Writing research articles in English is a common requirement in doctoral studies in the natural sciences; however, learning to write the research article genre is challenging, particularly in a foreign language (L2). A potential resource for learning the RA genre is giving and receiving peer review. L2 writers at the undergraduate level have been found to benefit from PR, but less  is known about the learning of L2 writers at the graduate level who are writing for specialized discourse communities. The aim of this dissertation is to describe how a group of L2 doctoral students in the natural sciences used online peer review in a research writing course. Inductive analysis was used to categorize the kinds of review comments that 11 course participants gave and received. In another study, three students’ revised texts were analyzed in detail to see how they used peer comments. To explore  students’ perceptions of using the PR activity, pre and post course interviews were inductively analyzed.  Findings were interpreted using Vygotskian constructs of learning in order to see where mediation likely occurs.  The combined studies suggest that reviewers adopted roles that influenced what they noticed, analyzed and languaged. As a group, they focused on the lexical and syntactic precision of peers’ texts, as well as the organization, cohesion, voice, stance and research knowledge. Writers used the intent of the review comments approximately 40 percent of the time, but this usage reflected only a small portion of the writers’ revision activities that occurred in response to review.  Other activities included composing, re-writing, investigating, interviewing outsiders, and re-ordering the texts.  Writers found precision and organizational comments most useful. Findings from these combined studies indicate that peer review can be a potentially powerful tool for doctoral students to familiarize themselves with discipline-specific research articles.

Uppror och upprorsrörelser har förekommit långt tillbaka i historien. Redan romarna hade problem med upproriska rebellgrupper som vägrade inordna sig Roms lagar. Militärteoretiker har ägnat lång tid åt att försöka analysera bästa möjliga lösning på upproret. Dagens teorier kring uppror är starkt präglade av nuvarande konflikter i Irak och Afghanistan. David Kilcullens teorier utgår från dessa samlade erfarenheter och utgör idag förlaga till en rad nationers strategier för upprorsbekämpning. Risken är att dessa strategier är ett resultat av erfarenheter dragna här och nu.  Syftet med denna studie har varit att pröva i vilken utsträckning Kilcullens teorier är utan orsakssamband och tidlösa då teorierna fått ligga till grund för nationers strategiutveckling avseende upprorsbekämpning. Detta har gjorts genom att Kilcullens teorier prövats mot Gustav Vasas agerande under Dackefejden.  Resultatet av studien visar på stora skillnader när det gäller våldsanvändning. Det går inte att belägga att Kilcullens teorier skulle vara tillämpbara vid en upprorsbekämpning i en historisk konfliktmiljö som präglas av hög grad av strukturerat våld. Studien påvisar dock att Vasa vid flera tillfällen agerade med ickevåldsmetoder som till del går att återfinna i Kilcullens teorier.  Sammantaget påvisar studien resultat som pekar på att Kilcullens teorier besitter ett antal orsakssamband och inte kan anses som tidlös. / Uprising and insurgency has always been present during history. Military theorists have been studying various uprisings during history in order to develop solutions how to counter uprisings and insurgency. Current theories involving counter-insurgency are in some way influenced by on-going conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. With the possibility of being type casted, the theories of David Kilcullen is based on US experiences from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom and form the basic foundation of numerous national strategies when it comes to counter-insurgency and policy-making.  The purpose of this study is to assess in what way Kilcullen´s theories are without causality and in what way they are timeless as the theory form the basis of several nations modern counter-insurgency strategies. The study has been done by appliqueing Kilcullen´s theories on the actions taken by Gustav Vasa during the Dacke War.  The result shows great deviation when it comes to the amount of violence being used.  It is not possible to confirm Kilcullen´s theories being applicable studying a historical uprising characterised by great violence. The study does on the other hand show acts of non-violent actions taken by Gustav Vasa that correlates with the theories of David Kilcullen.  As a result the study shows evidence of causality and the theories seemingly being a result of the present situation. Therefore the Kilcullen theories can not be seen as timeless.

