This study investigated common English language errors made by Oshiwambo, Afrikaans and Silozi First Language speakers. The study examined errors in a corpus of 360 essays written by 180 participants. Errors were identified and classified into various categories. The four most common errors committed by the participants were tenses, prepositions, articles and spelling. The study is important to educators and study material developers who should become aware of the kind of errors that their target learners make, so that they are in a better position to put appropriate intervention strategies into place. For learners, error analysis is important as it shows the areas of difficulty in their writing. The limitations and some pedagogical implications for future study are included at the end of this research paper. / English Studies / M. A. (TESOL)

The main part of the thesis is a research focused on describing research activities at Czech universities since 1989 to the present time, i.e. until the end of 2013. The thesis describes the work and publications of all personalities who participated in the research within the field of Bible Studies.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Research in the field of computer assisted language learning and teaching has discussed the necessity of defining a research agenda in area. Because of this, some of these studies have focused on the analysis of research reports to identify the objectives of studies, the methodologies and the themes in order to identify the state of the art. By using a methodology of a research synthesis, this work describes the research practice of the Computer Assisted Language Learning and the discourses which come out this investigation field in relation to what researchers from this area conceive about language and about English as a foreign language teaching and learning. To do that, I collected 123 research articles from specific international journals in the field of Computer Assisted Language Learning and 14 reports from Brazilian journals in the same field which were published from 2005 to 2009. By analyzing the research articles, I have also analyzed the content of the selected articles, the methodology and the results. Then, after the textual analysis, I elaborated an interview through e-mail with the authors of the articles to confirm or deny the data obtained in the textual analysis. The textual and contextual analysis is theoretically based on Genre Analysis and on Critical Discourse Analysis, which helped to describe the theoretical-methodological procedures adopted in this investigation field. The results suggest a field oriented by the investigation of four main themes which are: language, participants, technologies and online pedagogy. The investigation discourses in CALL suggest the existence of an area interested in the analysis of practices such as teach, read and write, virtually speak and communicate, which are done through the Internet. However, the predominant discourse about language in the research has been conceived as a cognitive and social phenomenon. The description of the Research Agenda suggested in this dissertation describes the main themes investigated in CALL, the social and discursive practices which are realizable in the cyberspace and examples of researches oriented by different language concepts. / Pesquisas na área de ensino e aprendizagem de línguas mediados por computador têm discutido a necessidade do estabelecimento da agenda de pesquisa nessa área. Devido a isso, algumas pesquisas têm centralizado na análise de relatos de pesquisas para identificar os objetivos dos estudos, as metodologias e os temas de interesse nessa área de investigação com vistas a identificar o estado da arte. Usando a metodologia de pesquisa de síntese, este trabalho descreve a prática de pesquisa em Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) e os discursos que emergem dessa área de investigação com relação ao que os pesquisadores dessa área concebem por linguagem e pelos processos de ensino e aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira. Para tanto, coletei 123 relatos de pesquisa em periódicos internacionais específicos da área e 14 relatos em periódicos brasileiros sobre a temática de ensino de inglês mediado por computador, os quais foram publicados entre os anos de 2005 a 2009. Na análise textual, analisei o conteúdo dos artigos acadêmicos selecionados, a metodologia e os resultados. Em seguida, elaborei entrevistas via correio eletrônico com os autores dos artigos, para confirmar ou refutar dados obtidos na análise textual. A análise textual e contextual está ancorada teoricamente pela Análise de Gêneros e pela Análise Crítica do Discurso, as quais ajudaram a descrever os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos adotados nessa área de investigação. Os resultados sugerem uma área orientada pela investigação de quatro eixos temáticos, os quais são: a linguagem, os participantes, as tecnologias e a pedagogia online. Os discursos de investigação em CALL sugerem a existência de uma área com interesse na análise de práticas tais como ensinar, ler e escrever, falar e se comunicar virtualmente, que são realizadas na Internet. Porém, o discurso predominante sobre linguagem nas pesquisas é como um fenômeno cognitivo e social. A descrição da Agenda de Pesquisa sugerida nesta tese descreve os temas principais investigados na área de CALL, as práticas sociais e discursivas realizáveis no ciberespaço e exemplos de pesquisas orientadas por diferentes concepções de linguagem.