Spelling suggestions: "subject:"anda practices"" "subject:"ando practices""
221 |
The influence of leaders' personality types and emotional intelligence on retention factorsPauw, Desire 11 1900 (has links)
The objectives of the study were: (1) to determine whether staff and leaders differ significantly in terms of their perceptions of leaders’ emotional intelligence and retention factors; (2) to investigate the relationship between personality types (as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), emotional intelligence (as measured by the Emotional Competency Profiler), and retention factors (as measured by the Retention Factor Scale); and (3) to determine whether demographical groups differ significantly in terms of the retention factor variables.
A non-probability purposive sample of 160 working adults from an organisation within the asset management industry participated in the study. The research findings indicated that there is a difference in terms of leaders’ and staff’s perceptions of leaders’ emotional intelligence and retention factors. There is a relationship between leaders’ personality types, emotional intelligence and retention factors. Biographical groups (gender, race and age groups, and business units) differed in terms of the retention factors. The findings contributed valuable new knowledge that may be used for organisational retention practices. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology
|
222 |
Refúgio LGBTI : boas práticas na declaração do status de refugiado/aNascimento, Daniel Braga January 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar boas práticas trazidas pela doutrina internacional durante o processo de solicitação de refúgio em razão de orientação sexual e/ou identidade de gênero a fim de recomendação de aplicação das mesmas no Brasil. Inaugura-se o trabalho realizando uma revisão histórica do instituto do refúgio bem com sua internalização no Brasil através da Lei 9.474/07. Além disso, o estudo a explorar como se dá a caracterização da perseguição para esse tipo de refúgio. Costura-se, por meio dos critérios de concessão de refúgio por grupo social, religião e opinião política o embasamento das decisões que vem concedendo refúgio LGBTI. Na análise da valoração das narrativas e situações imperantes sobre a situação de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, trans e intersex no país de origem, busca-se práticas que não violem direitos humanos e garantam direitos. Utilizou-se para tanto do método de pesquisa bibliográfico, buscando-se na doutrina internacional e nacional práticas que possam vir a garantir direitos durante o processo de solicitação de refúgio. Obteve-se como resultado a estruturação de boas práticas utilizadas em outros países. Concluiu-se através do presente trabalho que o processo de refúgio por razão de perseguição por orientação sexual e/ou identidade de gênero possui atravessamentos de diversas ordens e enfrenta desafios que merecem aprofundamentos teóricos e empíricos sobre como se dá a declaração do status de refugiado. / This work aims to analyze good practices brought by international doctrine during the process of requesting refugee’s status based on sexual orientation and / or gender identity in order to recommend their application in Brazil. The work is inaugurated by carrying out a historical review of the refuge institute and its internalization in Brazil through Law 9.474 / 07. In addition, the study explore how the characterization of persecution for this type of refuge occurs. Through the criteria of granting refuge by social group, religion and political opinion, the bases of the decisions that have been granting LGBTI refuge are sewn. In the analysis of the assessment of the narratives and situations prevailing on the situation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex in the country of origin, practices are sought that do not violate human rights and guarantee rights. It was used for both the method of bibliographic research, researching in international and national doctrine practices that may guarantee rights during the process of requesting refuge. As a result, the structuring of good practices used in other countries has been summarized. It was concluded through the present work that the process of refuge due to persecution due to sexual orientation and / or gender identity has crosses of several orders and faces challenges that deserve theoretical and empirical deepening on how the declaration of refugee status is given.