The topic of the thesis "Formation, Incorporation and Invalidity of the Business Company" has been chosen by the author due to its permanent topicality. The goal is to analyse process of formation and incorporation of business companies according to the Czech legislation. The incorporation of new juridical person consists of two-stage process of establishment. This thesis is primarily based on the analysis of definitions of laws, expert publications and on examples of judicial decisions. It shows risk of insufficient or incorrect formulation in the Articles of Association. With the detection of serious drawbacks in founding legal action, the existing company is threatened with resolution of its invalidity. The thesis is divided into seven parts including introduction and conclusion. The second chapter, most comprehensive, deals with the essentials of form and content of Articles of Association. The part dealing with content essentials is furthermore divided into five subchapters depending on figures, which the Articles of Association must contain so that a company can be properly incorporated. The third chapter describes a process how to get an entrepreneurship authorization aimed on Trade Certificate. The fourth chapter analyses the form of power of attorney, which is required when an associate is...

THESIS SUMMARY: ARTICLES OF APARTMENT OWNERS ASSOCIATION The thesis deals with the regulation of apartment owners associations in the Czech Republic, in particular, with the articles of association of such legal entity. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the Czech statutory regulation (especially The Act on Ownership of Apartments No. 72/1994 of Collection of Laws, and The Government Order No. 371/2004 Coll.) of the apartment owners association in general. There has been provided a short survey of the historical evolution of the ownership of apartments in the world as well as in the Czech Republic and a short depiction of the approaches on apartment ownership models - Anglo-Saxon-French and German Models. Greater attention in the first part is given then to the legal entity of apartment owners association. It examines the foundation and dismissal of the association, its legal capacity (and limits given by law), the membership in such association, and its bodies - assembly, statutory body, and other optional bodies. The second part is devoted to the articles. It is always necessary to examine the articles in light of the current legislation, which greatly affects the content of the articles. In the beginning of the second part, short characteristics of the articles is given,...

This essay deals with how the school is portrayed in the media. Selected articles are reviewed and divided in order to determine how the school is described in the media.Research shows that we to a large extent believe in the world we see in the media. How the articles describes the school means that it is reasonable to assume that we look at the school from this perspective. The study focuses on determining how the school is portrayed by examining different aspects.The survey shows that 49 percent of all articles have a negative angle. It also appears that the most commonly used categories are teachers and pupils. The patterns discovered were that equality was an important debate in school in 2016. It also appears that there are very few private writers but what is published is controlled by journalists.

Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur svenska kvällstidningar porträtterar manliga och kvinnliga våldsbrottsförövare. Vidare syftade studien till att undersöka mönster kring de svenska kvällstidningarnas språkbruk som appliceras när kvinnliga respektive manliga våldsbrottsförövare beskrivs. Data samlades in genom en strukturerad granskning av 114 nyhetsartiklar i Sveriges två största kvällstidningar. Därefter analyserades data genom en kvalitativ tematisk analys. Resultatet av studien visade att de svenska kvällstidningarna porträtterar kvinnliga och manliga våldsbrottsförövare på olika vis. Kvällstidningarna var mer benägna att använda ett mildare språkbruk och positivare begrepp när man beskrev kvinnliga förövare än när manliga förövare porträtterades. Slutsatserna av denna studie var att kvällstidningarna bidrar till att upprätthålla de könsnormer som råder i samhället, där män beskrivs som starka och försörjande medan kvinnor beskrivs som utsatta och omhändertagande, även när man beskriver personer som begått grova brott. Diskussionen förs kring vad dessa skillnader kan innebära ur ett kriminologiskt sammanhang. Bland annat angående hur kvällstidningar kan påverka samhällets uppfattningar om kvinnliga respektive manliga våldsbrottsförövare och vad denna porträttering kan medföra för konsekvenser i en kriminalpolitisk kontext / The purpose of this study is to highlight how the Swedish newspapers