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-05T13:35:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 845823 bytes, checksum: f32ffdac6c4ead88c64b88e070441d64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-05T13:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 845823 bytes, checksum: f32ffdac6c4ead88c64b88e070441d64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-02 / The present research aimed to evaluate the Indexing Policy of Journal Articles of the Central Library of Federal University of Paraíba. In order to have a better understanding between theory and practice, the phases of the indexing process were identified as well as the observation concerning indexing policy accomplished by indexers. Taking into account the comparison of the indexing policy guidelines with the subject catalogue, we could detect inconsistencies regarding the construction of the controlled vocabulary. Finally, we verified auxiliary instruments used in the indexing process of journal articles. In this way, it was used the qualitative / quantitative method through the analysis of the subject descriptors referred to the controlled vocabulary built and available in the manual catalogue format for the users´ consultation. A total of, approximately, 27 thousand descriptors were registered from which a sample of 1.350 of them was taken for re-evaluation in the indexing policy. It was used the technique of individual verbal protocol with indexers and both undergraduate and graduate students of the Federal University of Paraíba. Bardin´s content analysis method about verbalizations was used. We categorized some users´ speeches so that we could analyze their content related to the services offered by the Journal Sector. The obtained results were satisfactory considering the current problems. We realized that the phases of the indexing process through documental reading are fulfilled according to Lancaster’s theory as well as other authors´. Descriptors of subjects, in their majority, are in accordance with the standards expected by indexing policy. The inconsistency problem is invariable in an indexing service and it is in permanent search for solutions. The representation instruments of information which aid the indexing service still need to be defined so as to encompass all knowledge areas of the archive of the mentioned journal sector. This research is of great relevance, though there is very little scientific literature about indexing policy of journal articles in information systems in Brazil, specifically in university libraries. / A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a Política de Indexação de Artigos de Periódicos da Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Para uma melhor compreensão entre a teoria e a prática, buscou-se identificar as etapas do processo de indexação como também observar a utilização da política de indexação pelos indexadores. A partir da comparação das diretrizes da política de indexação com o catálogo de assunto pode-se detectar as inconsistências ocorridas na construção do vocabulário controlado. Por fim, verificaram-se os instrumentos auxiliares utilizados no processo de indexação de artigos de periódicos. Desse modo, foi utilizado o método qualitativo/quantitativo através da análise de descritores de assunto do vocabulário controlado construído e disponível no formato de catálogo manual para consulta dos usuários. Foram contabilizados aproximadamente 27 mil descritores dos quais foi retirada uma amostragem de 1.350 para reavaliação diante da política de indexação. Aplicou-se a técnica do protocolo verbal individual com os indexadores e estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Utilizou-se o método de análise de conteúdo, de Bardin, sobre as verbalizações. Categorizaram-se algumas falas dos usuários para que se pudesse analisar o seu conteúdo relacionado com os serviços oferecidos pela Seção de Periódicos. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios diante dos problemas enfrentados. Constatou-se que as etapas do processo de indexação através da leitura documentária são feitas de acordo com a teoria vigente em Lancaster e outros autores. Os descritores de assuntos, em sua grande maioria, estão dentro dos padrões desejados pela política de indexação. O problema de inconsistência é uma constante num serviço de indexação e em permanente busca de soluções. E os instrumentos de representação da informação que auxiliam o serviço de indexação necessitam ainda serem definidos de forma que contemple todas as áreas do conhecimento do acervo da seção de periódicos em questão. Esta pesquisa possui grande relevância, ainda que haja escassa literatura científica sobre política de indexação de artigos de periódicos em sistemas de informação no Brasil, especificamente em bibliotecas universitárias.

