O presente estudo analisou aspectos do ciclo de vida e níveis de metais em Atherinella brasiliensis da praia de Itamambuca, Ubatuba (SP). As coletas foram mensais, nos períodos diurno e noturno, de setembro de 2003 a fevereiro de 2005, em quatro estações na praia e uma no rio Itamambuca, utilizando-se picaré. Os indivíduos migram diariamente para dentro do rio no período noturno. O melhor ajuste ao modelo de von Bertalanffy (CT= 164,85*(1-e-2,16(t+0,0038))) e à longevidade (A0,95= 1,378 ano) foi obtido pelo método de Ford-Walford. O índice de performance de crescimento e a mortalidade variaram de 2,77 a 2,91 e 1,64 a 1,82 ano-1, respectivamente. O valor de L50 estimado para sexos agrupados foi 86,6 mm, e os de RGS, DK e a freqüência de desovantes sugerem desova durante todo o ano, com maior intensidade do final da primavera até início do outono. A desova é parcelada, com alta freqüência e em pequenos lotes. Altas concentrações de Cr, Fe e Zn foram detectadas na musculatura, sendo maiores em indivíduos jovens e na alta temporada turística. Pode-se concluir que o peixe-rei passa todo seu ciclo de vida na praia de Itamambuca, apresenta altas taxas de crescimento e mortalidade natural, e desova ao longo de todo o ano. / The present study analyzed the life history and metal levels of Atherinella brasiliensis from Itamambuca beach, Ubatuba (SP). Surveys were conducted monthly, in diurnal and nocturnal periods, between September 2003 and February 2005, in four stations at the beach and one at the Itamambuca river, using beach seine. Individuals showed daily migration into the river at nocturnal period. The better adjustment to von Bertalanffy?s model (Lt = 164.85*(1-e-2.16(t+0.0038))) and to longevity (A0.95= 1.378 year) was obtained through Ford-Walford method. The value of estimated L50 for grouped gender was 86.6 mm, and the GSR, the DK and the spawning frequency suggest spawning during all year around, with higher intensity in late spring until middle autumn. The high frequency of spawning and the low batch fecundity indicate that the species is a batch spawner. High concentrations of Cr, Fe and Zn were detected in musculature, being higher among young individuals, and during tourist high season. In conclusion, the Brazilian silverside spends its life cycle on the Itamambuca beach, shows high growth and natural mortality rates, and spawning throughout the year.

O presente estudo analisou aspectos do ciclo de vida e níveis de metais em Atherinella brasiliensis da praia de Itamambuca, Ubatuba (SP). As coletas foram mensais, nos períodos diurno e noturno, de setembro de 2003 a fevereiro de 2005, em quatro estações na praia e uma no rio Itamambuca, utilizando-se picaré. Os indivíduos migram diariamente para dentro do rio no período noturno. O melhor ajuste ao modelo de von Bertalanffy (CT= 164,85*(1-e-2,16(t+0,0038))) e à longevidade (A0,95= 1,378 ano) foi obtido pelo método de Ford-Walford. O índice de performance de crescimento e a mortalidade variaram de 2,77 a 2,91 e 1,64 a 1,82 ano-1, respectivamente. O valor de L50 estimado para sexos agrupados foi 86,6 mm, e os de RGS, DK e a freqüência de desovantes sugerem desova durante todo o ano, com maior intensidade do final da primavera até início do outono. A desova é parcelada, com alta freqüência e em pequenos lotes. Altas concentrações de Cr, Fe e Zn foram detectadas na musculatura, sendo maiores em indivíduos jovens e na alta temporada turística. Pode-se concluir que o peixe-rei passa todo seu ciclo de vida na praia de Itamambuca, apresenta altas taxas de crescimento e mortalidade natural, e desova ao longo de todo o ano. / The present study analyzed the life history and metal levels of Atherinella brasiliensis from Itamambuca beach, Ubatuba (SP). Surveys were conducted monthly, in diurnal and nocturnal periods, between September 2003 and February 2005, in four stations at the beach and one at the Itamambuca river, using beach seine. Individuals showed daily migration into the river at nocturnal period. The better adjustment to von Bertalanffy?s model (Lt = 164.85*(1-e-2.16(t+0.0038))) and to longevity (A0.95= 1.378 year) was obtained through Ford-Walford method. The value of estimated L50 for grouped gender was 86.6 mm, and the GSR, the DK and the spawning frequency suggest spawning during all year around, with higher intensity in late spring until middle autumn. The high frequency of spawning and the low batch fecundity indicate that the species is a batch spawner. High concentrations of Cr, Fe and Zn were detected in musculature, being higher among young individuals, and during tourist high season. In conclusion, the Brazilian silverside spends its life cycle on the Itamambuca beach, shows high growth and natural mortality rates, and spawning throughout the year.