Brazil was confronted with high inflation while implementing neoliberal economic policies which were imposed as a panacea to the debt crisis during the process of transition to democracy since 1985. In this context, implementation of structural adjustment and stabilization programs further deteriorated its already unequal distribution of income and exposed the poor to devastating effects of the intermittent crises which were in turn the result of macro-economic policies pursued. Conditional cash transfers which were started to be made in 1995 to extremely poor people against the effects of crises by a few local governments were subsequently expanded in terms of its scope and geography. From 2004 onwards, it was begun to be implemented in the whole country under the title of Bolsa Familia, by President Lula, PT (Labor Party) leader who came to power after the 2002 elections. The program had two objectives: 1. Immediate relief of poverty through the transfer of income, 2. To get people out of poverty and to prevent intergenerational transmission of poverty through conditionalities based on education and health services. Positive impacts were observed in relation to the achievement of the first goal / but the outcomes of the studies on the second goal are not promising. So, the aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the second goal is realizable by examining these studies and their outcomes with reference to the causes of poverty / and to determine the relationship between our results and structural limitations of the program.

Brazil was confronted with high inflation while implementing neoliberal economic policies which were imposed as a panacea to the debt crisis during the process of transition to democracy since 1985. In this context, implementation of structural adjustment and stabilization programs further deteriorated its already unequal distribution of income and exposed the poor to devastating effects of the intermittent crises which were in turn the result of macro-economic policies pursued. Conditional cash transfers which were started to be made in 1995 to extremely poor people against the effects of crises by a few local governments were subsequently expanded in terms of its scope and geography. From 2004 onwards, it was begun to be implemented in the whole country under the title of Bolsa Familia, by President Lula, PT (Labor Party) leader who came to power after the 2002 elections. The program had two objectives: 1. Immediate relief of poverty through the transfer of income, 2. To get people out of poverty and to prevent intergenerational transmission of poverty through conditionalities based on education and health services. Positive impacts were observed in relation to the achievement of the first goal / but the outcomes of the studies on the second goal are not promising. So, the aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the second goal is realizable by examining these studies and their outcomes with reference to the causes of poverty / and to determine the relationship between our results and structural limitations of the program.

La pandémie de maladies cardiovasculaires, actuellement en hausse, pose un problème majeur de santé publique. Malgré les progrès remarquables de la médecine au cours des précédentes décennies, les maladies cardiovasculaires constituent à l’heure actuelle la première cause de mortalité et de morbidité dans le monde. Parmi ces maladies, l’insuffisance cardiaque occupe une place assez importante. Les recherches réalisées au cours de ces dernières années ont permis d’établir que de nombreux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire comme l’hypertension artérielle, le diabète, l’hyperlipidémie, l’obésité et le tabagisme s’accompagnent d’une dysfonction endothéliale précoce, caractérisée par la diminution de la biodisponibilité du monoxyde d’azote, et d’une rigidité artérielle. La DE semble être le dénominateur commun aux lésions microvasculaires, résultant d’une augmentation du stress oxydatif et d’une activation des voies de l’inflammation. Les conséquences fonctionnelles de ces lésions sont une altération de la capacité de la vasodilatation en réponse aux stimuli physiologiques, une augmentation de la rigidité artérielle et une ischémie tissulaire relative.Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié l’effet des différents facteurs affectant la fonction endothéliale microvasculaire et la biodisponibilité endothéliale du NO chez le sujet sain et pathologique, à l’aide d’une technique non invasive et reproductible appelée « laser Doppler imaging ».Nous avons dès lors démontré que le jeûne intermittent améliore la fonction endothéliale microvasculaire, produit une augmentation de la biodisponibilité du NO chez des sujets masculins en surcharge pondérale par rapport au groupe contrôle, de même qu’il exerce un effet favorable sur la tension artérielle et les paramètres biologiques.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons examiné les effets des assistances ventriculaires à flux continu centrifuge sur les patients insuffisants cardiaques au stade terminal. Ainsi, nous avons pu montré que ces pompes, n’altèrent pas la dysfonction endothéliale existante chez les patients non assistés, et qu’elles sont respectueuses de la production du vWF, et permettent ainsi de diminuer l’incidence des hémorragies sans pour autant induire de thromboses. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished