In Paper [I], we theoretically assess green public procurement (GPP) as an environmental policy instrument and its ability to lead to the achievement of environmental objectives. Central to our analysis is the extent to which polluting firms choose to adapt to the public sector's environmental requirements and to invest in greener technologies. Our main finding is that the potential of GPP to function as an objective-effective instrument of environmental policy is limited and can actually be counterproductive. From an environmental policy point of view, it is crucial that GPP aims for environmental standards beyond just the technology of the polluting firms and that it is designed with reference to defined environmental objectives. In Paper [II], we use data on Swedish public procurement auctions for internal regular cleaning service contracts to provide novel empirical evidence regarding GPP and its effect on the potential suppliers' decision to submit a bid and their probability of being qualified for supplier selection. We find only a weak effect on supplier behavior, and this suggests that GPP, as used in practice, does not live up to its political expectations. However, several environmental criteria appear to be associated with increased complexity, as indicated by the reduced probability of a bid being qualified in the post-qualification process. As such, GPP appears to have limited or no potential to function as an environmental policy instrument. In Paper [III], I examine how GPP is organized in Sweden and how the potential suppliers respond to varying buyer market shares using data on Swedish public procurement auctions for internal regular cleaning service contracts. The level of GPP stringency is found to vary systematically across authority types, buyer market share, and political coalition in the relevant council or in Parliament. The results also indicate quite a substantial dispersion in GPP stringency, suggesting a low degree of coordination among contracting authorities when implementing the policy. After controlling for GPP stringency and other covariates, increased buyer market share is associated with a significant increase in the probability of potential suppliers submitting a bid. The European Commission encourages public authorities to split procurement contracts into multiple contracts in order to increase the competiveness of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). In Paper [IV], I use data from Swedish public procurement auctions for internal regular cleaning service contracts to study the effect of contract size and number of contracts on SME participation and probability of winning. The results indicate that SME participation is negatively related to both contract size and the number of contracts in the procurement. A possible interpretation is that reduced contract size in order to stimulate SME participation is counteracted by reduced incentives for them to enter into procurements with multiple contracts. Medium-sized firms are also more successful when bidding for smaller contracts relative to large firms. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the award rate for SMEs is positively correlated with the number of contracts in the procurement. / Green Public Procurement: An Efficient Environmental Policy Tool?

由於2004至2013年在不動產多頭走勢及賣方市場背景下，商用不動產採用拍賣方式銷售，得標價格屢創新高，使商用不動產採用拍賣銷售交易比例逐漸提高，然而得標者為何願以高於標售底價甚多的價格競標？以及，投標者多為專業法人機構，依法需委託不動產估價師估價，競標時估價金額與得標價格卻不一致，為何如此？而賣方訂定的標售底價，是委託不動產估價師評估之市場價值，或賣方評估拍賣標的物之市場價值，為何估價金額與標售底價有所差異？由於得標價格公開，常被視為不動產市場前景指標，故了解得標價格、估價金額與標售底價間關係，有其必要性。 因此，本研究以台北市辦公室標售個案為研究對象，以拍賣理論、特徵價格理論為基礎，建構複迴歸分析模型，探討影響得標價格、估價金額及標售底價間差異之因素，以供投標者出價決策、賣方訂定底價與不動產估價師估價時之參酌。本研究實證結果顯示，得標價格、估價金額皆高於標售底價，但得標價格不一定高於估價金額。投標者、賣方、不動產估價師對價格認知存有差異，賣方、投標者及不動產估價師會依據其所蒐集的資訊、個人的知識與專業、自身經驗法則及決策參考因素，對價格形成因素存有不同詮釋。此外，不動產估價師僅是協助投標者評估可獲利的合理價格，但無法保證其獲利，致投標者認知之投資價值與不動產估價追求的真實價值相異。

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Substantial problems of electronic contract reglamentation are being discussed in this study. This work consists of two parts. Definition of electronic contract and the main legal acts are being discussed in the first part of the work. And in the second part different agreements are examined and their adoption to laws. The aim of this work is to analyze different legal sources of Electronics contracts and to reveal how those laws are put into practice in different online banking service and online auction service agreements. We are trying not only to analyze International and Lithuanian legal sources but also to reveal the main reglamentation problems.

