This study aimed to investigate the use of accommodation of assertive utterances (AUs) in the conversations of 49 girls aged 5;0-13;1. Based on the findings of earlier research that the use of such language is more closely related to age than to gender, it was predicted speakers would accommodate their use of and response to assertive utterances as a result of their partner's age. Naturalistic language from these speakers was collected over a year, and evidence of accommodation was observed in all speakers. Fewer AUs were used with younger speakers compared to older ones, and those used with younger girls were more likely to be produced with the sole purpose of controlling the hearer's behaviour. In addition, AUs were more likely to be complied with, or accepted, when they were produced by older girls. Given what is known about the types of language used by powerful/powerless individuals, it appears that these speakers consider age to be an indicator of status. A particularly interesting finding was that it was the age of a speaker in relation to other members of the conversation that influenced their use of and response to AUs, rather than the age of the speaker alone.

A universalização da energia elétrica, como uma das principais políticas públicas de inclusão social, tem como desafio a escolha de alternativas tecnológicas capazes de conciliar os aspectos de viabilidade técnica e econômica. A Tecnologia cabos para-raios energizados (PRE), objeto de estudo desta tese, se insere neste contexto. Assim, este trabalho consiste na análise de viabilidade do PRE no esquema trifásico, cuja instalação é associada à linha de transmissão 230 kV do sistema de transmissão de Rondônia. São analisados os aspectos de seu desempenho técnico, operacional e econômico. No aspecto técnico é analisado o desempenho do sistema de aterramento quanto à resistência de terra, tensões de toque e de passo, além de análise da queda de tensão, desequilíbrio de tensão e capacidade de carregamento da instalação. A abordagem técnica é aprofundada após análise do desempenho operacional avaliado a partir da classificação das interrupções verificadas em mais de 180 meses de operação do Sistema PRE Rondônia. Em decorrência dessa avaliação, são obtidos índices operacionais de continuidade, analisados comparativamente em relação a outras alternativas tecnológicas, visando analisar a viabilidade da Tecnologia PRE. Uma das constatações resultantes da análise das causas das interrupções indica um elevado impacto das descargas atmosféricas no desempenho do PRE. Este aspecto é extensivamente analisado quanto aos efeitos das descargas diretas e indiretas sobre a instalação, partindo-se de medições de campo nos contrapesos das torres, medições de resistividade do solo e ensaios na cadeia de isoladores do PRE. Simulações são realizadas utilizando-se os programas computacionais ATPDraw, ERM e CDEGS para análise das tensões resultantes de descargas diretas, tensões induzidas por descargas indiretas e cálculo de resistência de terra, respectivamente. São investigados os efeitos de parâmetros importantes no desempenho do sistema frente a descargas atmosféricas e comparados os números de interrupções estimadas e verificadas em campo, partindo-se de um roteiro metodológico minuciosamente detalhado, a fim de permitir a repetição dos procedimentos em situações semelhantes às analisadas neste trabalho. Após uma análise comparativa do desempenho do sistema PRE em relação a outras alternativas convencionais, são estabelecidos índices de referência para o desempenho operacional da Tecnologia PRE e desenvolvida uma análise econômica da implantação dessa tecnologia em Rondônia. / As one of the major public policies of social inclusion, the universalization of electric energy services has as a challenge to choose appropriate technological solutions that combine technical and economic aspects. The energized shield wire line technology (SWL), subject of this thesis, is in this context. This study aims at evaluating the viability of the SWL technology (three-phase scheme) installed on a 230 kV transmission line in the State of Rondônia. The analysis covers its technical, operational, and economic performance. The former aspect considers the performance of the grounding system regarding the ground resistance and step and touch voltages, analysis of voltage drop, voltage unbalance and the load capacity of the installation. The technical issue is deeply held after the analysis of the system operational performance in Rondônia based on the classification of outages considering a period greater than 180 months. The operational indices that result from this evaluation are compared to those corresponding to other technology alternatives in order to evaluate the viability of SWL technology. The analysis of the causes of interruptions reveals that lightning has a significant impact on the SWL performance. Thus, an extensive analysis is carried out regarding the effects of direct and indirect strokes on the SWL, including field measurements (soil resistivity and tower footing resistance) and laboratory tests (determination of the positive and negative critical flashover overvoltages of insulator strings). Simulations are performed using computer programs of proved validity (ATPDraw, ERM, and CDEGS) for the analysis of lightning overvoltages resulting from direct and indirect strokes and for the calculation of ground resistance. The effects of important parameters on the system lightning performance are investigated and the estimated and observed frequencies of interruptions are compared. The applied methodological procedure is described in detail, to allow the method to be used in other cases similar to the situations examined on this study. After a comparative analysis of the performance of the SWL with respect to other conventional alternatives, reference indices for the operational performance of SWL Technology are set and an economic analysis of the SWL technology in Rondônia is carried out.

