Este trabalhou tomou como ponto de partida a presença, no meio artístico brasileiro, entre 2000 e 2015, dos assim chamados coletivos de artistas. Ele procurou circunscrever histórica e conceitualmente as \"práticas artísticas colaborativas\" e as \"estratégias de visibilidade\" desenvolvidas por esses agrupamentos de artistas \"emergentes\" - no contexto de seu envolvimento, entre 1999 e 2001, com os movimentos altermundialistas e antiglobalização, e, a partir de 2003, com movimentos sociais de luta por moradia - alinhando-se, ao menos discursivamente, com a perspectiva dos \"de baixo\". De outro lado, o trabalho também identificou o desenvolvimento simultâneo, \"pelo alto\", de um complexo de procedimentos curatoriais pautados por novos modos de apresentação (displays) de objetos artísticos em exposições de \"arte contemporânea\". Por meio dos novos procedimentos curatoriais, tanto a 27ª Bienal de São Paulo (2006) quanto as mostras de \"arte contemporânea\" do Museu de Arte do Rio (2013-2015) foram capazes de absorver e canalizar, em seus discursos, parte das demandas \"subalternas\" associadas à produção dos coletivos. Para refletir criticamente sobre esse complexo de fenômenos do campo artístico, a pesquisa procurou articular uma discussão atualizada em torno dos conceitos gramscianos de \"hegemonia\" e de \"revolução passiva\". Tais conceitos, formulados originalmente pelo pensador italiano Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), têm sido reprocessados teoricamente, no debate da sociologia brasileira de extração marxista, para pensar o ciclo dito \"lulista\" do Brasil contemporâneo. Em síntese, uma vez verificada a absorção das práticas \"emergentes\" e \"colaborativas\" pelo circuito artístico local, este trabalho procurou estabelecer e questionar historicamente as contradições e possíveis confluências das \"estratégias de visibilidade\", associadas às demandas dos \"de baixo\", com o desenvolvimento combinado dos novos procedimentos curatoriais, operados \"pelo alto\". / This research was motivated by the raising of the so-called artist collectives in Brazilian art field, particularly between the years 2000 and 2015. The thesis aims to delineate conceptually and historically the \"collaborative artistic practices\" and the \"strategies of visibility\" carried out seemingly \"from below\" by these \"emerging\" groups of artists - engaged mainly with the alter-mundialization and anti-globalization movements between 1999 and 2001, and, since 2003, with social struggles for housing. Furthermore, this survey also realized the simultaneous development of a complex of curatorial proceedings \"from the top\", based on new modes of display artistic objects in \"contemporary art\" exhibitions. Through these new curatorial practices, both the 27th Sao Paulo Bienal (2006) and the \"contemporary art\" exhibitions held by the Art Museum of Rio (2013-2015) managed to absorb and convey, in its discourses, part of the \"subaltern\" demands brought forward in the work produced by the artist collectives. In order to critically reflect about this complex of phenomena in the art field, the research articulates a debate operating the Gramscian concepts of \"hegemony\" and \"passive revolution\". These concepts, originally formulated by the Italian thinker Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), had been theoretically reenacted in the Brazilian sociological debate derived from a Marxist background, to think the so-called \"lulist\" cycle in contemporary Brazil. Finally, after verifying the absorption of the \"emergent\" and \"collaborative\" practices by the local art circuit, this research aims to delineate and problematize the contradictions, and possible confluences, between the \"visibility strategies\" coming \"from below\" and the combined development of the new curatorial proceedings \"from the top\".