This thesis focuses on developing of a distributed, efficient and fault tolerant multiresolutional architecture for sensor networks. For demonstrative purpose, a powerful simulation environment using 3D environment model has been developed. The robot network is composed of autonomous robots capable of working cooperatively equipped with single typed simple sensor. The developed layered control architecture is hybrid including both subsumption and motor schema control strategies. In this proposed control method, behaviors in different or in same layer are coordinated with an evaluator unit that overcomes the difficulties of subsumption based architectures in terms of behavioral coordination. The final coordination between these layers is achieved cooperatively. We performed many simulation experiments to test robot deployment, search and task execution. It is shown that some important parameters such as target reaching time, energy consumption, and communication range can be optimized if an approximate prior information about the environment is known. Robots executes task based on a task allocation algorithm. Market based auction method is used as a task allocation algorithm with completely different robot fitness evaluation method allowing a distributive problem solving. Six non-linear fitness functions are developed to increase the fairness, and fault tolerance of task allocation. These functions have been tested to represent the successes and failures of robots in a compact form. Performance analyses test results have shown that fairness increases two times more in task allocation when these fitness functions are used, compared to the results existing fitness evaluation methods used in the market based auction algorithms. Moreover, fault tolerance is increased by using fitness functions devoted to failure conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:00:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003 / The evolution of Information Technology (IT) - principally the Internet - from the academic realm to the business arena has generated discussions concerning the impact of this process on existing business models. The Brazilian government has been working to adjust its legal framework in order to take advantage of the benefits the new business environment offers the public sector. The primary objective of this study is to identify the benefits accruing to the Caixa Econômica Federal, in terms of improved efficiency, from the implementation of its online shopping site, MRO (maintenance, repair and operation). Using a simplified case study methodology, an analysis of the strategic importance of the implementation of the Caixa Econômica Federal' 5 shopping site is provided, specifically focused on how the relevant technological, organizational, and cultural' aspects have influenced the efficiency of the institution's productive processes. While the results obtained are significant with respect to investmentrecovery time, and promising in terms of the possibilities they offer for reducing the institution's administrative costs, of greater relevance is the site's potential as a mechanism for adding value to the bank's financiai performance. In this context, the Caixa Econômica Federal's challenge is to wed the market opportunities arising from the expertise that has been acquired to the idle capacity generated by productivity gains, and, in this way, to develop a product that provides vast revenue generating potential. / A evolução da Tecnologia da Informação (TI) - mormente da Internet -, deslocando-se do meio acadêmico para a área de negócios, tem gerado discussões sobre seu impacto em modelos de negócios existentes. O Governo Brasileiro vem adequando a sua base legal, de forma a aproveitar os benefícios que esse novo ambiente de negócios pode trazer à estrutura pública. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo identificar os benefícios alcançados pela Caixa Econômica Federal, no que se refere a melhorias na sua eficiência, ao implantar o seu site de compras MRO (Manutenção, Reparo e Operação). Através de metodologia de estudo de caso simples, busca-se analisar a importância estratégica da implantação do site de compras da Caixa Econômica Federal, investigando como as dimensões tecnológica, organizacional e cultural influenciaram a eficiência de seus processos produtivos. Embora os resultados obtidos sejam expressivos em relação ao tempo de recuperação do investimento, e promissores em relação ao potencial de reduzir custos administrativos da empresa, um fator considerado extremamente relevante é que o site tem grande potencial para agregar valor à performance financeira do banco. Neste contexto, a Caixa Econômica Federal deve aliar a oportunidade mercadológica gerada pela expertise desenvolvida, com a ociosidade que se cria com os ganhos de produtividade no processo, formando, assim, um produto com grande capacidade de geração de receita.

