Långvarig smärta ger försämrad livskvalité och hälsa samt är en vanlig orsak till sjukskrivning. Rehabiliteringsprogrammet MMR 2 leder till förbättrade dagliga aktiviteter, minskad smärta och kortare sjukskrivning. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det fanns samband mellan självskattad måluppfyllelse, delaktighet samt hur det påverkade livskvalité, hos patienter med långvarig smärta efter deltagandet i MMR 2. Underlaget till studien utgick ifrån data om livskvalité från ett nationellt register och från en enkät om måluppfyllelse och delaktighet som samlades in i ett kliniknära projekt. Trettiotvå patienter deltog i undersökningen. Resultaten visade ett samband mellan måluppfyllelse och delaktighet samt statistiskt signifikant skillnad i livskvalité mellan låg och hög måluppfyllelse. Livskvalitén ökade efter MMR 2 vid hög måluppfyllelse och vid både låg respektive hög delaktighet. Vid låg måluppfyllelse förbättrades inte livskvalitén signifikant. Måluppfyllelse tenderar att påverka livskvalité medan delaktighet inte gör det. I framtida studier rekommenderas en analys av bakomliggande faktorer på gruppen låg måluppfyllelse för ökad personcentrering.

El problema del taller de flujo surge hace unos 60 años como una aproximación de la realidad de los procesos industriales de fabricación, más exactamente de la programación de la producción. La programación de la producción se refiere a la ordenación de las tareas productivas pendientes en una industria fabril. A pesar de que han pasado muchos años desde sus comienzos, aun hoy existe una gran diferencia entre los problemas teóricos propuestos y la realidad industrial de las empresas. Una de las diferencias más evidentes es el hecho de que al intentar resolver un problema de programación de la producción casi nunca se tiene en mente un único objetivo. Normalmente se tienen en mente varias cosas a la vez, como por ejemplo, terminar cuanto antes la producción, al mismo tiempo maximizar el uso de recursos y también cumplir con las fechas de entregas. En este contexto han surgido los problemas de taller de flujo multi-objetivo. En los últimos 20 años los problemas de taller de flujo multi-objetivo han tenido un gran empuje, acercado el desarrollo teórico a los problemas reales. En este trabajo de tesis presentaremos un recorrido por algunos de los problemas de taller de flujo multi-objetivo, partiendo desde los más básicos y yendo hacia los más complejos, y al mismo tiempo, los que reflejan mejor la realidad. Este trabajo tiene además otros objetivos. Uno de los problemas que más se ha dejado de lado en la optimización multi-objetivo es la medición y comparación correcta de los resultados. Presentaremos un recorrido por los métodos existentes para la medición de resultados multi-objetivo, señalando los problemas y ventajas de cada uno, con la finalidad de obtener una metodología válida, clara y consistente para la comparación de los resultados de problemas multi-objetivo. Para comenzar el recorrido por el taller de flujo planteamos una tarea que nunca se ha llevado a cabo hasta la fecha: la implementación y comparación experimental de 23 algoritmos multi-objetivo. Alguno de ellos propuestos para el taller de flujo multi-objetivo y otros de carácter general. Esto nos dará un importante punto de partida para conocer las metodologías existentes en la literatura parar resolver problemas multiobjetivo. Como resultado conoceremos metodologías que van desde algoritmos genéticos, pasando por la búsqueda tabú, colonias de hormigas, recocido simulado, etc. Todo este trabajo inicial nos permitirá ver las ventajas y desventajas de cada método propuesto y determinar los puntos fuertes de los mejores para, finalmente, proponer un método de resolución de problemas de taller de flujo general, eficaz y eficiente. El recorrido por distintos problemas de taller de flujo nos permitirá conocer el estado actual de la literatura y acercarnos paso a paso a los problemas que mejor representan la realidad. En cada paso realizaremos un profundo estudio del estado actual de la literatura, comparando los métodos existentes contra un método propuesto por nosotros mismos. En este aspecto partiremos del problema del taller de flujo de permutación multi-objetivo, luego ampliaremos este problema añadiéndole tiempos de cambio dependientes de la secuencia y finalmente estudiaremos el problema del taller de flujo híbrido multi-objetivo. / Minella, GG. (2014). Optimización multi-objetivo para la programación de la producción [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37980

