The long-term trends of PM10, O3 and NOx concentrations were analyzed using Holland model (without meteorological-adjusted) and MM-Regression model (with meteorological-adjusted) based on the data of ten EPA air quality stations from 1997 to 2006 in Kao-Ping area. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of meteorological factors on the trends of these pollutants in Kao-Ping. The annual variations (AV) of O3 was −0.496 % in Kaohsiung county, −0.200 in Pingtung county, and 0.277 % in Kaohsiung city, showing different characteristics in Kao-Pin area. On average, the annual variations (AV) influenced by meteorological factors were: PM10: 0.205 %, O3: −0.127 %, and NOx: 0.338 %. After being adjusted by meteorological factors, the seasonal variations (SV) were about 1, indicating little seasonal change. In Kao-Ping region, the influence by meteorological factors was 9.566 %, 8.026 % and 7.351 % in PM10, O3, NOx, respectively. In total, the average influence was 8.314% in Kao-Ping region, with 7.791% in Kaohsiung city (8.481% at Cianjin, the most influenced area), 9.439% in Kaohsiung County (10.368% at Linyuan, the most influenced area), and 7.110% in Pingtung County (7.516% at Chaojhou, the most influenced area). PM10 was influenced most by meteorological factors (PM10: 9.566 %, O3: 8.026 %, NOx: 7.351 %) in Kao-Ping area.. In Kao-Ping region, the contributions by individual meteorological factors were 70.78% in wind speed, 38.23% in total cloudiness, 36.56% in sunshine hour, 19.86% in temperature, 12.40% in atmospheric pressure, 5.96% in relative humidity and 1.27% in wind direction. The influences by the wind speed were 66.62 %, 72.35 % and 72.31 % on the concentrations of PM10, O3, NOx, respectively. Wind speed was the most important factor controlling concentration trends in Kao-Ping area.

主催：JST/CREST，Vrije University, ALTERRA, IBPC

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) ecosystems are strongly influenced by the presence of summer marine fog, and variation in fog frequency is closely linked to climate variation in the NE Pacific region. Because oxygen isotope composition (𝛿¹⁸O) of organic matter records distinct water sources (e.g. summertime fog vs. winter precipitation) and carbon isotopes (𝛿¹³C) are typically sensitive to humidity and water status, it then follows that inter-annual variation in tree-ring isotope ratios, which are coherent across multiple sites, should preserve a potentially powerful proxy for climate reconstruction. Here we present an analysis of a 50-year time series for both 𝛿¹⁸O and 𝛿¹³C values from subdivided tree rings obtained from multiple redwood trees at multiple sites. Within-site and between site correlations were highly significant (p < 0.01) for the 𝛿¹⁸O time series indicating a regionally coherent common forcing of 𝛿¹⁸O fractionation. Within-site and between-site correlation coefficients were lower for the 𝛿¹³C than for the 𝛿¹⁸O time series although most were still significant (at least to p < 0.05). The hypothesized reason for the differences in the correlation is that carbon isotope discrimination is more sensitive to microenvironmental and tree-level physiological variation than is 𝛿¹⁸O fractionation. Stable-isotope variation in tree-ring cellulose was similar between slope, gully and riparian micro-habitats within a single watershed, implying that minor topographic variation when sampling should not be a major concern. These results indicate that stable-isotope time series from redwood tree rings are strongly influenced by regional climate drivers and potentially valuable proxies for Pacific coastal climate variability.

