Menhaden oil, corn oil, olive oil or animal fat (1, 3, 5 or 8% of diet) effects on egg yolk fatty acids and hepatic lipogenic enzymes were studied in 35 week-old laying hens. Except for significantly lowered egg weights by menhaden oil, performance was unaffected. Yolk saturated fat remained constant (33-38% of yolk fat) regardless of fat source. Maximum o-3 fatty acid incorporation (.31 g/yolk) was reached with a deposition efficiency of 36.3% by feeding 5% menhaden oil. Yolk lipid contained.3% linolenic (C18:3o3), 1.0% eicosapentaenoic (C20:5o3), and 3.8% docosapentaenoic (C22: 5o3) acids. Maximum o-6 fatty acid incorporation (1.65 g/yolk) occurred with 17% efficiency when 8% corn oil was fed, primarily by increasing linoleic acid to 25.5%. Yolk oleate was inversely related to dietary linoleate. Only the highest menhaden oil levels significantly affected lipogenic enzymes: fatty acid synthetase and ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) activities were inhibited, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) activity was 2-3 times that of hens fed the basal diet. Malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) activity was not significantly influence by dietary fat.

Amaferm, a fermentation extract of Aspergilluz oryzae, was fed as a top dressing to dairy cows at 0, 1.5, 3, 6g/d. in two lactation trials. Trial I, conducted during winter-spring, 1989, for 80d, used forty cows in early lactation. Trial II, with twenty-four mid-lactation cows, received similar treatments for 60d in the summer of 1989. Measurements for both trials included milk yield, feed intake, body weight and rectal temperature. Respiration rates were determined for trial II and digestion coefficients for CP, NDF and DM were determined using Cr2O3 as a digesta marker for trial I. In trial I, cows fed 1.5g and 3g Amaferm/d had a higher DMI (P < .06) than cows receiving 0 or 6g Amaferm/d. Respiration rates were significantly higher (P < .05) for 3g Amaferm/d cows. Other parameters were not affected by treatment. These results contrasted previous studies in which 3g Amaferm/d stimulated milk production.

Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, diets were supplemented with blood, fish and soybean meals (HQ) or corn gluten meal (LQ) for similar CP and UIP, but differed in Lys%(HQ =.91; LQ =.59). Diets were fed to evaporatively cooled (EC) or non-cooled (S) cows. Milk yield was higher for HQ than LQ and for EC than S. Compared to S, EC cows tended to consume more feed and had lower rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Experiment 2 consisted of a metabolic and an in situ trial. Ruminal, postruminal and total tract digestibilities of DM on HQ and LQ diets did not differ, while postruminal digestibility of CP was higher for HQ than LQ. The pattern of EAA flowing to the duodenum was not affected by diets; however, after 24 h incubation in the rumen, residual Lys tended to be higher, but Leu and Phe lower for HQ than LQ. Rumen bypass of Lys is increased by feeding diets high in UIP and Lys, resulting in increased milk yields. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

Twenty-four multiparous and twelve primiparous Holstein cows were assigned at calving to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Factors were: (1) grain processing: dry rolled sorghum (D) vs. steam flaked sorghum (S); (2) rumen inert fat: supplemented (F) vs. non supplemented (C). The F diets were supplemented at 2.5% of dry matter (DM) as Ca-soaps. The S diets increased (P<.02) milk production 12%, while F diets decreased (P<.28) milk 5%, due to a 16% decrease (P<.01) in feed intake. However, F diets increased (P<.01) efficiency of feed utilization 15%, partially sustained by greater (P<.08) body weight losses. The DF diet decreased milk protein 0.21% compared to the DC diet, but the S diets had similar milk protein content regardless of fat supplementation. Milk protein yields were higher (P<.01) for S diets. The S diets decreased (P<.03) milk fat percentages but yields were not affected. The S diets had higher (P<.01) digestibilities for DM, CP, GE, and starch than D diets. Digestibilities of CP and GE were higher (P<.05) for F than C diets. Steam flaked sorghum grain maintained milk protein percent in lactation diets supplemented with Ca-Soaps of fatty acids.

No description available.

No description available.