portray male and female violence offenders and to investigate the language used when describing and writing about male and female violence offenders. Data was gathered through a structured investigation of 114 articles from two of the biggest newspapers in Sweden. The method used was a qualitative theme analysis. The result of this study shows that Swedish newspapers portray male and female violence offenders differently. The Swedish newspapers were more likely to use a softer and more positive tone when describing female offenders compared to when describing male offenders. The conclusion of this study is that Swedish newspapers are entertaining the gender norms set by society, where men are commonly described as strong breadwinners and women described in terms of being vulnerable and caring, even when describing violence offenders. The discussion in this study revolves around the impact these differences can have from a criminology perspective. The study also discusses the potential impact and effect the newspapers can have on society’s understanding of female and male violence offenders

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar artigos relacionados a sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) em periódicos internacionais em um período de dez anos (2006-2015), evidenciando os principais autores, fontes/periódicos, palavras-chave, temas correlatos, países e universidades. Os SIGs atendem a um grande leque de finalidades cartográficas e espaciais, tendo uma série de aplicações em ciências humanas, exatas, e biológicas; sendo necessário assim, o entendimento do seu contexto científico em contexto internacional. A bibliometria foi utilizada como ferramental para a análise quantitativa e qualitativa deste cenário: com base em dados do Web of Science Core Colletion, e através de procedimentos bibliométricos, foi possível representar e compreender os principais elementos da ciência em/sobre SIG do período. Constatou-se a importância do SIG para a geografia: os principais autores ou são geógrafos, ou possuem pós-graduações em geografia, ou trabalham em departamentos de geografia; entretanto, apesar da maior parte das publicações pertencerem à esta área, os principais periódicos são multisciplinares, envolvendo temas e palavras-chave relacionados à análise espacial. No âmbito territorial, Estados Unidos, China e Europa Ocidental lideram as pesquisas globais em/sobre SIG; sendo o Brasil relevante no cenário sulamericano, porém periférico no cenário global. Evidenciou-se, no geral, uma significante desigualdade na produção científica para parâmetros pesquisados: embora haja uma grande quantidade de publicações, o estado-da-arte da informação geográfica corresponde à apenas uma pequena elite de autores, periódicos, e instituições; ocorrendo também, uma concentração de temas correlatos e palavras-chave. / This research aims to analyze articles related to geographic information systems (GIS) in international journals in a period of ten years (2006-2015), showing the main authors, sources / journals, keywords, related topics, countries and universities . The SIGs meet a wide range of cartographic and space purposes and a number of applications in the humanities, exact and biological; therefore necessary, the understanding of its scientific context in the international context. Bibliometry was used as a tool for quantitative and qualitative analysis of this scenario: based on the Web of Science Core Colletion data, and through bibliometric procedures, it was possible to represent and understand the main elements of science in / on GIS period. It was noted the importance of GIS to geography: the main authors or are geographers, or have postgraduate degrees in geography, or work in geography department; however, despite the majority of publications belong to this area, the main journals are multisciplinares involving topics and keywords related to spatial analysis. At territorial level, the United States, China and Western Europe leading the global research in / on GIS; and the relevant Brazil in the South American scene, but peripheral in the global scenario. Is evidenced in general, a significant inequality in scientific production surveyed parameters: although there is a lot of a publication, state-of-the-art geographic information corresponds to only small elite of authors, journals, and institutions; occurring also a concentration of related topics and keywords.