Submitted by Fernando Reis de Odriozola (odriozola.fernando@gmail.com) on 2015-09-21T04:39:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando R Odriozola.pdf: 881210 bytes, checksum: 13c5e46a6da326c976883920a7af7eb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-21T23:06:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando R Odriozola.pdf: 881210 bytes, checksum: 13c5e46a6da326c976883920a7af7eb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-22T13:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando R Odriozola.pdf: 881210 bytes, checksum: 13c5e46a6da326c976883920a7af7eb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-24 / For complex systems, traditional analytical-approach with differential equations sometimes results in intractable solutions. An alternative approach could be through Agents-Based Models as a complementary tool witch systems can be modeled from their constituent parts and interactions. Financial Markets are good examples of complex system and thus Agent-Based Models would be a correct approach. This paper implements an Artificial Financial Market composed by market makers, information broadcasters and a set of heterogeneous agents who trade assets through a Continuous Double Auction mechanism. Several aspects of the simulation were investigated to consolidate their understanding and thus contribute to the design of models, where we can highlight, among others: distinctions between Discrete and Continuous Double Auction; implications of Market Maker spread settings; Budget Constraints effects on agents and Analysis of pricing formation in offer submissions. Thinking about the adherence of the model to the Brazilian market reality, a method named Inverse Simulation is used to calibrate the input parameters in a way that the output matches historical market price series. / Na modelagem de sistemas complexos, abordagens analíticas tradicionais com equações diferenciais muitas vezes resultam em soluções intratáveis. Para contornar este problema, Modelos Baseados em Agentes surgem como uma ferramenta complementar, onde o sistema é modelado a partir de suas entidades constituintes e interações. Mercados Financeiros são exemplos de sistemas complexos, e como tais, o uso de modelos baseados em agentes é aplicável. Este trabalho implementa um Mercado Financeiro Artificial composto por formadores de mercado, difusores de informações e um conjunto de agentes heterogêneos que negociam um ativo através de um mecanismo de Leilão Duplo Contínuo. Diversos aspectos da simulação são investigados para consolidar sua compreensão e assim contribuir com a concepção de modelos, onde podemos destacar entre outros: Diferenças do Leilão Duplo Contínuo contra o Discreto; Implicações da variação do spread praticado pelo Formador de Mercado; Efeito de Restrições Orçamentárias sobre os agentes e Análise da formação de preços na emissão de ofertas. Pensando na aderência do modelo com a realidade do mercado brasileiro, uma técnica auxiliar chamada Simulação Inversa, é utilizada para calibrar os parâmetros de entrada, de forma que trajetórias de preços simulados resultantes sejam próximas à séries de preços históricos observadas no mercado.

Trade of second hand goods between private individuals has increased substantially during the 21st century, particularly in the light of a growing e-commerce scene. Consequently, individual consumers more notably find themselves in the role of sellers in the marketplace and take on responsibilities traditionally performed by businesses. The study at hand builds on this phenomenon and examines how consumer online resellers at the online auction marketplace Tradera make sense of valuation and pricing processes related to their intended resale of pre-owned branded clothing. For this purpose, nine private Tradera-users have been interviewed. By drawing on theoretical contributions from economic sociology and the sociology of valuation, the study has contributed to an enhanced understanding of consumer online resale behaviour and the role of individual valuation and pricing processes for the ordering of an online auction market. The results show that the informants find it problematic to economically value and price garments that are to be resold in the market since they are considered, more or less, usable and meaningful possessions. The study has found valuation of garment condition to be the main source of uncertainty as it distinguishes the economic value of branded garments in the marketplace. The informants broaden the definition of what is judged “new” to make valuation processes more favourable in accordance to their perception of second hand markets. The study further finds that the informants facilitate individual valuation and pricing processes, and simultaneously contribute to market order, by referring to an informal and socially constructed scale for valuating product condition that is marketplace-specific and complements Tradera’s formal categorization system by adding nuances. To cope with the situational uncertainty of not knowing the auction outcome in advance, the study has shown that the informants appear risk averse when pricing garments and therefore avoid misplacing the value distribution.