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-10T12:49:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elton Jose de Franca.pdf: 570351 bytes, checksum: 22c2a56d2a6e533728edd19f56fbb5ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T12:49:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elton Jose de Franca.pdf: 570351 bytes, checksum: 22c2a56d2a6e533728edd19f56fbb5ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study presents information about Atherinella brasiliensis larvae from the Jaguaribe river estuary, located in the northern coast of the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Its objective was to characterize the abundance and distribution of larvae, along with a description of their external morphology and morphometric data. Ichthyoplankton samples were taken monthly, from April 2001 to April 2002, through surface towing of a 500μm conical-cylindrical plankton net, at six different sampling stations. Temperature and salinity average values ranged, respectively, from a minimum of 17.44 and 27.26ºC in January and June, to a maximum of 37.73 and 29.90oC in December and April. A total density of 258.04 larvae.10m-3 was recorded throughout the study period, 94.23% of which were in the preflexion stage. Higher larvae densities were recorded in October, January and March, and lower in September. Among stations, higher densities were recorded in the upper reaches of the estuary, which presented low and quiet waters. A. brasiliensis larvae hatch with an average standard length (SL) of 1.4mm. In the preflexion stage, the body is envolved by a finfold, beginning just behind the head, and four dendritic chromatophores are present on top of the head. The flexion stage begins with a SL of 3.8mm, dorsal and anal fins present pterigyophores and the mouth is terminal, but somewhat upward orientated. With 4.7mm SL, the larva is at the end of the flexion stage and beginning of postflexion. In the postflexion stage, an ossification of dorsal and anal fin rays is evident, as well as the pelvic buds and darkening of lateral pigmentation. With approximately 12.0mm SL, all fins are formed, and the second dorsal one is the last to be formed, being located posterior to the anal. The juvenile stage begins at approximately 15mmSL. In this stage, A. brasiliensis present the anal fin located at the body midpoint, and the posterior end of pectorals surpasses the pelvic fin origin, which is located at an equal distance from the pectoral and anal fins’ origins. Scales are clearly visible at the dorso-lateral region, behind the head. The results indicate most of the species life cycle takes place in the estuary, it presents multiple spawning, and initial recruitment occurs in January and March. The morphological features herein described allow the identification of its larvae, together with an adequate differentiation from hemiramphids and other atheriniform species. / O presente trabalho apresenta informações sobre larvas de Atherinella brasiliensis, no estuário do rio Jaguaribe, localizado no litoral norte do estado de Pernambuco. O mesmo teve como objetivo, caracterizar a abundância e distribuição de larvas desta espécie, bem como, caracterizar o seu desenvolvimento inicial, através da descrição de sua morfologia externa e aspectos morfométricos. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de ictioplâncton, no período de abril de 2001 a abril de 2002, através de arrastos horizontais na superfície, com rede de plâncton cônico-cilíndrica, de malha de 500 μm, em seis diferentes estações de amostragem. Os valores médios de salinidade e temperatura registrados foram menores nos meses de janeiro e junho, com 17,44 e 27,26 ºC, e os maiores nos meses de dezembro e abril, com 37,73 e 29,90ºC, respectivamente. Uma densidade total de 258,04 larvas.10m-3 foi registrada para todo o período, sendo 94,23% delas representadas pelo estágio de pré-flexão. As maiores ocorrências de larvas foram registradas nos meses de outubro, janeiro e março, e a menor em setembro. Dentre as estações, as maiores densidades foram registradas na porção superior do estuário, a qual apresentou águas calmas e rasas. Larvas de A. brasiliensis eclodem com comprimento padrão (CP) médio de 1,4mm. No estágio de pré-flexão, a larva apresenta o corpo revestido por membrana embrionária, que se inicia logo atrás da cabeça e a larva apresenta quatro cromatóforos dendríticos sobre a cabeça. O estágio de flexão inicia-se com CP de aproximadamente 3,8mm, as nadadeiras dorsal e anal já evidenciam a presença de pterigióforos e a bocaassume uma posição terminal, sendo esta ligeiramente inclinada para cima. Com CP médio de 4,7mm, a larva encontra-se no estágio final da flexão e início da pós-flexão. No estágio de pós-flexão, apresenta uma maior ossificação dos raios das nadadeiras dorsal e anal, já apresentando também o botão da nadadeira pélvica e um adensamento da pigmentação lateral. Com aproximadamente 12,0mm de CP, a larva apresenta todas as nadadeiras formadas, sendo a primeira nadadeira dorsal a última a passar pelo processo de ossificação, estando localizada em posição posterior à anal. O estágio juvenil tem inicio com CP de aproximadamente 15mm. Nesta fase, A. brasiliensis apresenta a nadadeira anal localizada na porção mediana do corpo e a margem posterior das peitorais ultrapassa a origem das pélvicas, sendo estas últimas localizadas no ponto médio entre as origens das nadadeiras peitoral e anal. Na região dorso-lateral, próximo à cabeça, é possível visualizar escamas. Os resultados indicam que a espécie tem boa parte do seu ciclo de vida ocorrendo no estuário e que a mesma apresenta desova do tipo parcelada. O seu principal período de recrutamento ocorre nos meses de janeiro a março e as características morfológicas aqui descritas permitem uma adequada identificação de suas larvas, bem como sua diferenciação daquelas da família Hemiramphidae e de outras espécies de Atheriniformes.