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-11T20:56:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Sammy A Pereira.pdf: 1206431 bytes, checksum: 992cb235608c3b53eecfb908ecf666a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:38:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Sammy A Pereira.pdf: 1206431 bytes, checksum: 992cb235608c3b53eecfb908ecf666a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:39:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Sammy A Pereira.pdf: 1206431 bytes, checksum: 992cb235608c3b53eecfb908ecf666a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-15T18:39:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Sammy A Pereira.pdf: 1206431 bytes, checksum: 992cb235608c3b53eecfb908ecf666a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-09 / Não Informada / The scientific and technological forecasting is a tool that adds value to information that is scattered on the various themes of knowledge, and foster in quantity, quality and timely decision making, be it of a researcher or a businessman. With results, areas of knowledge and bottlenecks in their development are identified.Thus, it was observed that gender Jatropha L. despite the identification of its potential uses, many of its species are shown with few morphological studies on their basic units, which are invaluable in identifying the species and research development. To identify this bottleneck, the first chapter was performed a prospective study of the genus Jatropha L. focusing on biotechnology as an aggregating agent in agriculture. Data collection was performed on the basis of the Web of Science and Derwent Innovation Index. The recovered data were processed in Vantage Point program, and then analyzed. It was found that the number of scientific publications on gender exceeds the number of patent applications. Brazil has low number of publications and only one patent document. The institution that stood out with a significant number was the Indian Institute of Technology, located in India. Through the words of the authors and key codes are listed in the International Patent Classification can observe the focus of research and products are the oil transformation and improvement of the species Jatropha curcas. In the second chapter, there was a scientific and technological mapping on two species of the genus, are they, J. gossypiifolia and J. podagrica and thus understand the advances of knowledge on these species. The results showed that the number of publications on J. gossypiifolia overcomes J. podagrica. The main journals used for publication were Journal of Ethnopharmacology and Planta Medica. Countries that have excelled in volume publication on J. gossypiifolia were India, Brazil and Australia; and patent priority countries Japan and India. To J. podagrica, the countries with the highest number of publications were Nigeria, India and the United States; and as the priority countries the United States, China, Japan and Denmark. Brazil ranks 4th in rank with respect to J. podagrica. The research related to these countries, including Brazil, show results on its medicinal use, proof testing, synthesis and extraction of substances. With respect to research institutions, the Federal University of Maranhão stood out as the largest center for generating knowledge about J. gossyppifolia. The species J. podagrica own reference publications, the University of Ife and University of Ibadan (Nigeria). Brazil is coming up, the effort of the Federal University of Lavras, with three published articles. The main codes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) for Jatropha gossypiifolia are focused on preparations for medical purposes, dental or hygiene, specific therapeutic activity of chemical compounds or medicinal preparations; and specific use of cosmetics or similar preparations for personal hygiene. For Jatropha podagrica patents are for new plants or processes for obtaining them; breeding plants by tissue culture techniques; horticulture; cultivation of vegetables, flowers, rice, fruit, vines, hops or algae; forestry; irrigation. In the third chapter, the study was conducted on seed morphology, germination and seedling J.gossypiifolia and J. podagrica. It was found by analysis that the seeds have a certain distinctions may be different, and some features, such as oblong shape in J. gossypiifolia and elliptical in J. podagrica and its dimensions, length and weight. The species still show variation in the form of leaves and number of eophylls. The presence of epicotyl with tricomatosas stipules to the fullest extent to J. gossypiifolia and epicotyl glabrous with presence of stipules tricomatosas the petiole base for J. podagrica was another characteristic for distinguishing species under study. / A prospecção científica e tecnológica é uma ferramenta que agrega valor a informação que se encontra dispersa sobre os mais diferentes temas do conhecimento, permitindo fomentar em quantidade, qualidade e tempo adequado à tomada de decisão, seja ela de um pesquisador ou de um empresário. Com os resultados são identificadas áreas do conhecimento que apresentam gargalos para o seu desenvolvimento. Assim, foi observado que o gênero Jatropha L. apesar da identificação de seus potenciais usos, muitas de suas espécies mostram-se