|
223 |
Alfabetização: dinâmica das práticas didáticas e as interações das crianças com a linguagem escritaGuilherme, Fabiana Rosa Vilela de Oliveira [UNESP] 11 August 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2011-08-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
guilherme_frvo_me_rcla.pdf: 1169337 bytes, checksum: 988a0e67a14372a43b884e65c588c3a3 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa focaliza as interações das crianças e seus professores com a leitura e a escrita nas aulas. Verificar o que acontece nas aulas de alfabetização implica também observar os encaminhamentos dados ao ensino, segundo abordagens pedagógicas diversas, às quais se vinculam as solicitações de diferentes modalidades de interação dos alunos com esse objeto de conhecimento. Para descrever as dinâmicas das situações didáticas no processo de alfabetização, que compõem o trabalho de professores alfabetizadores e de seus alunos com vistas à apropriação do saber, e para identificar as concepções didáticas, de leitura e escrita desses docentes e as que estão sendo formadas pelas crianças, foram feitas observações no cotidiano da sala de aula e entrevistas com esses protagonistas. Participam da pesquisa doze turmas de 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de nove escolas públicas municipais de cidade do interior paulista. As turmas foram escolhidas aleatoriamente pela tabela de Fisher e Yates. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolvem observações diretas das aulas e entrevistas semiestruturadas. As observações diretas foram registradas em diário de campo e realizadas em quatro dias consecutivos em cada turma, totalizando cento e noventa horas. As entrevistas abrangeram doze professores e sessenta crianças sorteadas, sendo cinco alunos de cada turma. Os depoimentos dos docentes entrevistados permitem identificar suas concepções de ensino e aprendizagem, do que seja ler e escrever. Os dados obtidos em entrevistas com crianças permitem refletir sobre o que dizem a respeito de suas aulas, da leitura e da escrita. Esses dados, analisados por análise de conteúdo, conforme Bardin, revelam que a diferença entre os encaminhamentos didáticos dados ao ensino reflete nas interações das crianças... / This research focuses on the interactions of children and their teachers with reading and writing classes. Checking what happens in the literacy class also involves observing the referrals given to education, according to different pedagogical approaches, which bind upon the requests of different types of students' interaction with the object of knowledge. To describe the dynamics of teaching situations in the literacy process, which follows up the work of literacy teachers and their students in order to appropriation of knowledge, and to identify the conceptions of teaching, the reading and writing of these teachers and those being formed by children, observations were made in the daily classroom and interviews with these players. Twelve groups of 1st year of elementary school are participating in the research, from nine public schools in the city of São Paulo. The classes were chosen by Fisher and Yates table. The methodological procedures involve direct observations of lessons and semi-structured interviews. Direct observations were recorded in daily field and held on four consecutive days in each class, totaling one hundred ninety hours. The interviews covered twelve randomly selected teachers and sixty children, five students from each class. The testimonials of the teachers interviewed allow us to identify their conceptions of teaching and learning, which is read and write. Data from interviews with children allows us to reflect about their classes, of the reading and writing. These datas, analyzed by content analysis, according to Bardin, reveal that the difference in the teaching data referrals to education reflects the interactions of children with writing and that the current literacy classes, the practice of some teachers present interactive actions in teaching how to write. Referrals tend to more... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
|
224 |
Maternidade e práticas de saúde: o instituído e o possívelMoura, Solange Maria Sobottka Rolim de [UNESP] 12 December 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2003-12-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