Esta pesquisa pretende unir forças a outros trabalhos que, sob diferentes abordagens teóricas e empíricas, investigam formas alternativas de organização social e de produção, tomando como objeto os coletivos de trabalhadores-artistas no Brasil e em Portugal, com destaque para os coletivos teatrais. A noção de trabalhador-artista refere-se àqueles que têm consciência da sua condição de trabalhador e atuam estética e politicamente a partir dessa condição. Para compreender os sentidos desse coletivismo, utilizou-se uma estratégia metodológica que integrou a análise de fontes históricas, estatísticas e documentais, realização de um inquérito por questionário, entrevistas, observação participante e o aprofundamento de dois estudos empíricos. O coletivismo é analisado sob a dupla perspectiva das formas de organização coletiva da produção e das dinâmicas de ação coletiva, o que por sua vez se articula com o contexto geral das relações de trabalho e produção no neoliberalismo. A problematização de nossa abordagem situa-se entre o processo de precarização do trabalho, as estratégias de auto-organização e a transformação social emancipatória. / This research intends to join forces with other works that, from different theoretical and empirical approaches, investigate alternative forms of social and production organization, taking as object the collectives of artist-workers in Brazil and Portugal, notably the theater collectives. The notion of artist-worker relates to those who are self-conscious of their condition as workers and act politically and aesthetically from that condition. In order to understand the meanings of this collectivism, the methodological strategy integrated the analysis of historical, statistical and documentary sources, conducting a survey, interviews, participant observation and the deepening of two empirical studies. Collectivism is envisaged under the double perspective of the forms of collective organization of production and the dynamics of collective action, which in turn relates to the general context of work and production relations within neoliberalism. Our issue lies between the process of work precariousness, self-organizing strategies and emancipatory social transformation.

Este trabalhou tomou como ponto de partida a presença, no meio artístico brasileiro, entre 2000 e 2015, dos assim chamados coletivos de artistas. Ele procurou circunscrever histórica e conceitualmente as \"práticas artísticas colaborativas\" e as \"estratégias de visibilidade\" desenvolvidas por esses agrupamentos de artistas \"emergentes\" - no contexto de seu envolvimento, entre 1999 e 2001, com os movimentos altermundialistas e antiglobalização, e, a partir de 2003, com movimentos sociais de luta por moradia - alinhando-se, ao menos discursivamente, com a perspectiva dos \"de baixo\". De outro lado, o trabalho também identificou o desenvolvimento simultâneo, \"pelo alto\", de um complexo de procedimentos curatoriais pautados por novos modos de apresentação (displays) de objetos artísticos em exposições de \"arte contemporânea\". Por meio dos novos procedimentos curatoriais, tanto a 27ª Bienal de São Paulo (2006) quanto as mostras de \"arte contemporânea\" do Museu de Arte do Rio (2013-2015) foram capazes de absorver e canalizar, em seus discursos, parte das demandas \"subalternas\" associadas à produção dos coletivos. Para refletir criticamente sobre esse complexo de fenômenos do campo artístico, a pesquisa procurou articular uma discussão atualizada em torno dos conceitos gramscianos de \"hegemonia\" e de \"revolução passiva\". Tais conceitos, formulados originalmente pelo pensador italiano Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), têm sido reprocessados teoricamente, no debate da sociologia brasileira de extração marxista, para pensar o ciclo dito \"lulista\" do Brasil contemporâneo. Em síntese, uma vez verificada a absorção das práticas \"emergentes\" e \"colaborativas\" pelo circuito artístico local, este trabalho procurou estabelecer e questionar historicamente as contradições e possíveis confluências das \"estratégias de visibilidade\", associadas às demandas dos \"de baixo\", com o desenvolvimento combinado dos novos procedimentos curatoriais, operados \"pelo alto\". / This research was motivated by the raising of the so-called artist collectives in Brazilian art field, particularly between the years 2000 and 2015. The thesis aims to delineate conceptually and historically the \"collaborative artistic practices\" and the \"strategies of visibility\" carried out seemingly \"from below\" by these \"emerging\" groups of artists - engaged mainly with the alter-mundialization and anti-globalization movements between 1999 and 2001, and, since 2003, with social struggles for housing. Furthermore, this survey also realized the simultaneous development of a complex of curatorial proceedings \"from the top\", based on new modes of display artistic objects in \"contemporary art\" exhibitions. Through these new curatorial practices, both the 27th Sao Paulo Bienal (2006) and the \"contemporary art\" exhibitions held by the Art Museum of Rio (2013-2015) managed to absorb and convey, in its discourses, part of the \"subaltern\" demands brought forward in the work produced by the artist collectives. In order to critically reflect about this complex of phenomena in the art field, the research articulates a debate operating the Gramscian concepts of \"hegemony\" and \"passive revolution\". These concepts, originally formulated by the Italian thinker Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), had been theoretically reenacted in the Brazilian sociological debate derived from a Marxist background, to think the so-called \"lulist\" cycle in contemporary Brazil. Finally, after verifying the absorption of the \"emergent\" and \"collaborative\" practices by the local art circuit, this research aims to delineate and problematize the contradictions, and possible confluences, between the \"visibility strategies\" coming \"from below\" and the combined development of the new curatorial proceedings \"from the top\".

