Inaug.-diss.--Greifswald. / Lebenslauf. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 65-67.

Inaug.-diss.--Greifswald. / Lebenslauf. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 65-67.

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Thesis (M.L.Arch.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Architecture, 2002. / "February 2002" Bibliography: leaves 117-128.

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Airborne lidar measurements of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in January 1984 and January 1986 are reported. The locales and altitudes of the clouds coincided in both years with very cold ambient temperatures. During the 1984 experiment, PSCs were observed on three flights north of Thule, Greenland; peak backscatter occurred near 20 km (at temperatures below 193 K). A single PSC formation was seen between Iceland and Scotland during the 1986 experiment, with beak backscatter occurring near 22 km (at temperatures from 188-191 K). A sequence of observations in this same area by the SAM II satellite sensor depicts the history of cloud development and dissipation. Enhancements in aerosol backscattering in excess of a factor of 100 were measured during the 1984 experiment at latitudes near the Pole where 50-mb temperatures approached the frost point. Depolarization in the backscattered signal was estimated as 30-40%, similar to that measured in cirrus clouds. Farther south, with 50-mb temperatures several degrees warmer, backscatter enhancement factors ranged from 20-30, and little or no depolarization was observed. Results similar to the latter were found during the 1986 experiment--enhancement factors near 50 (at the 30-mb level, with temperatures 3-5 K above the frost point), and little depolarization. The contrast in observations suggested the existence of distinct cloud growth regimes delineated by temperatures, as proposed in recent articles addressing Antarctic ozone depletion. A theoretical model was developed which interposes a stage of nitric acid trihydrate deposition between the two stages of cloud formation and growth assumed in earlier models (aerosol droplet precursors and ice particles). The calculated temperature dependence of backscatter and extinction agreed well with experimentally observed values, except for small systematic errors at the 30-mb level which may be due to poor characterization of the temperature field there. A companion theoretical study of PSC formation at 70 mb in the Antarctic showed that about 80% and 30% of the nitric acid and water vapor supplies, respectively, may be sequestered in relatively large (4-μm radius) cloud particles at a temperature near 189 K. Such large particles would fall at a rate of about 2 km wk⁻¹, suggesting that PSCs may act as a sink for these stratospheric trace gases.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / This study evaluates the latest Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) version 4.0 with a comparison to data collected during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) project from October 1997 to October 1998. In particular, three periods from this year long study were the focus and included, a winter, spring, and summer case. For each of these cases the first 24-hour period of the forecasts were analyzed for any bias and root mean square difference from the SHEBA data. NOGAPS had no significant biases in pressure and wind speed. During the winter case, the NOPGAPS surface temperature remained near -28 C while observed temperature varied in response to cloud cover changes and was lower by 5.3 C on the average. During the spring the NOGAPS temperatures had a steady increase from -11 C until reaching the melt season temperature of 0 C 11 days earlier than observed. As a result of too warm a surface and less downwelling longwave radiation, the net longwave flux cooling was greater than observed, by an average of -12.4 Wm-2. The NOGAPS net shortwave radiation was greater than observed by an average of 62 Wm-2 for spring and 22.6 Wm-2 for summer. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

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