moura_smsr_me_assis.pdf: 747183 bytes, checksum: 1545f3f26717d129f05d202d1d54a49a (MD5) / Este trabalho problematiza as práticas discursivas e não discursivas referentes ao papel materno que circulam no âmbito da saúde pública e no contexto da família. Para isso utilizamos um programa de saúde materno-infantil - o Programa Canguru, contextualizando historicamente os elementos envolvidos tanto em sua concepção quanto em sua efetivação: o conceito de maternidade, as práticas de maternagem e as políticas de humanização ao atendimento desenvolvido nas instituições hospitalares. Nosso objetivo foi analisar como estes elementos se articulam na construção de novos sentidos para o papel materno. Para isso entrevistamos dez mulheres usuárias do Programa Canguru num hospital da rede pública e também as observamos durante esta prática. Na análise dos dados utilizamos como método a análise do discurso. A partir de núcleos de sentidos apreendidos nos discursos das entrevistadas, definimos quatro dimensões de análise: família e religião; o impacto do nascimento prematuro; desconfiança e resistência nas relações com instituições e profissionais de saúde; e a experiência com o Programa Canguru. No trabalho analítico buscamos apreender o processo de singularização e as estratégias utilizadas pelas entrevistadas na produção de sentidos sobre a maternidade e as práticas de maternagem. A família, estruturada de forma hierárquica e com rígida divisão de papéis segundo o sexo, aparece como o principal organizador das experiências das entrevistadas e dos sentidos atribuídos à maternidade. O exercício da maternidade é descrito como essencial para a constituição do papel feminino. A religião surge... / This paper question the speech practices and non speech referring at the maternal function that are around the ambit of the public health and in the family context. For that was used a health program of maternal-childish - The Kangaroo Care, putting on the historical context the elements that are involved as much the conception as the effectuation: the concept of maternity, the practices of maternal care and the policy of humanization of the service developed at the hospital institutions. Our goal was analyze how these elements are articulate at the construction of new feelings to maternal play. So we interviewed ten women that was usurers of the Kangaroo Care in a public hospital and we observed them during the practice too. At the analyze of the dates it was used as a method the analyze of the speech. From the nucleus of the senses took at the speech of the subject, were define four dimensions to analyze: family and religion; the impact of the premature birth; suspicion and resistance in relations with institutions and health workers; and the experience with the Kangaroo Care. At the analytic work we tried to took the process of the signalize and the strategies used by the subjects at the production of the feelings about the maternity and the practices of maternal care. The family that has a hierarchy structure and rigid division of places according to the sex, appears as a mainly organizer of the experiences of the subjects and of the feelings attributed to maternity. The exercise of the maternity is descript as essential to the constitution of the feminine place. Religion shows up as an important element to guarantee the emotional support to the family in situation of crises, such as a premature birth of a child... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
|
225 |
Alfabetização : dinâmica das práticas didáticas e as interações das crianças com a linguagem escrita /Guilherme, Fabiana Rosa Vilela de Oliveira. January 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Cecilia de Oliveira Micotti / Banca: Maria Antonia Ramos de Azevedo / Banca: Silvia de Mattos Gasparin Colello / Resumo: Esta pesquisa focaliza as interações das crianças e seus professores com a leitura e a escrita nas aulas. Verificar o que acontece nas aulas de alfabetização implica também observar os encaminhamentos dados ao ensino, segundo abordagens pedagógicas diversas, às quais se vinculam as solicitações de diferentes modalidades de interação dos alunos com esse objeto de conhecimento. Para descrever as dinâmicas das situações didáticas no processo de alfabetização, que compõem o trabalho de professores alfabetizadores e de seus alunos com vistas à apropriação do saber, e para identificar as concepções didáticas, de leitura e escrita desses docentes e as que estão sendo formadas pelas crianças, foram feitas observações no cotidiano da sala de aula e entrevistas com esses protagonistas. Participam da pesquisa doze turmas de 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de nove escolas públicas municipais de cidade do interior paulista. As turmas foram escolhidas aleatoriamente pela tabela de Fisher e Yates. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolvem observações diretas das aulas e entrevistas semiestruturadas. As observações diretas foram registradas em diário de campo e realizadas em quatro dias consecutivos em cada turma, totalizando cento e noventa horas. As entrevistas abrangeram doze professores e sessenta crianças sorteadas, sendo cinco alunos de cada turma. Os depoimentos dos docentes entrevistados permitem identificar suas concepções de ensino e aprendizagem, do que seja ler e escrever. Os dados obtidos em entrevistas com crianças permitem refletir sobre o que dizem a respeito de suas aulas, da leitura e da escrita. Esses dados, analisados por análise de conteúdo, conforme Bardin, revelam que a diferença entre os encaminhamentos didáticos dados ao ensino reflete nas interações das crianças... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research focuses on the interactions of children and their teachers with reading and writing classes. Checking what happens in the literacy class also involves observing the referrals given to education, according to different pedagogical approaches, which bind upon the requests of different types of students' interaction with the object of knowledge. To describe the dynamics of teaching situations in the literacy process, which follows up the work of literacy teachers and their students in order to appropriation of knowledge, and to identify the conceptions of teaching, the reading and writing of these teachers and those being formed by children, observations were made in the daily classroom and interviews with these players. Twelve groups of 1st year of elementary school are participating in the research, from nine public schools in the city of São Paulo. The classes were chosen by Fisher and Yates table. The methodological procedures involve direct observations of lessons and semi-structured interviews. Direct observations were recorded in daily field and held on four consecutive days in each class, totaling one hundred ninety hours. The interviews covered twelve randomly selected teachers and sixty children, five students from each class. The testimonials of the teachers interviewed allow us to identify their conceptions of teaching and learning, which is read and write. Data from interviews with children allows us to reflect about their classes, of the reading and writing. These datas, analyzed by content analysis, according to Bardin, reveal that the difference in the teaching data referrals to education reflects the interactions of children with writing and that the current literacy classes, the practice of some teachers present interactive actions in teaching how to write. Referrals tend to more... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
|
226 |
Escolas municipais : a busca de respostas aos desafios contemporâneos na/da escola pública, popular e democrática /Janial, Márcia Aparecida Pinheiro. January 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Cristiano Amaral Garboggini Di Giorgi / Banca: José Marcelino Rezende Pinto / Banca: Yoshie Ussami Ferrari Leite. / Resumo: O presente estudo intitulado "Escolas municipais: a busca de respostas aos desafios contemporâneos na/da escola pública, popular e democrática" está vinculado à linha de pesquisa: Políticas Públicas, Organização Escolar e Formação de Professores. O tema de investigação converge para a análise e interpretação de como duas escolas municipais em Presidente Prudente estão se organizando para enfrentar os novos desafios a elas colocados e como os professores constroem a sua prática docente diante desses novos desafios histórico-sociais. Nosso objetivo é analisar a organização dessas duas escolas e o trabalho que realizam diante das novas dimensões de seus processos pedagógicos: a formação da personalidade dos alunos; o trabalho e aceitação das diferenças e o trabalho com a comunidade. Para essa análise elegemos a metodologia qualitativa e utilizamos como instrumentos para captar a realidade das duas unidades de ensino em todo o seu dinamismo a observação direta, a análise documental, a entrevista semi-estruturada, além da pesquisa bibliográfica. Constituíram-se como referenciais teóricos centrais para a definição dessas dimensões de análise os conceitos desenvolvidos por Juan Carlos Tedesco e João Barroso. Partimos do pressuposto de que a prática docente é possibilitadora da construção de conhecimentos e que à escola cabe incluir e integrar todos e trabalhar com as novas dimensões da formação dos alunos em seus processos educativos. Como resultado de nosso trabalho percebemos que há nessas duas unidades de ensino uma preocupação com as novas demandas da escola, que são pontuadas nos Projeto Políticos Pedagógicos construídos coletivamente; uma preocupação incessante com a qualidade da educação oferecida; um espaço de formação garantido nos HTPC's e uma atenção e envolvimento com a comunidade escolar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study entitled " Municipal Schools: the search of answers to the challenges contemporary in/of public, popular and democratic school " is linked to the research line: Public politics, School Organization and Formation of