com poucos estudos morfológicos sobre suas unidades básicas, que são imprescindíveis para a identificação da espécie e desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Para identificar esse gargalo, no primeiro capítulo foi realizado o estudo prospectivo do gênero Jatropha L. com foco em biotecnologia como agente agregador na agricultura. A coleta de dados foi realizada nas bases da Web of Science e Derwent Innovation Index. Os dados recuperados foram tratados no programa Vantage Point e em seguida analisados. Foi constatado que o número de publicações científicas sobre o gênero supera o número de depósitos de patentes. O Brasil possui número baixo de publicações e apenas um documento de patente. A instituição que se destacou com um número significativo foi o Indian Institute of Technology, localizado na Índia. Através das palavras-chave dos autores e dos códigos listados na Classificação Internacional de Patentes pode-se observar o foco das pesquisas e produtos que são os processos de transformação do óleo e melhoramento da espécie Jatropha curcas. No segundo capítulo, foi realizado um mapeamento científico e tecnológico sobre duas espécies do gênero, são elas, J. gossypiifolia e J. podagrica e, assim entender os avanços do conhecimento sobre estas espécies. Os resultados mostraram que o número de publicações sobre J. gossypiifolia supera o de J. podagrica. Os principais periódicos utilizados para publicação foram Journal of Ethnopharmacology e Planta Medica. Os países que se destacaram em volume de publicação sobre J. gossypiifolia foram a Índia, Brasil e Austrália; e, os países de prioridade de patentes o Japão e a Índia. Para J. podagrica, os países de maior número de publicações foram a Nigéria, Índia e Estados Unidos; e como os países de prioridade os Estados Unidos, China, Japão e Dinamarca. O Brasil ocupa o 4º lugar no ranque no que se refere a J. podagrica. As pesquisas relacionadas a estes países, inclusive o Brasil, apontam resultados sobre seu uso medicinal, testes de comprovação, síntese e extração de substâncias. No que tange a instituições de pesquisa, a Universidade Federal do Maranhão se destacou como o maior centro de geração de conhecimento sobre J. gossyppifolia. A espécie J. podagrica possui como referência em publicações, a University of Ife e University of Ibadan (Nigéria). O Brasil desponta, pelo esforço da Universidade Federal de Lavras, com três artigos publicados. Os principais códigos da Classificação Internacional de Patentes (CIP) para Jatropha gossypiifolia estão focadas nas preparações para finalidades médicas, odontológicas ou higiênicas, atividade terapêutica específica de compostos químicos ou preparações medicinais; e, uso específico de cosméticos ou preparações similares para higiene pessoal. Para Jatropha podagrica as patentes são relativas a novas plantas ou processos para obtenção das mesmas; reprodução de plantas por meio de técnicas de cultura de tecidos; horticultura; cultivo de vegetais, flores, arroz, frutas, vinhas, lúpulos ou algas; silvicultura; irrigação. No terceiro capítulo, foi realizado o estudo sobre a morfologia da semente, germinação e plântula de J. gossypiifolia e J. podagrica. Foi observado pelas análises que as sementes apresentam algumas distinções e podem ser diferenciadas por algumas características, como a forma oblonga em J. gossypiifolia e elíptica em J. podagrica e pelas suas dimensões, comprimento e peso. As espécies apresentam ainda variação quanto a forma das folhas e número de eofilos. A presença de epicótilo com estípulas tricomatosas em toda a extensão para J. gossypiifolia e epicótilo glabro com presença de estípulas tricomatosas na base do pecíolo para J. podagrica foi outra característica para distinção das espécies em estudo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lais Quinquio Benega.pdf: 572273 bytes, checksum: cb4463af4efd6d0ce59723b0e06b6517 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / This study aims to verify the usage of referential strategies, focusing on the labeling strategy and how it works organizing opinion articles. As there is space, in this type of text, for the author to express his or her opinion or review, there is opportunity to analyze the performance of labeling as a reference and argumentative cohesion strategy. For that, the study is based on the Functionalist theory, which sees in language usage the aim of developing effective communication between speakers, taking into account the production situation, as well as the social determinants related to the production context. We tried to observe similarities and differences between the sample texts, as well as the most significant lexical choices in the context. The analysis started from the search for referential noun phrases on texts, emphasizing the phrases with a lexical core and the possible evaluative meaning present in this