The modeling results of current global aerosol models agree, generally within a factor of two, with the measured surface concentrations of black carbon (BC) and sulphate (SF) aerosols in rural areas across the northern continents. However, few models are able to capture the observed seasonal cycle of the Arctic aerosols. In general, the observed seasonality of the Arctic aerosols is determined by complex processes, including transport, emissions and removal processes. In this work, the representations of aerosol deposition processes (i.e., dry deposition, in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging) within the framework of the Canadian Global Air Quality Model – GEM-AQ are first enhanced. Through the enhancements in GEM-AQ, the seasonality of the Arctic BC and SF is reproduced, and the improvement in model performance extends to the rest of the globe as well. Then, the importance of these deposition processes in governing the Arctic BC and SF seasonality is investigated. It is found that the observed seasonality of the Arctic BC and SF is mainly caused by the seasonal changes in aerosol wet scavenging, as well as the seasonal injection of aerosols from surrounding source regions. Being able to reproduce the seasonality of the Arctic BC, the enhanced GEM-AQ allows more accurate assessment of the contributions of anthropogenic sources to the BC abundance in the Arctic air and deposition to the Arctic surface. Simulating results on regional contributions to the Arctic BC show a strong dependence on altitude. The results reinforce the previous finding of Eurasia being the dominant contributor to the surface BC in the Arctic, and suggest a significant contribution from Asian Russia. In addition to the seasonality of the Arctic aerosols, the inter-annual variation in the Arctic BC surface concentration is also investigated. To complement the 3-D GEM-AQ model, the atmospheric backward trajectory analysis, together with estimated BC emissions, is implemented as a computational effective approach to reconstruct BC surface concentrations observed at the Canadian high Arctic station, Alert. Strong correlations are found between the reconstructed and the measured BC in the cold season at Alert between 1990 and 2005, which implies that atmospheric transport and emissions are the major contributors to the observed inter-annual variations and trends in BC. The regional contributions estimated annually from 1990 through 2005 suggest that Eurasia is the major contributor in winter and spring to the near-surface BC level at Alert with a 16-year average contribution of over 85% (specifically 94% in winter and 70% in spring). A decreasing trend in the Eurasian contribution to the Arctic is found in this study, which is mainly due to regional emission reduction. However, the inter-annual variation in the North American contribution shows no clear trend.

The modeling results of current global aerosol models agree, generally within a factor of two, with the measured surface concentrations of black carbon (BC) and sulphate (SF) aerosols in rural areas across the northern continents. However, few models are able to capture the observed seasonal cycle of the Arctic aerosols. In general, the observed seasonality of the Arctic aerosols is determined by complex processes, including transport, emissions and removal processes. In this work, the representations of aerosol deposition processes (i.e., dry deposition, in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging) within the framework of the Canadian Global Air Quality Model – GEM-AQ are first enhanced. Through the enhancements in GEM-AQ, the seasonality of the Arctic BC and SF is reproduced, and the improvement in model performance extends to the rest of the globe as well. Then, the importance of these deposition processes in governing the Arctic BC and SF seasonality is investigated. It is found that the observed seasonality of the Arctic BC and SF is mainly caused by the seasonal changes in aerosol wet scavenging, as well as the seasonal injection of aerosols from surrounding source regions. Being able to reproduce the seasonality of the Arctic BC, the enhanced GEM-AQ allows more accurate assessment of the contributions of anthropogenic sources to the BC abundance in the Arctic air and deposition to the Arctic surface. Simulating results on regional contributions to the Arctic BC show a strong dependence on altitude. The results reinforce the previous finding of Eurasia being the dominant contributor to the surface BC in the Arctic, and suggest a significant contribution from Asian Russia. In addition to the seasonality of the Arctic aerosols, the inter-annual variation in the Arctic BC surface concentration is also investigated. To complement the 3-D GEM-AQ model, the atmospheric backward trajectory analysis, together with estimated BC emissions, is implemented as a computational effective approach to reconstruct BC surface concentrations observed at the Canadian high Arctic station, Alert. Strong correlations are found between the reconstructed and the measured BC in the cold season at Alert between 1990 and 2005, which implies that atmospheric transport and emissions are the major contributors to the observed inter-annual variations and trends in BC. The regional contributions estimated annually from 1990 through 2005 suggest that Eurasia is the major contributor in winter and spring to the near-surface BC level at Alert with a 16-year average contribution of over 85% (specifically 94% in winter and 70% in spring). A decreasing trend in the Eurasian contribution to the Arctic is found in this study, which is mainly due to regional emission reduction. However, the inter-annual variation in the North American contribution shows no clear trend.