Teachers. The investigation theme converges for the analysis and interpretation on how two municipal schools in Presidente Prudente are being organized to face the new challenges put to them and how the teachers are building their educational practice in front of those new historical-social challenges. Our objective is to analyze the organization of these two schools and the work that they accomplish in front of the new dimensions of their pedagogic processes: the formation of the students' personality; the work and acceptance of the differences and the work with the community. For that analysis we chose the qualitative methodology and we used as instruments to capture the reality of the two schools in all their dynamism the direct observation, the documental analysis, the semi-structured interview, besides the bibliographical research. They were constituted as central theoretical frame of reference for the definition of those analysis dimensions the concepts developed by Juan Carlos Tedesco and João Barroso. We departed from the presupposition that the educational practice makes possible the construction of knowledge and that it's up to the school to include and to integrate all students and to work with the new dimensions of the students' formation in their educational processes. As a result of our work we noticed that there are in those schools a concern with the new demands of the school, that are punctuated in the Pedagogic Political Project collectively built; an incessant concern with the quality of the education that is offered; a guaranteed formation space in HTPCs and an attention and involvement with the school community. Both are in constant movement... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
|
227 |
Refúgio LGBTI : boas práticas na declaração do status de refugiado/aNascimento, Daniel Braga January 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar boas práticas trazidas pela doutrina internacional durante o processo de solicitação de refúgio em razão de orientação sexual e/ou identidade de gênero a fim de recomendação de aplicação das mesmas no Brasil. Inaugura-se o trabalho realizando uma revisão histórica do instituto do refúgio bem com sua internalização no Brasil através da Lei 9.474/07. Além disso, o estudo a explorar como se dá a caracterização da perseguição para esse tipo de refúgio. Costura-se, por meio dos critérios de concessão de refúgio por grupo social, religião e opinião política o embasamento das decisões que vem concedendo refúgio LGBTI. Na análise da valoração das narrativas e situações imperantes sobre a situação de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, trans e intersex no país de origem, busca-se práticas que não violem direitos humanos e garantam direitos. Utilizou-se para tanto do método de pesquisa bibliográfico, buscando-se na doutrina internacional e nacional práticas que possam vir a garantir direitos durante o processo de solicitação de refúgio. Obteve-se como resultado a estruturação de boas práticas utilizadas em outros países. Concluiu-se através do presente trabalho que o processo de refúgio por razão de perseguição por orientação sexual e/ou identidade de gênero possui atravessamentos de diversas ordens e enfrenta desafios que merecem aprofundamentos teóricos e empíricos sobre como se dá a declaração do status de refugiado. / This work aims to analyze good practices brought by international doctrine during the process of requesting refugee’s status based on sexual orientation and / or gender identity in order to recommend their application in Brazil. The work is inaugurated by carrying out a historical review of the refuge institute and its internalization in Brazil through Law 9.474 / 07. In addition, the study explore how the characterization of persecution for this type of refuge occurs. Through the criteria of granting refuge by social group, religion and political opinion, the bases of the decisions that have been granting LGBTI refuge are sewn. In the analysis of the assessment of the narratives and situations prevailing on the situation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex in the country of origin, practices are sought that do not violate human rights and guarantee rights. It was used for both the method of bibliographic research, researching in international and national doctrine practices that may guarantee rights during the process of requesting refuge. As a result, the structuring of good practices used in other countries has been summarized. It was concluded through the present work that the process of refuge due to persecution due to sexual orientation and / or gender identity has crosses of several orders and faces challenges that deserve theoretical and empirical deepening on how the declaration of refugee status is given.