A seleção de fornecedores de transporte é um desafio cada vez maior. O crescimento da rede de clientes a ser coberta demanda uma alocação eficiente em termos de custo não suprida por mecanismos tradicionais de negociação. Neste âmbito, o leilão combinatório torna-se uma alternativa de negociação ao permitir capturar sinergias entre os trajetos que devem ser atendidos. Em conseqüência disso, diminui-se o custo de transporte do fornecedor que se reflete nos menores preços de suas propostas e finalmente no custo total de compra do serviço. Por outro lado, esta decisão envolve fatores além do custo total; a mensuração destes torna-se importante para identificar fornecedores que melhor se ajustam aos requerimentos do comprador. No entanto, é fundamental escolher um método adequado para sua avaliação porque este influência a decisão final. Este problema de compra de serviços de transporte é conhecido na literatura como Winner Determination Problem (WDP) que, devido a sua complexidade, possui uma resolução limitada. Após revisão teórica, foi observado que os estudos relacionados à área de transporte focalizavam o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos que fossem representativos da realidade. Alguns destes modelos abordam a utilização de múltiplos critérios atribuindo um coeficiente que pondera cada critério. Evidenciou-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um algoritmo alternativo que além de facilitar sinergias entre trajetos, fosse abrangente o suficiente para tratar múltiplos critérios em instâncias compatíveis com problemas reais. Logo, com o intuito de contribuir com a literatura foi adaptado um algoritmo matemático otimizante ao problema de compras de fornecedores de transporte com base no algoritmo de Sandholm (2002). Este algoritmo aplica leilão combinatório de compras, apoiando-se na teoria da análise de decisão para mensurar critérios relevantes do comprador. Inicialmente, o algoritmo minimiza o custo total do comprador designando combinações de trajetos e fornecedores; depois é modificado para o tratamento multi-critério. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o software comercial CPLEX. / Selecting suppliers is a crescent challenge for the enterprises. The extent of the client web that needs to be served demands efficient allocations, in terms of cost, that are not addressed by traditional mechanisms. In this scenario, another mechanism came to be: the combinatorial auction. In this one, suppliers can express their synergies on routes they wish to supply. This leads to lowering their transportation costs, which is reflected in lower bidding prices as well as in the total cost of service. On the other hand, the selection of a supplier involves other criteria besides cost. The definition of these is essential to define which supplier fits the needs of the buyer. That is why it is of most importance to choose the right method to evaluate these needs, as it defines the final choice. This problem is known as Winner Determination Problem (WDP) and due to its complexity, possesses a feeble solution. After compiling what has been done about the subject, it was noticed that in the field of transport, studies are focused on mathematical models that represent reality. Some models address criteria assigning coefficients to the objective function by weighting on it. Clearly, there was a need for alternative algorithms that would, besides promoting synergies on routes, also treat multi-criteria problems close to reality. Therefore, searching for a valid contribution in the field, an adaption of an optimizing algorithm based on Sandholm (2002)s was made. The algorithm applies combinatorial auction, supported by decision analysis for measuring relevant buyers criteria. First, the main algorithms objective is to minimize buyers costs by combining routes and suppliers; then, a modified approach considers multi criteria. Results were then compared to the commercial software CPLEX.

Submitted by Alberto Quialheiro de Oliveira null (beto.stanley@bol.com.br) on 2016-07-19T15:25:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_ALBERTO.pdf: 4270530 bytes, checksum: bf6cacf30d20ec8e3d50a33065d262a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-20T17:41:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_aq_me_bauru.pdf: 4270530 bytes, checksum: bf6cacf30d20ec8e3d50a33065d262a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T17:41:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_aq_me_bauru.pdf: 4270530 bytes, checksum: bf6cacf30d20ec8e3d50a33065d262a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho propõe-se um modelo de leilão multiperíodo para um mercado pool do dia seguinte de sistemas hidrotérmicos, que leve em consideração as restrições intertemporais do sistema termelétrico (e.g. potência máxima disponível e limites de rampa e período mínimo de operação e desligamento) e restrições hidráulicas (e.g. defluência, volume e balanço de água, altura de queda, alturas de montante e jusante do reservatório, limites de rampa de vazão defluente e função de produção). Também foram introduzidas no modelo as restrições de rede de transmissão, tais como o balanço e limites de fluxo de potência e representação das perdas. São descritas as técnicas de linearização das funções de altura de queda líquida, função de produção e função de perdas no sistema de transmissão. O modelo proposto é formulado como um problema de programação linear inteiro-misto, tendo sido resolvido utilizando as plataformas GAMS - CPLEX e IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio. Os resultados apresentados têm como foco principal a análise do impacto das restrições hidráulicas nos preços de equilíbrio de mercado e no despacho de geração de sistemas hidrotérmicos. Mostra-se que a operação de uma cascata hidráulica para o dia seguinte é orientada com base nas ofertas fornecidas pelas companhias geradoras no mercado de energia. / This work presents a brief description of an energy market structure, as well as its agents, economic division and service and time horizon classification. The Brazilian mar-ket, single-period and multiperiod auction are also described, as much as a concise presen-tation of a hydroelectric generation system. It's proposed for a day-ahead pool market, a multiperiod auction for hydrothermal system which takes into account the intertempo-ral constraints from a thermoelectric system (e.g. maximum available power output and ramp rate limits, minimum up and down time) and hydraulic constraints (e.g. defluence, volume and water balance, net head, forebay and tailrace levels of reservoir, water release ramp rate limits and the unit performance curves). It was also associated to the problem the transmission constraints, such as balance and flow power limits and power loss. On account of being a problem with such features, the linearization techniques of the net head, unit performance curves and power loss function are described. The proposed mo-del is based on a mixed integer linear programming problem, which used the GAMS -CPLEX and IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio to its resolution. Finally there are two reported situations to analyze the impact of the hydraulic constrains on the bidding prices, as well as the in˛uence of the selling prices on the total spillage of the hydroelectric plants. The model is projected for a hydro predominance plant cascade.