To identify the long-term trend of particle size variation, we analyzed aerosol optical depth (AOD, τ) separated as dust (τD) and coarse-(τPC) and fine-pollution particles (τPF) depending on emission sources and size. Ångström exponent values are also identified separately as total and fine-mode particles (αT and αPF). We checked these trends in various ways; (1) first-order linear regression analysis of the annual average values, (2) percent variation using the slope of linear regression method, and (3) a reliability analysis using the Mann–Kendall (MK) test. We selected 17 AERONET sun/sky radiometer sites classified into six regions, i.e., Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia. Although there were regional differences, τ decreased in Europe and Asian regions and increased in the Middle East, India, and North Africa. Values of τPC and τPF, show that aerosol loading caused by non-dust aerosols decreased in Europe and Asia and increased in India. In particular, τPF considerably decreased in Europe and Northeast Asia (95% confidential levels in MK-test), and τPC decreased in Northeast Asia (Z-values for Seoul and Osaka are −2.955 and −2.306, respectively, statistically significant if |z| ≥ 1.96). The decrease in τPC seems to be because of the reduction of primary and anthropogenic emissions from regulation by air quality policies. The meaningful result in this paper is that the particle size became smaller, as seen by values of αT that decreased by −3.30 to −30.47% in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East because αT provides information on the particle size. Particle size on average became smaller over India and Asian regions considered in our study due to the decrease in coarse particles. In particular, an increase of αPF in most areas shows the probability that the average particle size of fine-mode aerosols became smaller in recent years. We presumed the cause of the increase in αT is because relatively large-sized fine-mode particles were eliminated due to air quality policies.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-02-26T13:11:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA195.pdf: 1061407 bytes, checksum: 748e5f4b89d71d8c524a68b2c4e6fa21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-26T13:11:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA195.pdf: 1061407 bytes, checksum: 748e5f4b89d71d8c524a68b2c4e6fa21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / This study was accomplished to analyze the maturation indexes and quality of apples that occur at harvest to the commercial level as well as the variability of these indexes due to the harvest year. A database was built by the analysis of 62,807 apple samples of Gala and their mutant clones 'Gala' and 29,053 apple samples of Fuji and its mutant clones 'Fuji' for eleven years (2005 and 2015) in a commercial company. Apples analyzed were collected from commercial orchards of Fraiburgo (60%) and São Joaquin (30%) in Santa Catarina State and the Vacaria region of Rio Grande do Sul State (10%). Each sample consisted of 100 apples representing different orchards, variety and date of harvest analyzed within 36 hours after the harvest. The apples were analyzed for appearance and size. The appearance parameters were intensity of red color, frequency and size of superficial injuries and damage. Based on the analysis of appearance, each fruit was ranked in one of the following categories: Extra, Cat1, Cat2, Cat3, Cat4, Out of category undeveloped defects ‘OCUD’, Out of category developed defects ‘OCDD’ according to legal regulations. Each fruit was ranked in a size class (caliber) following legal regulations based on their mass. The commercial harvest extends from the 3rd to the 15th week of the year for Gala and from 10th to 22th week of the year for ‘Fuji’, although about 70% of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ production was harvested in 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. Maturity indexes and quality of apples vary significantly among the years for both cultivars. The average of 'Gala' firmness ranges from 15.7 to 18.2 lb, and from 14.5 to 