A universalização da energia elétrica, como uma das principais políticas públicas de inclusão social, tem como desafio a escolha de alternativas tecnológicas capazes de conciliar os aspectos de viabilidade técnica e econômica. A Tecnologia cabos para-raios energizados (PRE), objeto de estudo desta tese, se insere neste contexto. Assim, este trabalho consiste na análise de viabilidade do PRE no esquema trifásico, cuja instalação é associada à linha de transmissão 230 kV do sistema de transmissão de Rondônia. São analisados os aspectos de seu desempenho técnico, operacional e econômico. No aspecto técnico é analisado o desempenho do sistema de aterramento quanto à resistência de terra, tensões de toque e de passo, além de análise da queda de tensão, desequilíbrio de tensão e capacidade de carregamento da instalação. A abordagem técnica é aprofundada após análise do desempenho operacional avaliado a partir da classificação das interrupções verificadas em mais de 180 meses de operação do Sistema PRE Rondônia. Em decorrência dessa avaliação, são obtidos índices operacionais de continuidade, analisados comparativamente em relação a outras alternativas tecnológicas, visando analisar a viabilidade da Tecnologia PRE. Uma das constatações resultantes da análise das causas das interrupções indica um elevado impacto das descargas atmosféricas no desempenho do PRE. Este aspecto é extensivamente analisado quanto aos efeitos das descargas diretas e indiretas sobre a instalação, partindo-se de medições de campo nos contrapesos das torres, medições de resistividade do solo e ensaios na cadeia de isoladores do PRE. Simulações são realizadas utilizando-se os programas computacionais ATPDraw, ERM e CDEGS para análise das tensões resultantes de descargas diretas, tensões induzidas por descargas indiretas e cálculo de resistência de terra, respectivamente. São investigados os efeitos de parâmetros importantes no desempenho do sistema frente a descargas atmosféricas e comparados os números de interrupções estimadas e verificadas em campo, partindo-se de um roteiro metodológico minuciosamente detalhado, a fim de permitir a repetição dos procedimentos em situações semelhantes às analisadas neste trabalho. Após uma análise comparativa do desempenho do sistema PRE em relação a outras alternativas convencionais, são estabelecidos índices de referência para o desempenho operacional da Tecnologia PRE e desenvolvida uma análise econômica da implantação dessa tecnologia em Rondônia. / As one of the major public policies of social inclusion, the universalization of electric energy services has as a challenge to choose appropriate technological solutions that combine technical and economic aspects. The energized shield wire line technology (SWL), subject of this thesis, is in this context. This study aims at evaluating the viability of the SWL technology (three-phase scheme) installed on a 230 kV transmission line in the State of Rondônia. The analysis covers its technical, operational, and economic performance. The former aspect considers the performance of the grounding system regarding the ground resistance and step and touch voltages, analysis of voltage drop, voltage unbalance and the load capacity of the installation. The technical issue is deeply held after the analysis of the system operational performance in Rondônia based on the classification of outages considering a period greater than 180 months. The operational indices that result from this evaluation are compared to those corresponding to other technology alternatives in order to evaluate the viability of SWL technology. The analysis of the causes of interruptions reveals that lightning has a significant impact on the SWL performance. Thus, an extensive analysis is carried out regarding the effects of direct and indirect strokes on the SWL, including field measurements (soil resistivity and tower footing resistance) and laboratory tests (determination of the positive and negative critical flashover overvoltages of insulator strings). Simulations are performed using computer programs of proved validity (ATPDraw, ERM, and CDEGS) for the analysis of lightning overvoltages resulting from direct and indirect strokes and for the calculation of ground resistance. The effects of important parameters on the system lightning performance are investigated and the estimated and observed frequencies of interruptions are compared. The applied methodological procedure is described in detail, to allow the method to be used in other cases similar to the situations examined on this study. After a comparative analysis of the performance of the SWL with respect to other conventional alternatives, reference indices for the operational performance of SWL Technology are set and an economic analysis of the SWL technology in Rondônia is carried out.