|
228 |
Traversées : Dessin, sculpture et pratiques d'atelier / Crossover : Drawing, sculpture and workshop practicesDussuchalle, Jérôme 19 October 2013 (has links)
Si l’amorce d’une recherche engage son auteur dans un cheminement dont il ne connaît pas vraiment l’issue, le place d’emblée face à des inconnus et à des possibles, il faut bien se rendre à l’évidence : la fin du travail –annonçant peut-être le début d’un autre – nécessite un retour sur la pensée qui s’est déroulée selon une temporalité qui semble alors nous échapper. La durée d’une telle entreprise ne parvient pas à se cristalliser en un point dont on pourrait faire le tour. Le cheminement de pensée qui s’est donc déplié selon le cadre spatial et temporel imparti, selon la répartition des pages et la structure d’un ouvrage qui pourrait bien apparaître comme un autre type de carnet, doit être repris et reconduit selon d’autres stratégies. Conclure reviendrait, en effet, à extraire d’un matériau donné –ici l’écriture d’un texte– les points de capitons où la pensée se condense. Travail proche du dégagement du bloc en sculpture, travail encore de découvrement mais aussi et surtout travail de synthèse et d’ouverture. Précipitation d’un chemin de pensée sur ce qui définit ses limites, le tracé de son parcours, son bornage, ses jalons tout comme ses traverses.Cet acheminement vers l’écriture aura donc pris pour origine une situation de pratique plastique définie par deux instances d’appréhension du réel, deux modes d'existence de l’œuvre, le dessin d’une part, la sculpture de l’autre. Telle était la place attribuée aux termes posés dès l’origine de ce projet de recherche sur la sculpture et le dessin. Mais, à ce point conclusif de l’ouvrage, pourquoi ne pas intervertir les termes par lesquels s’est énoncée, dans un premier temps, cette thèse ? Nous pourrions ici avancer une position bien différente : la sculpture puis le dessin. Il paraît en effet artificiel de vouloir donner la primauté à l’un des deux médiums tant ils fonctionnent ensemble. Configuration qui diffère donc de celle annoncée en exergue de ce travail, puisque la réflexion menée sur l’articulation de ces deux « objets de pensée » peut nous amener à formuler une première remarque : les deux médiums ne sont pas à prendre dans leur successivité mais bien dans leur entrelacement réciproque. Ce qui ne signifie pas que le dessin se confonde avec la sculpture. L’inverse n’est pas moins vrai. C’est à leur conjonction et à leur croisée que se situe donc le cœur de la recherche et c’est là, sans doute, qu’est le point de bascule permettant de relancer l’expérience poïétique de l’un à l’autre. Ici est le nœud du problème, son site. La circularité, et donc une récupération perpétuelle du dessin dans la sculpture et de la sculpture par le dessin, travaille notre œuvre plastique en profondeur, elle en serait le soubassement. La sculpture relance le dessin qui à son tour relance la sculpture… / If the initiation of research obligates its author to take a direction for which he does not really know the outcome, a starting position when faced with unknowns and possibilities, one must evidently face reality: the end of the work – announcing perhaps the beginning of another – necessitates a return to the thought that took place within a temporality which therefore eludes us. The duration of such an enterprise doesn’t manage to solidify at one point in time; therefore we could go back around. The development of the thought, which therefore unfolds according to the imparted special and temporal reality, and according to the distribution of pages and the structure of the work, which could easily appear to be like another type of notebook, must be taken and looked at again using alternative stratagem. To conclude would, in fact, return to the idea of extracting from a given material – in this case, a text – the key points of condensed thought. This is a work that is close to the energy that is released from a block whilst being sculpted, a work that is still being discovered but also, and above all, a work of synthesis and openness. Precipitation of a train of thought which defines limits, the traces of its journey, its delimitations, its benchmarks, much like its passage. This development in the direction of writing therefore takes its origins from a situation involving the practice of art, as defined by two ways of perceiving what is real, two modes of existence of the work, the drawing, on the one hand, and the sculpture on the other. Such was the position attributed to the terms of this challenge right from the start of this research project about sculpture and drawing. But, at this conclusive point in the work, why not reverse the order of the terms by which this thesis was first introduced? We could put forward a very different position: the sculpture followed by the drawing. In fact, it appears somewhat artificial to desire to give primary position to one of these two mediums when they both work together. This is an order which therefore differs to that emphasised in this work, as the reflection on the articulation of these two “objects of thought” could make us formulate an initial commentary: the two mediums are not to be considered in terms of their successivity but rather in terms of their interlaced reciprocity. This doesn’t mean that the drawing is confused with the sculpture. The opposite is no less true. It is at their conjunction and their crossing-point where the heart of this research is found, and it is there, without doubt, that this balancing point allows us restart the poïetic experiment of one toward the other. Here is found the heart of the problem, its position. The circularity, and therefore the perpetual restoration of the drawing in the sculpture and the sculpture through the drawing, profoundly structures our artwork, being its fundamental substructure. The sculpture recreates the drawing and, in its turn, the drawing recreates the sculpture.
