P., the consortium Components & Machinery by Brasil ? Components for Leather Shoes industry, established and operating in Franca ? S.P. and the Integrated Sectorial Project (ISP) which originated from a consortium, Wines from Brazil ? Wine industry, established in Bento Gonçalves - RS. Semi-structured interviews and documental analysis were conducted as part of the process to elaborate the study cases. Complementary interviews were conductcted at APEX-Brasil, aiming to get further information about export consortia in Brasil. As some results, we can mention: - the export consortia are an important strategy to insert small and medium industries in the international market; - the financial add offered by APEX-Brasil is fundamental to the consortia development; - the consortia studied have a very good export performance; - the Brazilian Government (APEX-Brasil) has been redirecting its export promotion strategy from export consortia to the ISP.

by Liu Chi-wah, Peter. / Bibliography: leaves [142]-148 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984