<p>The aim of this study was to find out how features that have been found to be typical of women’s language, such as hedges, tag questions and a high level of talkativeness etc., are represented in a popular TV series. Five cross-sex conversations from one episode of the sitcom <em>The New Adventures of Old Christine </em>were analyzed, and the results show that many of the features of interest, as for instance tag questions, minimal responses and indirect style, are unexpectedly used more frequently by men in this small investigation. In fact, the only feature that was used more frequently by the female main character was hedges. Several factors affect the results of the study, as for instance the fact that the conversations are fictional. The special characteristics of the speakers also affect the results, as well as the tone and the topic of the chosen conversations. Many of the features of interest were used to a very small extent, which is probably a result of the fact that the language in a sitcom is to be entertaining and rather quick, which leaves little or no room for the features studied.</p>

<p>I samband med de ökade kraven på ett vädersäkrat nät har funderingar kring att placera ut fler frånskiljare/brytare i luftledningsnätet för att reducera medelavbrottstiden för anslutna kunder (SAIDI) kommit fram. I Finland använder man till stor del fjärrmanövrerade apparater för att reducera SAIDI. Rapportens inledande avsnitt innefattar en förstudie om ursprunget till avbrottstid och SAIDI-statistik i Vattenfall Eldistributions nät. En jämförelse med Eldistributions nät och klimatet i Finland utförs och av detta fås olika förutsättningar för nätet i de olika länderna. Som en generell slutsats av väderjämförelsen mellan Sverige och Finland fastställs att Eldistribution i Sverige har sämre förutsättningar vädermässigt när det gäller luftledningsnät. Resultaten från beräkningarna på sex exempelnät visar att den maximala reduceringen av SAIDI uppgår till 36 % och den minimala med 17 % i exempelnäten. Om alla nät skulle gå att bygga om enligt liknande principer skulle det innebära en reducering av Eldistributions mellanspännings-SAIDI med cirka 12 % ifall de 200 sämsta linjerna ur SAIDI-synpunkt kompletterades med fjärrfrånskiljare i motsvarande grad som exempelnäten. Jämförelser av investeringskostnader mellan fjärrfrånskiljaralternativ och kablifieringsalternativ visar att det är mer kostnadseffektivt att bygga om med fjärrfrånskiljare och därför är detta lämpligt om önskan är att så billigt som möjligt reducera SAIDI. Som en allmän rekommendation bör reservmatningar i nätet vara fjärrmanövrerade och dessutom bör linjer ha minst en fjärrfrånskiljare utlokaliserad. Då delas linjen upp i fler fjärrsektioneringsområden vilket förbättrar kundavbrottstiden för linjen. Ifall en linje inte har reservmatningmöjligheter bör det utredas ifall det är möjligt att med acceptabelt stora resurser bygga ihop nätet med ett annat nät för att möjliggöra en reservmatningsväg. Om det finns fler platser på linjen som är lämpliga för komplettering med fjärrfrånskiljare bör dessa utnyttjas för att så prisvärt som möjligt få ner SAIDI på den aktuella linjen. Ett allmänt råd angående antalet fjärrfrånskiljare per linje är svårt att ge men generellt sett är den första fjärrfrånskiljaren mycket mer kostnadseffektiv än de efterföljande. Stolpbrytare (reclosers) bör placeras ut där goda förutsättningar finns för att det skall bli lönsamt. Exempel på sådana platser kan vara vid övergång från kabel till luftledningsnät och innan en sträcka där fel ofta inträffar.