core. It was found that there is a large use of labeling on the chosen texts, mainly in paragraph beginnings, working as a negative evaluation term to resume situations narrated in earlier portions of the text. It was also noticed that the texts showed labeling occurrences with evaluative meaning even in the title, and this use may activate certain semantic fields converging with the proposed argument to be developed in the text. There is a difference in the use of evaluative terms in journalists‟ texts and the ones written by a professional from another area, since in these ones we can observe the choice for evaluative predications terms and labeling. This usage contributes to the conduction of the argumentation, not only to reinforce the author's position, but also to require the reader to rebuild the referent to which the label refers to. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o uso de estratégias referenciais, especialmente a rotulação, na estruturação de artigos de opinião. Por haver espaço, nesse tipo de texto, para expressão da opinião e de avaliações do autor, analisa-se a atuação da rotulação como estratégia referencial e de coesão argumentativa. Para tanto, o estudo baseia-se na teoria Funcionalista, que vê no uso da língua o objetivo de estabelecer uma comunicação efetiva entre os participantes, segundo a situação de uso, consideradas as determinações sociais ligadas ao contexto de produção. Procurou-se observar semelhanças e diferenças entre os textos da amostra, além das escolhas lexicais mais significativas no contexto. A análise partiu do levantamento dos sintagmas referenciais dos textos, com foco nos sintagmas de núcleo lexical e na possível carga avaliativa presente nesse núcleo. Verificou-se que, entre os sintagmas nominais encontrados, prevalecem rotulações em posição de início de parágrafo, que retomam situações narradas em porções anteriores do texto constituindo termo avaliativo de carga negativa. Percebeu-se, ainda, que os textos apresentavam rotulação com carga avaliativa desde o título, e esse uso pode ativar determinados campos semânticos convergentes com a proposta argumentativa a ser desenvolvida no texto. Há distinção no uso de termos avaliativos em textos de jornalistas e de profissional de outra área, visto que nestes se observa carga avaliativa nas escolhas dos termos predicações e das rotulações. Verificou-se que a rotulação realmente contribui para a condução da linha argumentativa do texto, não apenas por reforçar o posicionamento do autor, mas também por exigir do leitor que, a partir do rótulo de carga negativa, reconstrua o referente a que o rótulo se refere.

This thesis discusses rhetorical features of Indonesian research articles (RAs) in three disciplinary areas: Economics, Education and Psychology. These were written by Indonesian speakers and published mainly in university-based scientific journals. The main focus of this thesis is on the examination of the patterns of communicative purposes or ‘Moves’ and their subsequent elements or ‘Steps’ of the introduction sections of these articles. The analyses include the examination of communicative purposes and persuasive values of the texts, linguistic resources used to materialise the communicative purposes and persuasions, and the cultural factors (ie. norms, beliefs and values) and scientific practices and academic writing conventions underlying the specific rhetorical features. ¶ This study found that the macro rhetorical structure of the Indonesian RAs (ie. the Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion or IMRD pattern) is relatively similar to that of the English RAs except that, unlike in English RAs, the conclusion and suggestion section in the Indonesian RAs have a separate section. However, the communicative purposes and persuasions in the introduction sections in the two groups of the RAs (English and Indonesian) are relatively different. Differences are also found in the way that rhetorical works use the linguistic resources to materialise the communicative purposes and persuasions in the introduction sections of the two groups of RAs. Some of the rhetorical differences are because of the differences in the research practices and scientific writing conventions in Indonesian and in English speaking countries, while others are because of cultural differences reflected in the two languages. ¶ The pedagogical implication of this study is that the Indonesian RA genre needs to be explicitly taught to Indonesian students, particularly university students in order to give them more access to the content of Indonesian research, and to develop skills needed by Indonesian researchers and research writers. For this purpose, an appropriate approach needs to be developed; that is to teach the generic features of Indonesian RAs such as those in social sciences written in Bahasa Indonesia or Indonesian.