Despite a constant rise in the attainment of Sats results year on year, the perception remains that British primary school children are underachieving and that they are reluctant readers and writers. In order to motivate their students, some teachers use films as a visual stimulus to provide students with ideas and create a personal and emotion connection with the written text. In the school years of 2013/14 I followed 21 primary classes which were taking part in a ‘film literacy’ scheme run by Bradford UNESCO City of Film. This initiative saw the training of teachers in the use of film as a tool in literacy lesson with the hope to raise attainment and motivation. Students and teachers completed questionnaires and interviews which were analysed in conjunction with observations and the students’ literacy grades. The research showed that both students and teachers recorded an increase in motivation. Further, significant progress in attainment also became evident: film literacy students raised their grades by 23.3% beyond the expected year-on-year increase. Improvements in inference, comprehension and vocabulary were especially praised. Students from schools with a low-income environment benefitted in particular. The research discusses six potential reasons for these changes, two of which are based on the belief that film is a particularly suitable medium for teaching as it engages students emotionally. Although the thesis acknowledges that Bradford involved a unique group of schools in the film literacy training and research, it nevertheless argues that film could be useful addition to primary classrooms due to its potential ability to raise standards and engage reluctant young writers.

Decreased educational attainment has been associated with numerous factors such as teenage pregnancy, repeat pregnancy, risky sexual behavior, substance use, depression, and parental distress. Educational attainment was examined among a group of predominantly Mexican American teenage mothers who were considered at high risk to have a repeat pregnancy, contract sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and use substances. Project Success Longitudinal Study is part of a national study funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Participants were recruited from eight traditional high schools in a large South Texas school district, an area with a high rate of teenage pregnancy and substance use. The treatment intervention included a multidimensional curriculum that was implemented in the participants' high schools in addition to home- and school-based case management services. It was hypothesized that participants who received the intervention would be more likely to attain their high school degree or equivalent and that amount of treatment received would be associated with educational attainment. Additionally, it was hypothesized that profiles of participants who attained their high school degree or equivalent would differ in the areas of parental distress, social support, symptoms of depression, and substance use when compared to participants who did not attain their high school degree or equivalent. Results indicated that participants who received the intervention reported increased educational attainment during the first two years of the study. Additionally, all participants experienced positive changes on various psychosocial measures.

In this thesis, return to health is also estimated. We examine the effects of height on hourly wage, monthly earnings, working hours, and education level. Our results show that height has different causal impacts on women and men. Women benefit from height: taller women earn more, work less, and have more leisure time. However, taller men are more likely to land a job and work longer, largely because they are better endowed. Moreover, the positive effect of height on hourly wage for women is larger than that for men. In general, the findings have contributed new evidence to existing literature that estimates the return to health. / This thesis mainly investigates the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Specifically, it estimates the effects of family income and parental education on the health status and educational attainment of the next generation using unique twins data collected from urban China. By using twins strategy, we can largely control for unobservables, which may cause biases in estimations. Our results show that the positive correlations of family income and maternal education with child health are largely due to unobserved endowment and family background. However, family income and paternal education do have a positive effect on child education. Overall, our findings suggest that increasing family income and parental schooling do not help in improving child health. However, to reduce the educational gap of the next generation, redistributing income would prove beneficial. The design of government policies is dependent on the policy targets. / Xiong, Yanyan. / Advisers: Hongbin Li; Junsen Zhang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2176. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of (the qualification as per the PG2 form), Human Resource Management, Durban, University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / This study evaluated the effect of government expenditure on education attainment in South Africa by assessing the effect of the amount spent by government on education from 1980 to 2014 on human capital development. The study is centred around two objectives: (1) to analyse the effect of government expenditure on education attainment; and (2) to investigate the effect of education attainment on human development. Human capital development was measured using Gross Enrolment Ratio for secondary school, supplied by the South African Reserve Bank. Data on government expenditure on human capital was acquired from the Treasury database. The study draws from the human capital theoretical framework in explaining the effect of education expenditure on human capital development. The findings of the study showed that there is a positive relationship between human capital development and government expenditure. These findings showed a strong relationship between government expenditure and gross enrolment ratio at 99 % confidence interval (p< 0,0001). The theory of human capital is thus confirmed with these findings. / M

Published Article / A growing scholarship links good leadership with in-house mentoring. This article looks at how well-performing school leaders benefitted from the inhouse mentoring they received. The author reports on a qualitative investigation based on in-depth individual interviews with six primary school leaders from Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Northwest Provence who were purposefully selected based on their receiving a national award for excellence in leadership. These awards were made by the Department of Basic Education in the category 'Excellence in primary school leadership'. The findings show that in-house mentoring benefitted participants holistically through behavioural, knowledge and skills acquisition. Behavioural acquisition included being humble and empathetic towards constructive work performance. Knowledge and skills acquisition related to sustaining the standard of teaching of core subjects, relying on committee input in a relational leadership approach and ensuring a dedicated teacher corps and positive parent involvement. The findings contribute to the discourse on inhouse mentoring for improved school leadership practice.