16.8 lb for 'Fuji'. Regarding the soluble solids 'Gala' average ranged from 11.9% to 13.3% and for 'Fuji' ranged from 12.8% to 15.4%. The average of starch index ranging from 4.1 to 6.4 for 'Gala' and from 3.9 to 5.9 for 'Fuji'. The tritatable acidity ranged between 4.2 meq/100 ml and 6.1 meq/100ml for 'Gala' and between 4.4 meq/100 ml and 5.3 meq/100ml for 'Fuji'. The severity of russeting for 'Gala' ranged from 1.1 to 1.7 and for 'Fuji' from 1.1 to 1.8. The average size, represented by fruit caliber for 'Gala' varied between 138 and 174 and for 'Fuji' between 120 and 145. At the beginning of the harvest period, the average firmness was 17.9 lb and 17.1 lb, soluble solids of 12.2% and 12.9%, starch index 4.0 and 3.9 and titratable acidity 5.7 meq/100 ml and 6.2 meq/100ml for 'Gala' and 'Fuji' respectively. In the average from 2005 to 2016, the quality distribution in terms of category Extra, Cat1, Cat2, Cat3, ‘OCUD’, ‘OCDD’ was for ‘Gala’, 6%, 31,5%, 34,4%, 22%, 5,6% e 0,7% respectivelly and for ‘Fuji’the same distribution was 4,6%, 38,4%, 33,6%, 18,6%, 4,3%, 0,6%. At the end of the harvest period (last week) the average firmness was 14.2 lb and 14.3 lb, soluble solids of 13.1 and 14.4, starch index of 6.1 and 6.4 and titratable acidity 3.9 and 3.8 meq/100ml for 'Gala' and 'Fuji' respectively. The size of both cultivars of apples does not vary consistently throughout the commercial harvest period / Este estudo foi realizado para analisar os índices de maturação e qualidade de maçãs que ocorrem no momento da colheita em nível comercial, bem como a variabilidade desses índices devido ao ano de colheita. Um banco de dados foi construído através da análise de 62.807 amostras de maçã da cultivar Gala e seus clones ('Gala') e 29.053 amostras de maçã da cultivar Fuji e seus clones ('Fuji') ao longo de 11 anos (2005 a 2015), em empresa na região de Fraiburgo. As maçãs analisadas foram colhidas em pomares comerciais de Fraiburgo (60%) e São Joaquin (30%), em Santa Catarina e da região dos Campos de Cima da Serra no Rio Grande do Sul (10%). Cada amostra foi composta por 100 maçãs representativas de diferentes unidades de produção de 6 a 19 toneladas de maçãs e analisada em até 36 horas após a colheita. A qualidade das maçãs foi analisada quanto a aparência e tamanho. Os parâmetros de aparência foram a intensidade de cor vermelha, a frequência e tamanho de lesões e danos visíveis na superfície do fruto. Com base na análise da aparência, cada fruto, foi classificado em uma das seguintes categorias de qualidade: Extra, Cat1, Cat2, Cat3, fora de categoria não evolutivo (‘FCNE’), e fora de categoria evolutivo (‘FCE’) de acordo com os regulamentos legais. Cada fruta foi classificada em um calibre com base em sua massa, seguindo as normas legais. O período de colheita comercial se estendeu da 3ª à 15ª semana do ano para a ‘Gala’ e da 10ª a 22ª semana do ano para a 'Fuji', embora cerca de 70% da produção de 'Gala' e 'Fuji' foram colhidas num período de 4 e 6 semanas, respectivamente. Os índices de maturação e qualidade das maçãs variaram significativamente entre anos para ambas as cultivares. As variações da firmeza da polpa entre anos foram de 15,7 lb a 18,2 lb para ‘Gala’ e de 14,5 lb a 16,8 lb para 'Fuji'. . Os teores médios anuais de sólidos solúveis variaram de 11,9 a 13,3% em 'Gala' e 12,8 a 15,4 % em 'Fuji' entre 2005 e 2011. A média anual do índice de iodo-amido variou de 4,1 a 6,4 para 'Gala' e 3,9 a 5,9 para 'Fuji'. O índice de russeting variou entre anos de 1,1 a 1,7 para 'Gala' e de 1,1 a 1,8 para ‘Fuji’. O calibre médio anual variou entre anos de 138 a 174 para a 'Gala' e de 120 a 145 para a 'Fuji'. Os índices de maturação e qualidade também variaram ao longo do período de colheita. No início do período de colheita (primeira semana), a firmeza média foi de 17,9 e 17,1 lb, os sólidos solúveis de 12,2 e 12,9%, o índice de iodo-amido de 4, e 3,9 e a acidez 5,7 e 6,2 meq/100ml para 'Gala' e 'Fuji' respectivamente. A distribuição de frequência média de 2005 a 2015, nas categorias Extra, Cat1, Cat2, Cat3, FCNE, FCE, para a ‘Gala’ foi respectivamente de 6%, 31,5%, 34,4%, 22%, 5,6% e 0,7% e para a ‘Fuji’ a mesma distribuição foi de 4,6%, 38,4%, 33,6%, 18,6%, 4,3%, 0,6%. O tamanho das maçãs de ambas cultivares não variou de forma consistente ao longo do período de colheita comercial

