<p>Three studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of different oat (Avena sativa) forage cultivars (Assiniboia, Bell and Baler) that were newly emerged cultivars as a result of extensive oat growing conditions in western Canada. A total tract digestibility trial using 24 sheep (n=6) in a completely random design was conducted to assess apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, non-structural carbohydrate, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble crude protein (SCP), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) in Assiniboia silage, Bell hay, Baler hay and Rosser (barley- Hordeum vulgare) silage. Rumen in situ degradability characteristics of DM, OM, CP, ADF and NDF were determined on Assiniboia silage, Bell hay, Baler hay and Rosser silage at 96 to 0 h using a Holstein cow fitted with a rumen fistula. A dairy production trial using 8 multiparous Holstein cows at 90±20 DIM averaging 41 kg d-1 milk yield, in a 2 × 3 switch-back design was conducted to compare the production response of the cows fed either 48 percent Assiniboia silage or Rosser silage (DM basis) in total mixed rations with the concentrate portion consisting mainly of rolled barley, canola meal and soy meal.</p> <p>Digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, NPN, NDICP and EE were not different for Assiniboia and Rosser silages. Digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF were similar for Baler hay and Rosser silage. Digestibility of hemicellulose, NSC and ADL were similar for all forages. Sheep voluntary intakes of DM, OM, NDF, ADF and EE, except CP were similar across the forages. Assiniboia silage provided more nutrients to the rumen than the hays due to the higher rumen disappearance and effective degradabilities of DM and CP, and lesser undegradable DM, CP, NDF and ADF (P<0.05). Estimated carbohydrate and protein fractions of Assiniboia and Rosser silages were similar. Assiniboia silage was typically comparable to Rosser silage whereas Baler hay was compatible to Bell hay which in contrast was chemically inferior to Baler hay in NDF and TDN content. An increase (8%, P<0.05) in milk fat percentage was observed in cows fed the Assiniboia diet. Milk protein and lactose percentages, and protein yield were higher (P<0.05) in the cows fed the Rosser diet. However, 3.5% fat corrected milk yields were similar. Milk fatty acids (FA) when Assiniboia diet was fed, showed a remarkable increase (P<0.05) in oleate percentage and yield while the others were not different. The increase in oleate content resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in unsaturated FA to saturated FA ratio. Therefore Assiniboia silage would be useful to increase unsaturated long chain milk fat content. It is concluded that Assiniboia silage could substitute for Rosser silage in dairy rations.</p>

<p>Three studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of different oat (Avena sativa) forage cultivars (Assiniboia, Bell and Baler) that were newly emerged cultivars as a result of extensive oat growing conditions in western Canada. A total tract digestibility trial using 24 sheep (n=6) in a completely random design was conducted to assess apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, non-structural carbohydrate, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble crude protein (SCP), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) in Assiniboia silage, Bell hay, Baler hay and Rosser (barley- Hordeum vulgare) silage. Rumen in situ degradability characteristics of DM, OM, CP, ADF and NDF were determined on Assiniboia silage, Bell hay, Baler hay and Rosser silage at 96 to 0 h using a Holstein cow fitted with a rumen fistula. A dairy production trial using 8 multiparous Holstein cows at 90±20 DIM averaging 41 kg d-1 milk yield, in a 2 × 3 switch-back design was conducted to compare the production response of the cows fed either 48 percent Assiniboia silage or Rosser silage (DM basis) in total mixed rations with the concentrate portion consisting mainly of rolled barley, canola meal and soy meal.</p> <p>Digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, NPN, NDICP and EE were not different for Assiniboia and Rosser silages. Digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF were similar for Baler hay and Rosser silage. Digestibility of hemicellulose, NSC and ADL were similar for all forages. Sheep voluntary intakes of DM, OM, NDF, ADF and EE, except CP were similar across the forages. Assiniboia silage provided more nutrients to the rumen than the hays due to the higher rumen disappearance and effective degradabilities of DM and CP, and lesser undegradable DM, CP, NDF and ADF (P<0.05). Estimated carbohydrate and protein fractions of Assiniboia and Rosser silages were similar. Assiniboia silage was typically comparable to Rosser silage whereas Baler hay was compatible to Bell hay which in contrast was chemically inferior to Baler hay in NDF and TDN content. An increase (8%, P<0.05) in milk fat percentage was observed in cows fed the Assiniboia diet. Milk protein and lactose percentages, and protein yield were higher (P<0.05) in the cows fed the Rosser diet. However, 3.5% fat corrected milk yields were similar. Milk fatty acids (FA) when Assiniboia diet was fed, showed a remarkable increase (P<0.05) in oleate percentage and yield while the others were not different. The increase in oleate content resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in unsaturated FA to saturated FA ratio. Therefore Assiniboia silage would be useful to increase unsaturated long chain milk fat content. It is concluded that Assiniboia silage could substitute for Rosser silage in dairy rations.</p>

Dans la période de l’après-guerre, le gouvernement fédéral canadien ressent une nécessité de retravailler sa relation avec les Premières Nations. La tâche s’avère plus difficile que prévu, puisque le leadership autochtone refuse de coopérer avec le Canada, proposant même l’idée de l’indépendance des Nations autochtones du pays. Le gouvernement refuse donc de travailler avec un leadership si radical. Ainsi naît l’idée de faire la promotion d’un leadership plus coopératif dans les écoles résidentielles, déjà bien implantées au Canada. Cette initiative se concrétisera, avec l’aide des Oblats de Marie immaculée et des Premières Nations manitobaines, et l’école résidentielle Assiniboia High-School ouvrira ses portes en 1958 dans la banlieue cossue de River Heights à Winnipeg. Cette école mobilisera toutes sortes d’activités parascolaires pour apprendre aux étudiants en son sein un leadership coopératif visant à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des Premières Nations dans un Canada uni. Cette étude analyse les moyens mis de l’avant par le gouvernement canadien et les pères oblats à Assiniboia pour inculquer un rôle de meneur aux étudiants doués de l’école résidentielle. L’association étudiante, l’organisation missionnaire de Marie immaculée, des conférences, ainsi que des discours sur le leadership autochtone seront offerts aux étudiants afin qu’ils s’imprègnent de l’idée d’un leadership autochtone coopératif. De plus, le sport d’élite sera l’une des activités les plus productives afin de former de futurs chefs coopératifs. / In the post-war period, the Canadian federal government felt a need to rework its relationship with the First Nations. The task turned out to be more difficult than expected, since the Indigenous leadership refused to cooperate with Canada, even suggesting the idea of independence for the Indigenous nations in the country. The government therefore refused to work with such radical leadership. Thus was born the idea of teaching more cooperative leadership in residential schools, which were already well established in Canada. This initiative came to fruition with the help of the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate and the Manitoba First Nations, and the Assiniboia High-School residential school opened in 1958 in the wealthy suburb of River Heights in Winnipeg. This school mobilized multiple extracurricular activities to teach students cooperative leadership aimed at improving the living conditions of First Nations in a united Canada. This study analyzes the means put forward by the Canadian government and the Oblate Fathers in Assiniboia to instill a leadership role in the gifted students of the residential school. The Student Union, the Missionary Organization of Mary Immaculate, lectures and talks on Indigenous leadership offered to students immersed them in the idea of cooperative Indigenous leadership. In addition, elite sport were one of the most productive activities to train future cooperative leaders.