Esta pesquisa pretende unir forças a outros trabalhos que, sob diferentes abordagens teóricas e empíricas, investigam formas alternativas de organização social e de produção, tomando como objeto os coletivos de trabalhadores-artistas no Brasil e em Portugal, com destaque para os coletivos teatrais. A noção de trabalhador-artista refere-se àqueles que têm consciência da sua condição de trabalhador e atuam estética e politicamente a partir dessa condição. Para compreender os sentidos desse coletivismo, utilizou-se uma estratégia metodológica que integrou a análise de fontes históricas, estatísticas e documentais, realização de um inquérito por questionário, entrevistas, observação participante e o aprofundamento de dois estudos empíricos. O coletivismo é analisado sob a dupla perspectiva das formas de organização coletiva da produção e das dinâmicas de ação coletiva, o que por sua vez se articula com o contexto geral das relações de trabalho e produção no neoliberalismo. A problematização de nossa abordagem situa-se entre o processo de precarização do trabalho, as estratégias de auto-organização e a transformação social emancipatória. / This research intends to join forces with other works that, from different theoretical and empirical approaches, investigate alternative forms of social and production organization, taking as object the collectives of artist-workers in Brazil and Portugal, notably the theater collectives. The notion of artist-worker relates to those who are self-conscious of their condition as workers and act politically and aesthetically from that condition. In order to understand the meanings of this collectivism, the methodological strategy integrated the analysis of historical, statistical and documentary sources, conducting a survey, interviews, participant observation and the deepening of two empirical studies. Collectivism is envisaged under the double perspective of the forms of collective organization of production and the dynamics of collective action, which in turn relates to the general context of work and production relations within neoliberalism. Our issue lies between the process of work precariousness, self-organizing strategies and emancipatory social transformation.

This thesis examines the work of three Korean contemporary art practitioners: Lee Ufan (b. 1936), Lee Bul (b.1964) and the collective flyingCity (formed 2001). Lee Ufan is a senior Korean sculptor, painter and writer, who, during a long and productive career, has been based in Tokyo and Paris, and is now recognised in Korea, as well as internationally. Both Lee Bul and flyingCity have participated in projects at the Govett-Brewster Gallery for Contemporary Art in New Plymouth, New Zealand. These three art practices demonstrate a trend during the last fifty years from the individual artist working in a studio (Lee Ufan), to the artist moving from city to city making and showing artworks (Lee Bul), to artist collectives, working with community groups in the mode of relational aesthetics (flyingCity).