This thesis has as its investigation object the writers‟comments about English language teaching and learning beliefs in scientific articles. Our research proposes the following research question: what is the discursive functioning that supports the writers‟ comments about beliefs and what are the sense effects resulting from such functioning? The guiding hypothesis of this work is that although the writers‟ comments intend to identify and / or analyze the informants‟ beliefs, which is indicted is that the writers end up authenticating the beliefs , which, in turn, could point to a possible constitution of these writers in the same beliefs. The overall aim of the thesis is to discuss the discursive aspects that show the functioning of the comments about English language teaching and learning beliefs in articles about beliefs theme. The theoretical concepts underlying our research come from French Discourse Analysis, especially from its second and third season, such as the conception of a parted subject, that is made up heterogeneously; discourse as sense effects and the approach of discourse as event; comment , representation , of interdiscourse; pre-built; enunciative heterogeneities. The corpus of the thesis is constituted of writers‟ comments about English language teaching and learning beliefs in academic and scientific articles. These articles were published in national journals of Language Education/Linguistics area and indexed with Qualis A or B from 2002 to 2013. The informants of the researches in the articles are: English language teachers, students in public Elementary and High schools, and students of Language courses, senior students and non-seniors, some of them were teaching, others not yet. The analysis of the corpus focuses the writers‟ analysis about informants‟ beliefs. This analysis is characterized as a descriptive and interpretive perspective, focusing on aspects such as: a) analysis of linguistic materiality b ) identification of the sense effects that come from the comments c ) discussion of the contradictions, ambiguities and non- coincidences of saying, resulting from discourse heterogeneity. We found that, in some comments, the writers are constituted by the same informants‟ beliefs in the research. In some comments, though, the analysis indicated a discursive functioning that is characterized as a circular discursivization of the beliefs, this discussion seems to revolve around itself and it does not promote displacements. / Esta tese possui como objeto de investigação os comentários de articulistas sobre crenças acerca do ensino e aprendizagem de língua inglesa em artigos científicos. Nossa investigação propõe a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: qual é o funcionamento discursivo que sustenta os comentários de articulistas sobre crenças e quais os efeitos de sentido que decorrem desse funcionamento? A hipótese norteadora do trabalho é a de que embora os comentários dos articulistas se proponham a identificar e/ou analisar as crenças dos informantes, o que é indiciado é que os articulistas acabam por referendar as crenças, o que, consequentemente, poderia apontar para uma possível constituição desses articulistas pelas mesmas crenças. O objetivo geral da tese é problematizar aspectos discursivos que mostrem o funcionamento dos comentários sobre as crenças acerca do ensino e a aprendizagem de língua inglesa em artigos sobre o tema das crenças. Os conceitos teóricos que embasam nossa investigação são advindos da Análise de Discurso francesa, especialmente de sua segunda e terceira época, tais como, concepção de sujeito cindido, constituído heterogeneamente; de discurso como efeito de sentidos e da abordagem do discurso como acontecimento; de comentário; de representação; de interdiscurso; de pré-construído; de heterogeneidades enunciativas. O corpus da tese é constituído por comentários de articulistas sobre crenças e ensino e aprendizagem de língua inglesa em artigos acadêmico-científicos. Tais artigos foram publicados em periódicos nacionais da área Letras/Linguística e indexados com Qualis A ou B, no período de 2002 a 2013. Os informantes das pesquisas relatadas nos artigos são: professores de língua inglesa; alunos de escolas públicas de Ensino Fundamental e Ensino Médio; e alunos de cursos de Letras, concluintes e não-concluintes, alguns já atuantes na docência, outros ainda não. A análise do corpus consiste na análise daquilo que os articulistas identificaram e analisaram sobre as crenças dos informantes. Essa análise caracterizou-se como descritiva-interpretativa, privilegiando aspectos tais como: a) análise da materialidade linguística; b) identificação dos efeitos de sentido que emergem dos comentários; c) problematização das contradições, equívocos e não-coincidências do dizer, resultantes da heterogeneidade do discurso. Foi possível verificar que, em alguns comentários, os articulistas também se constituem pelas mesmas crenças dos informantes da pesquisa. Em alguns comentários, ainda, a análise apontou um funcionamento discursivo que se caracteriza como uma discursivização circular das crenças, em que a discussão parece girar em torno dela mesma e não promove deslocamentos. / Doutor em Estudos Linguísticos

The literary part was elaborated on the basis of studies of literary and electronic sources. The practical part was elaborated from the database of Ministry of Agriculture and Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information. There are about 236 ecofarms involved in the region of South Bohemia. In terms of practical part were set questions, which were mainly focused on the field of production and distribution of meat and fat products, milk and dairy products, fruits and cereals and potatoes in the bioquality. These questions were destined for 35 chosen ecofarms and 14 ecoproducers in the South Bohemia. Respondents were interviewed via telephone or via email.