</p> / <p>An alternative approach in Vattenfall Eldistribution’s network has evolved from the increased demands on reducing network downtime. Eldistribution are using remote controlled disconnectors / reclosers in Finland to reduce the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI). The initial section of the report includes a study on the source of downtime and SAIDI-statistics in Eldistribution’s network. A comparison with network and the climate in Finland is carried out which indicate different conditions in the two countries. The weather comparison shows that it’s more difficult to use non-insulated overhead-lines in Sweden because of the climate conditions. The result shows a maximum reduction of SAIDI by 36% and a minimum of 17% based on calculations on six example-lines. If all the lines would be possible to build under similar principles it would result in a reduction of Eldistributions SAIDI by approximately 12 % if the 200 worst lines was supplemented with remote controlled disconnectors with a corresponding amount of reduced SAIDI-minutes. Comparisons with cable alternatives show that it’s more cost-effective to invest in remoted controlled disconnectors if the target is a quick and cheap reduction of SAIDI. As a general recommendation the backup powering of a network should be remote controlled and the lines should have at least one outsourced remote controlled disconnector. This will split the line in multiple remote controlled areas, which will reduce disruption time for customers connected to the line. If a line doesn’t have any backup powering it should be investigated whether it’s possible to connect the line to another line to ensure backup-feeding if this is possible to do at acceptable costs. If there are more locations on the line suitable for supplementation of remote controlled disconnectors, those places should be used to get as much reduced SAIDI as possible at a cost-effective level. It's difficult to give a general advice concerning the number of remote controlled disconnectors but the first disconnector is generally more cost-effective than the subsequent ones. Reclosers should be deployed at appropriate locations to be equally costefficient as remoted controlled disconnectors. Examples of such places can be when switching from cable to non-insulated line and before a section where errors often occur.</p>

The aim of this study was to find out how features that have been found to be typical of women’s language, such as hedges, tag questions and a high level of talkativeness etc., are represented in a popular TV series. Five cross-sex conversations from one episode of the sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine were analyzed, and the results show that many of the features of interest, as for instance tag questions, minimal responses and indirect style, are unexpectedly used more frequently by men in this small investigation. In fact, the only feature that was used more frequently by the female main character was hedges. Several factors affect the results of the study, as for instance the fact that the conversations are fictional. The special characteristics of the speakers also affect the results, as well as the tone and the topic of the chosen conversations. Many of the features of interest were used to a very small extent, which is probably a result of the fact that the language in a sitcom is to be entertaining and rather quick, which leaves little or no room for the features studied.