Evaluation of feeding varying levels of digestible lysine on broiler breeder male reproductive characteristics and body weight changes

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of grain processing, grain sources, lactational performance and nutrient digestion in dairy cows. In trial 1 (56 d), 40 cows were divided into five groups and fed diets containing 40% grain as dry-rolled sorghum (DRS, 643 g/L), steam-flaked sorghum (SF) processed to result in three different flake densities: SF34 (34 lb/bu or 437 g/L), SF28 (28 lb/bu or 360 g/L), and SF22 (22 lb/bu or 283 g/L); and dry-rolled barley (DRB). Feeding steam-flaked sorghum grain or dry-rolled barley did not increase milk yield and milk protein content and yield. However, due to a lower intake of dry matter, feed efficiency was 10 to 19% higher for flaked sorghum and barley diets compared with DRS. Steam-flaking also decreased milk urea-N and tended to increase milk casein. In trial 2 (58 d), 32 lactating cows were divided into four groups and fed diets containing 39% sorghum grain as dry- rolled sorghum (DRS), or steam-flaked sorghum (SF) processed to result in similar flake densities as trial 1: SF34 (34 lb/bu or 437 g/L; SF28 (28 lb/bu or 360 g/L); and SF22 (22 lb/bu or 283 g/L). When sorghum grain was moderately flaked (SF34 and SF28) milk and 3.5% FCM yields were not increased compared to DRS, however, efficiency of feed utilization again was higher for SF34 and SF28 due to lower intake of dry matter. The very thin flake (SF22) had a negative effect on milk and 3.5% FCM compared with DRS, SF34, and S F2 8. Digestibilities of nutrients were increased by steam-flaking compared with dry-rolling. In trial 3 (58 d) twenty four cows were assigned to three treatments in which diets contained.8% urea (Urea), 6% soybean meal (SBM), or 5% fish meal (FM) as the protein sources. Intake of DM was highest for Urea, intermediate for SBM, and lowest for FM. Higher producing cows (46 Kg/d of milk) responded more positively in milk and FCM yields and feed efficiency to SBM and FM compared with those fed Urea. Cows producing about 35 Kg/d of milk tended to perform better when fed Urea than when fed SBM or FM. Digestibilities of nutrients were not affected greatly by protein source.

Experiments were conducted to elucidate mechanisms of increased milk protein percentage in cows fed diets containing steam flaked (SFS) vs dry rolled (DRS) sorghum grains. In experiment 1 treatments were: DRS diet plus duodenal infusion of 30% sodium acetate (DA), or SFS diet plus duodenal water infusion (SFS). In the experiment 2 the DRS diet plus duodenal infusion of 23% sodium propionate (DP), was compared with the DRS diet plus ruminal infusion of 21% glucose (RG). Sorghum was 35% of DM in all diets and infusates were 5L/d. The SFS diet tended (P .19) to increase milk protein content and decrease ruminal pH. The DA infusion increased FCM, and tended to increase fat% and yield. The RG infusion increased milk protein percent and decreased ruminal pH, and the DP infusion tended to decrease DMI. In experiment 3 treatments were: (1) SFS, (2) DA, and (3) RG. Diets and infused amounts were similar to previous trials. No parameters was affected by treatment, but milk protein percent, yield of milk and milk protein were numerically higher SFS than DA, similar to the previous study. Milk composition and production for cows fed DRS plus RG were the same as for cows fed SFS. An in situ trial was conducted to better characterize ruminal starch degradation. The same (DRS and SFS) diets were used as in infusions trials. Treatments were divided into diets and grains as follows: (1) diet DRS, (2) diet SFS, (3) grain DRS, and (4) grain SFS. Material for incubation was ground to pass a 2 mm screen and placed in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48h. DM degradability was not affected by treatment. Starch degradability at 4, 8 and 12h and were higher for the SFS than for DRS diets or grains. In situ data support the infusion data which of higher ruminal starch degradability with SFS than DRS. The studies suggest that increased milk protein content resulting from feeding SFS compared with DRS relates more to increased ruminal starch fermentability (as stimulated by RG) than to greater absorption of acetate or propionate.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of grain processing and NDF levels on performance, ruminal parameters and in situ degradation of nutrients in lactating dairy cows. Higher efficiency was achieved by using SF diets, with major impact on peak of lactation. Higher starch digestibility and lower fiber digestibility were obtained in SF diets, mainly at low fiber level. In a 72 d trial, four cannulated cows were allotted to four treatments containing 49% or 39% alfalfa hay, with 32 or 40% SF or DR sorghum. Milk yield and intake were increased at the lowest NDF/Ruminally degradable starch (RDS) ratio. Ruminal pH and ammonia were decreased in SF diets mainly at low forage level. Ruminal fermentation was stimulated in SF diets with low forage level, resulting in a faster passage rate of the solid phase, however with reduced passage rate of the liquid phase. In a third trial, four cannulated cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of RDS and NDF levels on in situ degradation of nutrients. Alfalfa hay, sorghum grain (DR or SF) and diets were incubated on experimental diets ranging from 2.3 to 1.3 NDF/RDS ratio. Low ratios stimulated starch degradation and decreased fiber degradation. SF diets improved by 4.9% DM and by 7.5% starch degradation when compared with DR. Maximum degradation rates of diets were obtained at intermediary NDF/RDS ratios due to the associative effects.