Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture; and, (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1978. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 82-84. / M.Arch / M.S.

Software architecture provides a high-level framework for a software system, and plays an important role in achieving functional and non-functional requirements. Since the year 2004, software architecture has been considered as a set of architectural design decisions (ADDs). However, software architecture is implicit and evolves as the software development process moves forward. The implicitness together with continuous evolution leads to many problems such as architecture drift and erosion as well as high cost reconstruction. Without capturing and managing ADDs, most of existing architectural knowledge evaporates, and reusing and evolving architecture can be difficult. These problems are even more serious in global software development (GSD). This dissertation presents a novel methodology for capturing ADDs during the architecting process and managing the evolution of ADDs to reduce architectural knowledge evaporation. This methodology explicitly documents ADDs using a scenario-based approach, which covers three views of a software architecture, to record architectural knowledge, and incorporates evolution-centered characteristics to manage ADD evolution for reducing architectural knowledge evaporation. Furthermore, the dissertation presents ADD management in the context of GSD to analyze typical ADD management paradigms, and to offer insights on, techniques on, and support for sharing and coordinating ADDs in a GSD setting. This dissertation focuses on both the documentation and the evolution needs for ADDs in localized and global software development. / text

Software architecture is considered as a set of architectural design decisions. Capturing and representing architectural design decisions during the architecting process is necessary for reducing architectural knowledge evaporation. Moreover, managing the evolution of architectural design decisions helps to maintain consistency between requirements and the deployed system. In this thesis, we create the Triple View Model (TVM) as a general architecture framework for documenting architectural design decisions. The TVM clarifies the notion of architectural design decisions in three different views and covers key features of the architecting process. Based on the TVM, we propose a scenario-based methodology (SceMethod) to manage the documentation and the evolution of architectural design decisions. We also conduct a case study on an industrial project to validate the applicability and the effectiveness of the TVM and the SceMethod. The results show they provide complete documentation on architectural design decisions for creating a system architecture, and well support architecture evolution with changing requirements. / text

Orientador: Doris Catharine Cornelie Knaltz Kowaltowski / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Acompanhado de anexo em CD-ROM: Apêndice 4: Entrevistas estruturadas gravadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T20:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deliberador_MarcellaSavioli_M.pdf: 13949564 bytes, checksum: c9d9b5c1fa4754f133902873958aa599 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Essa pesquisa investigou os processos de projeto dos profissionais arquitetos que colaboram com a Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Escolar (FDE) em projetos de prédios escolares no Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de conhecer e caracterizar tal processo e identificar oportunidades de intervenção que favoreçam a melhoria do ambiente escolar público estadual. Avaliações pós-ocupação em prédios escolares, divulgadas na literatura, apontam problemas, principalmente relativos ao conforto ambiental e à funcionalidade, remetendo-se, de forma especial, às falhas de implantação e de projeto. Essa constatação e a crescente complexidade do projeto em arquitetura diante de exigências e responsabilidades ambientais, sociais e econômicas apontam para a necessidade de aprimoramento do processo de projeto, inclusive disponibilizando ambientes de apoio, discussão e divulgação de resultados de avaliações e estudos de caso. Nesta pesquisa, aplicaram-se entrevistas estruturadas aos profissionais registrados junto à FDE, com o objetivo de caracterizar o processo de projeto adotado atualmente e explorar a motivação para a adoção de novas práticas em busca de um ambiente escolar de qualidade. O desenvolvimento do instrumento de investigação (questionário) foi baseado em conceitos vindos de trabalhos teóricos sobre metodologia de projeto, com ênfase nas fases de análise e avaliação de projetos e nas avaliações pós-ocupação já realizadas nos ambientes escolares. Os resultados das entrevistas conduzidas junto aos profissionais que atuam nessa realidade mostram que o processo adotado atualmente se aproxima pouco do processo de projeto referencial levantado na literatura. Faltam várias etapas, principalmente de discussão e análise. Percebe-se também a ausência da participação da comunidade envolvida em uma reflexão sobre parâmetros de projeto, considerados essenciais à arquitetura escolar de qualidade. A análise dos dados advindos da aplicação das entrevistas estruturadas identificou oportunidades de intervenção no processo atual para promover uma arquitetura escolar de qualidade. Os resultados desta investigação devem também servir para pesquisas futuras, objetivando o desenvolvimento de ambiente de apoio ao processo de projeto de escolas públicas no Estado de São Paulo / Abstract: This research project investigated the design processes of architects who work for the Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Escolar (FDE) in the design of school buildings in São Paulo, with the objective of characterizing these processes and identify opportunities for intervention to ensure improvement of state public school environment. School buildings post-occupancy evaluations founded in the field's scientific literature indicate problems, mainly related to environmental comfort and functionality, probably connected to project failures. This finding, along with the increasing complexity of design process in architecture, faced with the modern patterns of environmental, social and economic requirements and responsibilities, indicates the need of improvement of the design process, including providing opportunities of discussion and dissemination of results of evaluations and case studies. In this study, the author applied structured interviews with professionals registered with the FDE, in order to characterize the design process adopted by them and explore the motivation for adopting new practices to improve the school environment. The research instrument was developed based on concepts extracted from theoretical works on design methodology, with emphasis on the phases of analysis and evaluation of projects and post-occupancy evaluations done in school environments. The results of interviews conducted with professionals working with FDE show that their design process has little similarities with the literature recommended design process. Several stages are missing, mainly those related to participatory discussions and design analysis, which are considered essential to a quality school architecture. The analysis of data from the interviews also identified opportunities to intervene in the current process to promote a school architecture which can aggregate a large sort of elements in order to improve its quality. The research results also future studies, focused on the enhancement of the design process of public schools in the State of São Paulo / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Post-occupancy evaluations represent an important missed opportunity. While POEs are often used to inform design guides, and to support facility management, they are seldom used to support design decision-making. While there are several technical, methodological, and cultural impediments to the ongoing use of POE results in design, characteristics of POE data and data structure is an important, and often overlooked, impediment. Some evaluators have attempted to resolve this problem by involving actively as consultants in design teams or involving users, such as Placemaking or Process Architecture. Recent advances in conceptual data modeling provide another strategy to interface POE findings and design decision-making. This thesis uses EXPRESS modeling language to develop a conceptual data structure for POE data, and integrate POE data with as-built building descriptions. While this effort has the potential to develop an improved way to structure POE data and make it more useful, it is also an extension of ISO-STEP. This study develops a data structure based on post-occupancy evaluations of state and federal trial courtrooms conducted by the researcher. Thirty-one courtrooms were evaluated, resulting in usable data from 93 courtroom users in 26 courtrooms. An EXPRESS-G schema was developed and was translated into a relational database for holding data and running queries. The investigator illustrated a range of query-generated outcomes to support decision-making during design and design review. Such outcomes include exploring existing courtrooms, comprehending the types of design decisions implemented across federal and state courtrooms, identifying design decisions that have been rated favorably or otherwise by courtroom users, rating design decisions based on evaluation data from existing courtrooms, and predicting a designed environments supportiveness to task performance. Further, multivariate analysis of the POE data provides the first scientific investigation of courtrooms as work settings. Finally, eight key performance indicators of courtrooms were developed based on the POE data.

Bibliography: leaves 172-182. / viii, 183 leaves, [96] p. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Proposes that there are fundamental and inadequately recognised differences between architectural practice and the basis of much design advice about environmental issues in house design. Concludes by discussing the implications of these differences for understanding how environmental issues are currently addressed in house design in Australia. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Architecture, 2000