I samband med de ökade kraven på ett vädersäkrat nät har funderingar kring att placera ut fler frånskiljare/brytare i luftledningsnätet för att reducera medelavbrottstiden för anslutna kunder (SAIDI) kommit fram. I Finland använder man till stor del fjärrmanövrerade apparater för att reducera SAIDI. Rapportens inledande avsnitt innefattar en förstudie om ursprunget till avbrottstid och SAIDI-statistik i Vattenfall Eldistributions nät. En jämförelse med Eldistributions nät och klimatet i Finland utförs och av detta fås olika förutsättningar för nätet i de olika länderna. Som en generell slutsats av väderjämförelsen mellan Sverige och Finland fastställs att Eldistribution i Sverige har sämre förutsättningar vädermässigt när det gäller luftledningsnät. Resultaten från beräkningarna på sex exempelnät visar att den maximala reduceringen av SAIDI uppgår till 36 % och den minimala med 17 % i exempelnäten. Om alla nät skulle gå att bygga om enligt liknande principer skulle det innebära en reducering av Eldistributions mellanspännings-SAIDI med cirka 12 % ifall de 200 sämsta linjerna ur SAIDI-synpunkt kompletterades med fjärrfrånskiljare i motsvarande grad som exempelnäten. Jämförelser av investeringskostnader mellan fjärrfrånskiljaralternativ och kablifieringsalternativ visar att det är mer kostnadseffektivt att bygga om med fjärrfrånskiljare och därför är detta lämpligt om önskan är att så billigt som möjligt reducera SAIDI. Som en allmän rekommendation bör reservmatningar i nätet vara fjärrmanövrerade och dessutom bör linjer ha minst en fjärrfrånskiljare utlokaliserad. Då delas linjen upp i fler fjärrsektioneringsområden vilket förbättrar kundavbrottstiden för linjen. Ifall en linje inte har reservmatningmöjligheter bör det utredas ifall det är möjligt att med acceptabelt stora resurser bygga ihop nätet med ett annat nät för att möjliggöra en reservmatningsväg. Om det finns fler platser på linjen som är lämpliga för komplettering med fjärrfrånskiljare bör dessa utnyttjas för att så prisvärt som möjligt få ner SAIDI på den aktuella linjen. Ett allmänt råd angående antalet fjärrfrånskiljare per linje är svårt att ge men generellt sett är den första fjärrfrånskiljaren mycket mer kostnadseffektiv än de efterföljande. Stolpbrytare (reclosers) bör placeras ut där goda förutsättningar finns för att det skall bli lönsamt. Exempel på sådana platser kan vara vid övergång från kabel till luftledningsnät och innan en sträcka där fel ofta inträffar. / An alternative approach in Vattenfall Eldistribution’s network has evolved from the increased demands on reducing network downtime. Eldistribution are using remote controlled disconnectors / reclosers in Finland to reduce the system average interruption duration index (SAIDI). The initial section of the report includes a study on the source of downtime and SAIDI-statistics in Eldistribution’s network. A comparison with network and the climate in Finland is carried out which indicate different conditions in the two countries. The weather comparison shows that it’s more difficult to use non-insulated overhead-lines in Sweden because of the climate conditions. The result shows a maximum reduction of SAIDI by 36% and a minimum of 17% based on calculations on six example-lines. If all the lines would be possible to build under similar principles it would result in a reduction of Eldistributions SAIDI by approximately 12 % if the 200 worst lines was supplemented with remote controlled disconnectors with a corresponding amount of reduced SAIDI-minutes. Comparisons with cable alternatives show that it’s more cost-effective to invest in remoted controlled disconnectors if the target is a quick and cheap reduction of SAIDI. As a general recommendation the backup powering of a network should be remote controlled and the lines should have at least one outsourced remote controlled disconnector. This will split the line in multiple remote controlled areas, which will reduce disruption time for customers connected to the line. If a line doesn’t have any backup powering it should be investigated whether it’s possible to connect the line to another line to ensure backup-feeding if this is possible to do at acceptable costs. If there are more locations on the line suitable for supplementation of remote controlled disconnectors, those places should be used to get as much reduced SAIDI as possible at a cost-effective level. It's difficult to give a general advice concerning the number of remote controlled disconnectors but the first disconnector is generally more cost-effective than the subsequent ones. Reclosers should be deployed at appropriate locations to be equally costefficient as remoted controlled disconnectors. Examples of such places can be when switching from cable to non-insulated line and before a section where errors often occur.

This study investigates four women’s use of typically male linguistic features in casual same-sex conversation. The aim of the study is to see whether and how this group of women use the linguistic features; swearing, interrupting, disagreeing and ignoring, questions and monologues (‘playing the expert’) which are all more common in male conversation and often part of a competitive communication style. I will also attempt to answer if these women’s linguistic behavior is typically female or male. The four women were tape recorded during a planned conversation in a casual setting and the recording was transcribed. The transcription was analyzed by using definitions of the linguistic features above made by, for example, Jennifer Coates (2004). The results show that these four women were neither typically female nor male, but a mix of the two; a hybrid.

A continuidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica a clientes é um objetivo constante das distribuidoras de energia, as quais estão constantemente buscando desenvolver soluções tecnológicas a fim de melhorar o desempenho das redes de distribuição. Com o crescimento das cargas eletrônicas e o expressivo aumento dos dispositivos automáticos nas redes, surge uma nova forma de analisar a rede de distribuição sob o aspecto da filosofia da proteção, considerando interrupções sustentadas e momentâneas, sob dois aspectos distintos, o primeiro considera o custo da energia não fornecida sob o período de contingência, enquanto que o segundo refere-se ao impacto do custo social para diferentes classes de clientes, durante o período das interrupções. Desta forma este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de minimização de custos dessas interrupções considerando as características das cargas, bem como o tempo necessário para reinicialização da carga. Para este fim, é aplicado um modelo de programação não-linear, que emprega variáveis binárias para definir a habilitação ou não de curvas rápidas nos religadores e uma abordagem de otimização clássica. Os algoritmos foram desenvolvidos no software Matlab e posteriormente convertido para linguagem GAMS (Generic Algebraic Modeling System). A metodologia foi testada e validada em um alimentador de distribuição real urbano, localizado na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil). / Uninterrupted power delivery is a permanent goal of power utilities. One way of attaining this objective is constantly investing in technological solutions to improve the performance of distribution networks. With increasing loads, mainly electronic ones, as well as growing insertion of automatic reclosers, the protection philosophy of distribution systems has to be rethought taking into account temporary and permanent interruptions. In this work, we propose a strategy to minimize the cost of interruptions taking into account the load characteristics and the time required to restart the load. This is achieved by deriving a mixed integer nonlinear programming model. The proposed model uses binary variables to define if the instantaneous characteristic of the recloser should be enabled and a classical explicit mathematical optimization approach. The algorithms were developed with Matlab software and the conversion was made to a General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). The applicability of the proposed methodology is tested in an actual feeder from Porto Alegre.

A continuidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica a clientes é um objetivo constante das distribuidoras de energia, as quais estão constantemente buscando desenvolver soluções tecnológicas a fim de melhorar o desempenho das redes de distribuição. Com o crescimento das cargas eletrônicas e o expressivo aumento dos dispositivos automáticos nas redes, surge uma nova forma de analisar a rede de distribuição sob o aspecto da filosofia da proteção, considerando interrupções sustentadas e momentâneas, sob dois aspectos distintos, o primeiro considera o custo da energia não fornecida sob o período de contingência, enquanto que o segundo refere-se ao impacto do custo social para diferentes classes de clientes, durante o período das interrupções. Desta forma este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de minimização de custos dessas interrupções considerando as características das cargas, bem como o tempo necessário para reinicialização da carga. Para este fim, é aplicado um modelo de programação não-linear, que emprega variáveis binárias para definir a habilitação ou não de curvas rápidas nos religadores e uma abordagem de otimização clássica. Os algoritmos foram desenvolvidos no software Matlab e posteriormente convertido para linguagem GAMS (Generic Algebraic Modeling System). A metodologia foi testada e validada em um alimentador de distribuição real urbano, localizado na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil). / Uninterrupted power delivery is a permanent goal of power utilities. One way of attaining this objective is constantly investing in technological solutions to improve the performance of distribution networks. With increasing loads, mainly electronic ones, as well as growing insertion of automatic reclosers, the protection philosophy of distribution systems has to be rethought taking into account temporary and permanent interruptions. In this work, we propose a strategy to minimize the cost of interruptions taking into account the load characteristics and the time required to restart the load. This is achieved by deriving a mixed integer nonlinear programming model. The proposed model uses binary variables to define if the instantaneous characteristic of the recloser should be enabled and a classical explicit mathematical optimization approach. The algorithms were developed with Matlab software and the conversion was made to a General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). The applicability of the proposed methodology is tested in an actual feeder from Porto Alegre.