O presente trabalho constitui-se de quatro partes principais, cada uma dedicada a um tópico. Na introdução serão ditos quais problemas foram levantados para estudo, de que forma eles serão abordados e quais objetivos se pretendem atingir. No capítulo I, será feita uma breve revisão da literatura que aborda aspectos históricos importantes para compreender o contexto de produção deste estudo. O segundo capítulo será dedicado à exposição da teoria escolhida para o trabalho. O próximo capítulo tece alguns comentários a respeito do tratamento dado ao material que engendrou a pesquisa. O quarto capítulo envolve a aplicação direta da teoria exposta anteriormente. Esta dissertação aplica a teoria linguística conhecida como Análise do Discurso (AD) de linha francesa para análise de artigos recolhidos no jornal O Estado de S. Paulo entre os anos de 1942 e 1948, período escolhido por ser historicamente delimitado pela Shoah e pela declaração de independência do Estado de Israel. / The present work is constituted of four main parts, each one dedicated to a topic. In the introduction, it will be told which problems were rose to the study, how they shall be approached and which objectives are expected to be reached. On chapter I, it will be done a brief review of the literature that approaches important historic aspects to comprehend the context of this works production. The next chapter makes some comments regarding the treatment given to the matter that engendered the research. The fourth chapter envolves the direct application of the theory previously exposed. This dissertation applies the linguistic theory known as Discourse Analysis (DA) from the french branch in order to analyse articles taken from the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo between the years of 1942 and 1948, a stage chosen for being delimited by the Shoah and the declaration of independence from the State of Israel.

The present study examines power relations, textual genre and attitudes to the matching process in the labor market in the employment office’s opinion articles in the period 2009–2014.      The power relations that emerge in the debate articles between employers, job seekers and private employment constitute the study's main question. The theoretical starting points are taken from Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (1992, 2001, and 2010), where the discursive practice consists of the employment office’s production of opinion articles during a recession. The social practice consists of the laws and regulations that make its actions to reduce unemployment in the society. The method is derived from Halliday’s (1994, 2002) systemic functional linguistics. The analysis is based on the theory of his three metafunctions, with the analysis performed on interpersonal, ideational and textual levels.      The result shows that the employment office has a clear agenda that it wants to convey to the receivers of the polemical articles. The employment office seeks legitimacy for its work by explaining reasons for the lack of results. The employment officealso makes replicas of critical debate by leading politicians and commentators, where they defend their current practices. The polemical articles also describe how unemployment can be reduced in the community if employers and job seekers follow their instructions. The employment office operates their own agenda to the causes of unemployment that they want to convey through its debate articles. / Föreliggande studie undersöker maktrelationer, textuell genre och attityder till matchningsprocessen på arbetsmarknaden i Arbetsförmedlingens publicerade debattartiklar under perioden 2009–2014. De maktförhållanden som framkommer i debattartiklarna mellan arbetsgivare, arbetssökande och privata arbetsförmedlare utgör studiens huvudsakliga fråga.      Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter är hämtade från Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys (1992, 2001, 2010), där den diskursiva praktiken består av Arbetsförmedlingens produktion av debattartiklar under en pågående lågkonjunktur. Den sociala praktiken utgörs av de lagar och författningar som utgör statens åtgärder för att minska arbetslösheten i samhället. Metoden är hämtad från Hallidays (1994, 2002) systemisk-funktionella lingvistik. Analysen bygger på teorins 3 metafunktioner, där analysen görs på interpersonell, ideationell och textuell nivå.      Resultatet visar att Arbetsförmedlingen har en tydlig agenda som de vill förmedla till debattartiklarnas mottagare. De söker legitimitet för sitt arbetssätt genom att förklara orsaker till de bristande resultaten. De gör även repliker på kritiska debattinlägg från ledande politiker och debattörer, där de försvarar sitt nuvarande arbetssätt. Debattartiklarna redogör också för hur arbetslösheten kan minska i samhället om arbetsgivare och arbetssökande följer deras instruktioner. Arbetsförmedlingen driver en egen agenda till orsakerna bakom arbetslösheten som de vill förmedla genom sina debattartiklar.