Ce mémoire de maîtrise se penche sur la place du cinéma analogique à l’ère du « tout-numérique », en particulier dans le domaine du cinéma d’avant-garde. Le premier chapitre se consacre, d’un point de vue historique et théorique, sur «l’air du temps cinématographique», c’est-à-dire, sur le statut de la pellicule dans un contexte où l’on assiste à la disparition du format 35mm, tout aussi bien comme support de diffusion dans les salles de cinéma qu’à l’étape du tournage et de la postproduction. Face à une industrie qui tend à rendre obsolète le travail en pellicule, tout en capitalisant sur l’attrait de celle-ci en la reproduisant par le biais de simulacres numériques, il existe des regroupements de cinéastes qui continuent de défendre l’art cinématographique sur support argentique. Ainsi, le deuxième chapitre relève la pluralité des micros-laboratoires cinématographiques qui offrent des formes de résistance à cette domination du numérique. Nous nous intéresserons également, en amont, aux mouvements des coopératives tels que la Film-Maker’s Cooperative de New York et la London Filmmaker’s Coop afin de comprendre le changement de paradigme qui s’est opéré au sein de l’avant-garde cinématographique entre les années 50 et 70. Les mouvements de coopératives cherchaient avant tout une autonomie créative, tandis que les collectifs contemporains dédiés à la pellicule assurent la pérennité d’une pratique en voie de disparition. Finalement, le troisième chapitre propose une étude de cas sur le collectif de cinéastes montréalais Double Négatif. Ce chapitre relate tout aussi bien l’historique du collectif (fondement du groupe lors de leur passage à l’université Concordia), les spécificités qui émanent de leur filmographie (notamment les multiples collaborations musicales) ainsi que leur dévouement pour la diffusion de films sur support pellicule, depuis bientôt dix ans, au sein de la métropole. À l’image de d’autres regroupements similaires ailleurs sur la planète (Process Reversal, l’Abominable, Filmwerplaats pour ne nommer que ceux-là) le collectif Double Négatif montre des voies à suivre pour assurer que le cinéma sur pellicule puisse se décliner au futur. / This master’s thesis reflects upon the place of analogue cinema in the new digital era of film, particularly within the avant-garde. The first chapter explores from a historical and theoretical point of view the current cinematographic trends, i.e., the status of celluloid in the context of its disappearance, whether it is as a projecting medium or at the production and postproduction stage. Facing an industry which encourages the obsolescence of celluloid (but continues to attempt to reproduce its aesthetic through digital means), there exists filmmaking collectives which continue to defend the use of film in their practice. The second chapter reveals the pluralism of cinematographic micro-laboratories which offer a form of resistance to digital domination. In order to understand the paradigm shift which occured during the 1950s and 1970s within the avant-garde we will also examine the cooperatives movement such as the Film-Maker’s Cooperative in New York and the London Filmmaker’s Coop. The cooperatives movement was above all searching for artistic autonomy, whereas comtemporary collectives dedicated to celluloid tend to ensure the preservation of an endangered practice. The third chapter proposes a case study on the Montreal film-collective Double Negative. This chapter relates the history of the collective (creation of the group during their studies at Concordia University), the specificities of their filmography (particularly their musical collaborations) as well as their devotion to the diffusion and projection of films on celluloid. Like other similar groups (Process Reversal, l’Abominable, Filmwerplaats, to name a few) the Double Negative collective paves the way to ensure the survival of the celluloid medium in cinema.

I sought to find out whether this was a tension between artistic and commercial in the career of visual artists, and if so, how this tension was managed. In attempting to uncover information which could address the research question I undertook in-depth career history interviews with artists which covered their time at art school through to their current practice. The career history method was deliberately chosen in order to address the research question at a tangent as both the literature, and my own personal experience of the field of contemporary visual art, had suggested that the topic of artistic and commercial was a sensitive one. By framing the interviews around the experiences the artists had through the time period of their training and career, I was able to approach the research questions indirectly from the perspective of the artists. Through analysis of the interview transcripts the framework of Bourdieu's capitals arose as one that would capably explain the activities which the artists were undertaken and I used this as a framing device for the empirical chapters in the thesis. In exploring ideas of cultural, social and economic capitals in relation to how artists describe the activities they undertake during their career it became apparent that the broad structures of cultural capital needed further refinement in their application to the careers of visual artists. In the thesis I chose to elaborate further on the concept of artistic capital which has, until now, been unexplored by scholars. I have developed an understanding of artistic capital as a subcategory of cultural capital with particular application to the field of contemporary visual art – with the potential for wider application beyond the thesis. The three capitals of artistic, social and economic proved a capable structure for understanding whether there was a tension between artistic and commercial and how artists managed this. Through this research I have found that artists come to believe, during their early career and training through art school, that there is a tension between artistic and commercial as this is perpetuated by institutions and art world participants through their exclusion or dismissal of commercial aspects of the visual art field. Through their careers they come to realise that this tension is less prevalent than they thought and that they are able to manage these two aspects of artistic and commercial more effectively. However, artists continue to be faced with instances where this tension is imposed upon them by other art world players who perpetuate the belief that there is an inherent, unresolvable tension between artistic and commercial. These individuals attempt to shield artists from this perceived tension later in their careers when artists are already adept at managing the competing priorities of artistic and commercial without the two creating tension.