The aim of this study was to examine associations between biases in decision-making (delay discounting [DD], opportunity cost neglect [OCN], status quo bias [SQB]), educational attainment, and use of cigarettes and other tobacco and nicotine delivery products among women of reproductive age. Women of reproductive age are of special interest because of the additional risks that cigarette smoking or use of these other products represents should they become pregnant. Data were collected anonymously online in survey format using Amazon Mechanical Turk [AMT]. Participants were 800 women of reproductive age (24-44 years) from across the US. Half (n = 400) were smokers who reported current, daily smoking and half (n = 400) were never smokers who reported smoking less than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Participants reported smoking characteristics, plans to quit smoking, use of nicotine replacement therapies, use of other tobacco and nicotine delivery products, alcohol and drug use histories, and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Participants completed two measures for each of the three biases in decision-making, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale [BIS-11], and two scales measuring short- and long-term propensity to plan for money expenditures [PPMS and PPML]. Educational attainment analyses compared three education groups: high school or less vs. some college (e.g. some college/A.A.) vs. B.A. or higher. DD was steeper among current vs. never smokers and for women with lower vs. higher levels of education, with no significant interaction between smoking and education. Modifying the instructions of the DD measure to make the zero option explicit reduced DD similarly across levels of smoking status and education. OCN was worse at lower vs. higher educational attainment on one OCN measure, with no significant effect of smoking status or interaction between opportunity cost neglect and educational attainment on either measure. No evidence was found for stronger SQB by smoking status or education. Smoking status was related to BIS Total, BIS Motor and Nonplanning subscales and to PPML in initial models but remained significant after adjusting for baseline differences in participant characteristics only for BIS Motor subscale and educational attainment was related only to BIS Nonplanning subscale. Preliminary comparisons of e-cigarette users to non-users suggest smokers using e-cigarettes only differ from smokers not using e-cigarettes on measures related to quitting smoking whereas within never smokers e-cigarette users demonstrated a pattern of riskier decision-making compared to non-users. Results confirm that DD and education are important to understanding the use of tobacco and nicotine products in women of reproductive age, and suggest that smoking and educational attainment are independently related to discounting rates. The observed explicit-zero framing effect suggests making alternatives more explicit when presenting choices may help reduce DD and lead to better decision-making, which has possible treatment implications. Results identify OCN as an additional decision-making bias to consider in understanding how low educational attainment might relate to smoking vulnerabilities. The preliminary examination of e-cigarette use suggests for women of reproductive age above age 24 years, e-cigarette use among current smokers may reflect desire or attempts to quit or cut back on smoking whereas e-cigarette use among non-smokers may be a marker of a more impulsive, riskier repertoire, although additional study of this question is needed.

The current study mapped trajectories of perceived educational control (PEC) through its association with age, parental educational attainment (PEA), school type (public or private) and sex. The study surveyed 280 Australian formal students, in a cross-sectional design, between the ages of 17 and 25. Results displayed increased age predicting higher levels of PEC. Having one educated parent predicted greater PEC across age than did having no educated parents. Interestingly, having two educated parents did not significantly elevate PEC. Awaited, was the insignificance of sex in the predictions of PEC, meanwhile school type, yet also an insignificant predictor has opened up for further discussion. No differences were found in PEC levels between school types or genders. Future research should include cultural background of the participant and school attended. Another useful perspective would be measured PEC in relation to likelihood of studying; for those finishing secondary school, or currently not studying. / Den aktuella studien mäter upplevd utbildningskontroll genom sin koppling till ålder, föräldrarnas utbildningsnivå, skolform (offentlig eller privat) och kön. I studien undersöktes 280 australienska studerande, i en tvärsnittsdesign, mellan åldrarna 17 och 25. Resultaten visar på att högre ålder förutsäger ökningar i upplevd utbildningskontroll. Att ha en utbildad förälder förutspår högre upplevd utbildningskontroll (över ålder) än att inte ha någon utbildad förälder. Dock visar det sig att ha två utbildade föräldrar inte signifikant höjer upplevd utbildningskontroll. Som väntat, förutsåg inte kön upplevd utbildningskontroll, likaså förutsåg inte skolform nivåer av upplevd utbildningskontroll, men denna prediktor har öppnat upp för vidare diskussion. Inga skillnader påträffades i upplevd utbildningskontroll nivåer mellan skoltyperna eller könen. Framtida forskning bör omfatta kulturell bakgrund av deltagaren samt skolan som respondenten gått i. Ett annat användbart perspektiv mäter upplevd utbildningskontroll i förhållande till sannolikheten att studera i framtiden; för dem som för närvarande inte studerar, eller avslutar gymnasiet.