För att vatten ska kunna levereras enligt de krav som ställs från användarna i samhället behövs ett väl anpassat ledningsnät. Det innebär bland annat att vatten ska finnas tillgängligt i den mängd som behövs och vid den tidpunkt som vatten krävs. För att vattenreningsverken ska kunna leverera rätt mängd vatten måste ledningsnätet vara dimensionerat för att kunna transportera allt vatten som skall pumpas ut till användarna. Detta kräver en god uppskattning om de vattenflöden som behövs. Det förväntade vattenflödet till olika samhällsanvändare uppskattas utifrån befintliga användningsmönster samt publikation P83, framtagen av Svenskt Vatten. Allt eftersom samhället utvecklas behöver publikationen uppdateras för att denna ska stämma så väl överens med verkligheten som möjligt. Vattenanvändningsmönster i skolor, kontor, handelsområden och industrier undersöktes som en del av ett pågående projekt för att undersöka om P83 bör uppdateras. För dessa har år- och dygnsvariationer, flöden och maxfaktorer analyserats från årslånga mätserier. Utifrån uppmätta värden kunde alternativa fördelningsnycklar som potentiellt skulle bidra till förbättring också analyseras. Resultaten tyder på att det finns förbättringsmöjligheter för flödesberäkningar för brukartyperna skolor, handel och industri jämfört med dagens metoder. För skolor och handel skulle inomhusarea vara en relevant fördelningsnyckel att använda vid beräkningar medan takyta vore en mer lämplig parameter att använda för industrier. De maxfaktorer som finns angivna i P83 stämde inte särskilt väl överens med de uppmätta i studien och skulle behöva uppdateras. Studien visar också på ett behov av att dela upp de brukarkategorier som finns i dagsläget till fler kategorier då de tre som finns i dagsläget är mycket generella. Dessutom undersöktes möjligheten att kombinera olika brukartyper för att utjämna vattenflöden under dygnet. Villor eller radhus bör lämpligen kombineras med skolor, kontor eller industrier för att få ett jämnare vattenflöde under dagtid. / For water to be delivered according to the requirements of the users in the society there is a need for the water pipelines to be well dimensioned. This means that the amount of water that is needed has to be available at the time when it is required. For the water treatment plants to be able to deliver the right amount of water the pipelines must be sized to carry the water that should be delivered to the users. This requires a good estimate of the amount of water needed. The expected water flow to different users is estimated based on existing water usage patterns as well as the P83 publication, developed by Swedish Water. As society develops the publication may need to be updated to correspond well with reality. Water use patterns in schools, offices, retail stores and industries were examined as a part of an ongoing project to investigate whether P83 should be updated. For these annual and diurnal variations, water flows and max factors were analyzed from yearlong series of measurements. Based on the measured values alternate allocation keys that could potentially contribute to improvement were analyzed. The results suggest that there are possible improvements for flow calculations for schools, retail stores and industry compared to current methods. For schools and retail stores the indoor area would be a relevant variable to use for calculations, while the roof area would be a more appropriate variable to use for industries. The max factors listed in P83 did not agree with those measured in the study and would need to be updated. The study shows that the three categories used in P83 are very general and ought to be divided into more specific categories. Furthermore, the possibility to combine different types of water users to equalize the water flow to an area during the day was analyzed. Villas or semi-attached houses should preferably be combined with schools, offices or industries for evening out the flow during day time.