The master thesis "Comparison of the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and in Austria" deals with the main characteristics and the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and in Austria. The goal of this thesis is to compare the process of establishment in a clear way to enable the reader to understand the similarities and differences between the process of establishment in the Czech Republic and in Austria. The thesis is divided into thematic units to be synoptic, the development of legal regulation of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and in Austria is shortly described in the first one. The following chapters focus separately on the process of establishment in the Czech Republic and in Austria and the last chapter compares both legislations.

Les médias et les réseaux sociaux constituent une source importante de diffusion et de communication des résultats de la recherche clinique. Le terme « spin » est utilisé lorsque la présentation et l’interprétation des résultats d’une étude sont déformées par les auteurs que ce soit intentionnellement ou involontairement. Les spins exagèrent les effets bénéfiques des interventions et sous-estiment les effets indésirables. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail étaient :1) d’évaluer la prévalence des « spins » dans les articles de presse, d’identifier les différentes stratégies de spin et de développer une classification de spin ; 2) d’identifier les facteurs associés à une diffusion des résultats via les réseaux sociaux et 3) d’étudier comment les articles scientifiques rapportés avec des spins diffusent via les réseaux sociaux, à partir de l’exemple de l’essai DAPT 2014. Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé une revue systématique des articles de presse décrivant les résultats d’études évaluant une intervention et indexés dans la rubrique santé de Google. Nous avons développé une classification des stratégies de spin pour les articles de presse et montré que la prévalence des spins est élevée. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte d’articles évaluant les traitements contre le cancer pour identifier les facteurs associés à une attention médiatique élevée. Le critère de jugement principal était l’attention portée par les médias et les réseaux sociaux mesuré par le « score Altmetric ». Nos résultats ont montré l’importance de l’accès libre et des communiqués de presse. Enfin, nous avons effectué une analyse systématique de l’attention portée par les médias et les réseaux sociaux autour de l'étude DAPT qui était rapporté avec des spins sous estimant les effets indésirable de l’intervention. Nous avons montré que l’interprétation des résultats par les auteurs sont rarement contredits. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence l’importance des spins dans les médias et de développer des outils (classification de spin) pour améliorer la diffusion des résultats de la recherche. / Mass media and social networks are important sources of disseminating and communicating clinical research. The term “spin” is used when the presentation and interpretation of the results of a study is distorted by the authors intentionally or unintentionally. Spins exaggerate the beneficial effects of interventions and underestimate adverse effects. The main objectives of this PhD were (I) to assess the prevalence of spin in health news, as well as identify and classify different strategies of spin; (II) to identify factors associated with dissemination of research results through online media, and (III) to explore how results of a trial reported with spin were disseminated to the scientific community and online media, using the 2014 DAPT trial as a case study. For the first aim, we performed a cross-sectional study of health news and described the distortion of research results of studies evaluating an intervention in Google health news. We developed a classification of spin for health news and showed a high prevalence of spin. For the second aim, we performed a cohort study of articles evaluating cancer treatments and identify factors associated with high online media attention. The primary outcome was the attention received by media and social networks measured by Altmetric score. Our results highlighted the importance of open access and press releases. Finally, we performed a systematic review of attention received by media and social networks surrounding the DAPT study which were reported with spin and undermine the adverse effects of the treatment. We showed that the interpretation of results by authors was rarely criticized. These results highlighted the importance of spin in mass media and provided a tool (classification of spin) to improve the dissemination of research results.