Over the last 3 decades, freshwater aquaculture has become one of the most important food industries. However the constant introduction of a reduced number of very successful species for aquaculture has been identified as one of the main activities related to the alarming decline of fish biodiversity worldwide. This issue has raised awareness amongst the scientific community, governmental authorities and the general public towards freshwater fish biodiversity. This new awareness has promoted the development of “green” markets and environmentally friendly strategies, aiming for a reliable production of protein sources. The development of native species aquaculture has been presented as a strong alternative for sustainable aquaculture and the protection of biodiversity. However, it seems clear that unplanned native species aquaculture developments can be as detrimental on local biodiversity as the introduction of exotic fish, if not more dangerous. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of native species aquaculture have to be clearly analysed before any aquaculture development. This study aimed to establish a philosophical background regarding the use of native fish species in aquaculture in contrast to the introduction of exotic species that may compete for a similar niche as food in local markets. The main ecological impacts that exotic fish species may have on natives, such as competition, predation, and hybridization were discussed. In addition, a well planned native species Aquaculture Strategy for the Protection of Biodiversity was produced, at catchment level, within a Geographic Information System (GIS). For the development of the native species aquaculture strategy in central Mexico, four species of Atherinids (Chirostoma estor, C. Jordani, C. promelas and Atherinella balsana) and two species of native Ictalurids (Ictalurus balsanus and Ictalurus dugesii) were included in this study. These six species are relatively new to aquaculture and they were selected on the basis of their importance in local fisheries and markets in their native basins of the Lerma-Santiago and Balsas rivers. Both of these basins are of great importance in central Mexico, not only because of their biodiversity but also because of their high human population densities and socio-economic status. The use of Geographic Information Systems was a fundamental factor in the development of the native species aquaculture strategy at catchment level, consisting of site suitability models (SSM) for each species in their corresponding native catchments. Overall, SSM identified 13,916 km2 and 11,178 km2 highly suitable for aquaculture of the studied Atherinids and Ictalurids respectively, based on Water, Soil and Terrain, Infrastructure and Risk sub-models. A set of predictive species distribution models (PSDM), which related ecological characteristics for each studied species with relevant environmental and topographic parameters into a GIS, were also produced. Such models were developed for the establishment of potential natural ranges of distribution for each species, as well as their potential to become exotic in new environments, as a potential for invasion model (PI). Based on a partial verification, both PSDM and PI models produced results that were satisfactorily consistent with the known distribution of each modelled species. The combination of SSM and PSDM produced an Aquaculture Strategy for the Protection of Biodiversity model (ASPB) which identified the most environmentally friendly suitable areas for aquaculture sites. In contrast, the combination of the SSM with PI models into an ASPB model identified the site suitability potential for non-native species that are genetically close to native ones, in an attempt to reduce the known impacts that exotic species have on local biodiversity. In this way the ASPB model identified 7,651 km2 suitable for aquaculture of I. balsanus in its native Balsas basin and 15,633 km¬2 suitable for aquaculture of the non-native I. dugesii. ASPB models were produced for all the studied species. The final results were used to produce a set of guidelines for the development of sustainable aquaculture of native species at catchment level that cover genetic and ecological implications, as well as a well planned decision making tool produced in a GIS.