Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Manuel Borca / Stephen Higgs / African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease of swine caused by a double-stranded DNA virus. ASFV is endemic in Sardinia and Saharan Africa and has been recently expanded from the Caucasus to Eastern Europe. There is no vaccine to prevent the disease and current control measures are limited to culling and restricted animal movement. Swine infected with attenuated strains are protected against challenge with a homologous virulent virus, but there is limited knowledge of the host immune mechanisms generating that protection. Swine infected with Pret4 virus develop a fatal severe disease, while a derivative strain lacking virulence-associated gene 9GL (Pret4Δ9GL virus) is completely attenuated. Swine infected with Pret4 Δ9GL virus and challenged with the virulent parental virus at 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 dpi showed a progressive acquisition of protection (from 40% at 7 dpi to 80% at 21 and 28 dpi). This animal model was used to associate the presence of host immune response and protection against the challenge. Anti-ASFV antibodies and cytokines in serum, as well as ASFV-specific IFN-γ production in PBMCs, were assessed in each group. Interestingly, with the exception of ASFV-specific antibodies in the surviving swine challenged at 21 and 28 dpi, no solid association between any of the parameters assessed and the extent of protection could be established. These results were corroborated using a similar model based on the use of a rationally attenuated derivative of the highly virulent strain Georgia 2007. These results, encompassing data from 114 immunized swine, underscore the complexity of the system under study where it is very plausible that protection against disease or infection relies heavily on the concurrence and or interaction of different host immune mechanisms.

Le métapneumovirus humain (hMPV) est un virus responsable d'infections aiguës des voies respiratoires telles que des bronchiolites, des bronchites ou des pneumonies, principalement chez les populations à risques que sont les jeunes enfants de moins de 5 ans, ainsi que les personnes âgées ou immunodéprimées. Découvert en 2001, ce virus et sa pathogénèse ne restent encore aujourd'hui que partiellement caractérisés. De ce fait et malgré les besoins, il n'y a aucun vaccin ou traitement thérapeutique spécifique et efficace contre le HMPV disponible sur le marché. Dans ce contexte, mon projet de thèse s'est articulé autour de deux axes principaux : (i) L'étude de la protéine de fusion F du virus hMPV, protéine majeure antigénique de surface et responsable de l'entrée du virus dans la cellule cible. Elle a pour particularité d'induire de manière autonome la fusion membranaire in vitro et d'être associée à des effets cytopathiques variable selon les souches virales. De par son rôle clé pour le virus hMPV, la protéine F a déjà fait l'objet de plusieurs études structurales et fonctionnelles mais les déterminants de cette activité fusogénique ne sont pas encore entièrement caractérisés. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à l'identification de déterminants du phénotype viral hyperfusogénique, localisés dans les domaines heptad repeats de la protéine F du hMPV. (ii) L'atténuation de deux souches virales cliniques (CAN98-75 et C-85473) par délétion de gènes accessoires dans le but de développer des candidats vaccinaux adaptés aux enfants en bas âge. Différents virus ont été générés par génétique inverse et les délétions des gènes accessoires SH et G dans les deux fonds génétiques viraux ont été étudiées pour leur impact sur l'infectivité, la réplication et la pathogénèse virale in vitro et in vivo ainsi que leur contribution pour le développement de virus atténués candidats vaccinaux / Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major pathogen responsible of acute respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia, affecting especially infants, under five years old, elderly individuals and immunocompromised adults. Identified since 2001, this virus and its pathogenesis still remain largely unknown and no licensed vaccines or specific antivirals against hMPV are currently available. In this context, my research project was built over two main subjects: (i) The study of the fusion F glycoprotein which is the major antigenic protein of hMPV and is responsible of viral entry into host cell. By its crucial role for the virus, the F protein has already been characterized in several structural and/or functional studies. Thus, it has been described that the hMPV F protein induces membrane fusion autonomously, resulting in variable cytopathic effects in vitro, in a strain-dependent manner. However, as the determinants of the hMPV fusogenic activity are not well characterized yet, we focused on identification of some of these, located in heptad repeats domains of the protein. (ii) The evaluation of hMPV SH and G gene deletion for viral attenuation. Liveattenuated hMPV vaccine candidates for infants’ immunization has been constructed thank to this deletion approach at the beginning of hMPV vaccine development efforts. Despite encouraging results, these candidates have not been further characterized and the importance of the viral background has not been evaluated