|
229 |
Decision-making in Lula´s foreign policy (2003-2010): analyzing practices / Processo decisório na politica externa do governo Lula (2003-2010): analisando práticasGabriel Carrozza Castillo 15 December 2017 (has links)
This article analyzes practices in Brazil´s Ministry of External Relations (MRE) in order to understand the decision making process for foreign policy of the Lula administration (2003-2010) through the lens of practices. More specifically, it seeks to understand if purported operational changes in the ministry during that time have had a concrete effect on foreign policy or are symptomatic of priorities within the administration. The research finds that despite sweeping social change promised during the campaign, the ministry´s structure remained stable even as it expanded - even favoring the use of presidential diplomacy in order to expedite proceedings - but that regular bureaucratic processes were circumvented by the most senior officials in dealing with sensitive topics with a tacit division of tasks. The article concludes by suggesting that diplomatic practices were not significantly changed during the Lula period but that the relative clout of rank and file diplomat has diminished. Procedural negotiations such as trade agreements have mostly escaped the change in the decision-making process because they were not picked up by Itamaraty´s hands-on leadership. / Esse artigo analisa as práticas do Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil (MRE), buscando entender melhor o processo decisório da política externa dos governos Lula (2003-2010) pelas práticas. Especificamente, trata-se de avaliar se supostas mudanças operacionais no ministério durante este período tiveram um efeito concreto sobre a politica externa ou são sintomáticos de prioridades para o governo. O trabalho considera que a despeito de grandes mudanças sociais prometidas durante a campanha, a estrutura do ministério permaneceu estável incluso durante sua expansão - até favorecendo o uso de diplomacia presidencial a fim de acelerar os processos - mas que os processos burocráticos regulares foram evitados pelo mais alto escalão quando se tratava de temas sensíveis, com uma divisão de tarefas tácita. O artigo conclui por sugerindo que as práticas diplomáticas não foram modificadas profundamente no período Lula. Porem, a importância relativa dos diplomatas comuns diminuiu. Negociações técnicas, como acordos comerciais, escaparam em parte dessa mudança de processo decisório porque não foram retomadas pela liderança, muito ativa, do Itamaraty.
|
230 |
Total and bioavailable fluoride concentrations in commercially available toothpastes in South AfricaVorster, Lesley Ross January 2015 (has links)
Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / High caries burden coupled with a lack of water and salt fluoridation make it
imperative that toothpastes marketed to the South African consumer demonstrate
adequate caries inhibition. It is generally accepted that an effective toothpaste
contain between 1000ppm and 1500ppm total fluoride (TF) and that of this at least 1000ppm F should be in free available form. Studies conducted in other countries have demonstrated that toothpastes often do not conform to this regulation, indicating the need for quality assessments to be undertaken. Objectives: This study therefore aimed to determine total and free available (potentially bioavailable) fluoride concentrations in 28 adult, fluoridated toothpastes marketed to the South Africa consumer. Labeling practices were also assessed. Materials & Methods: Convenience samples were purchased from a major pharmaceutical and food retailer located in each of the five metropolitan areas of South Africa. Information detailed on the packaging was evaluated for compliance with national standards. Total and bioavailable fluoride concentrations were determined potentiometrically, in quadruplicate, following acid hydrolysis of the samples using a Combination Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode, calibrated with standards containing 0.0625ppm F to 6.25ppm F. Results: Although TF content on analysis was found to be statistically significantly lower than manufacturer declaration (1.2x10-7; p≤0.05), 78.6% still contained adequate free, available F levels. Relative mean available fluoride content for toothpastes formulated with a calcium-based abrasive was 85,5% as opposed to 98.7% for those containing silica. Partial alignment with national labeling statutes was observed for all toothpastes. Conclusion: Most commercially available toothpastes are adequately formulated to provide anticariogenic activity, but consumers should be advised against the use of products containing calcium. Improvements to national standards and stricter regulation of labeling practices are required.
|
Page generated in 0.0611 seconds