Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se obter as características da movimentação do ar no início do tempo de admissão em um motor diesel, partindo de sua entrada no cabeçote, passando pelos pórticos de admissão e válvulas, até a câmara de combustão, utilizando dados reais da geometria e do processo de sobrealimentação de um motor diesel. Para tanto, utilizou-se da abordagem clássica da dinâmica dos fluidos para o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático constituído por equacionamentos que representassem o consumo de ar, a rotacionalidade do movimento do ar nos pórticos e a movimentação de ar no cilindro, descrita por linhas de corrente obtidas a partir da aplicação da teoria de escoamento potencial plano. Os cálculos foram efetuados usando planilhas eletrônicas geradas em aplicativo Excel e, tanto a avaliação dos efeitos da geometria dos condutos quanto a determinação das linhas de corrente, foram realizadas usando o aplicativo gráfico Rhinoceros. Neste trabalho foram estudadas seis condições associadas a seis ângulos de virabrequim do início do tempo de admissão e que geraram seis conjuntos de linhas de corrente. Os resultados foram comparados com ensaios de PIV - particle image velocimetry e apresentaram semelhanças relevantes nos formatos e nos sentidos das linhas de corrente. Concluiu-se que o procedimento utilizado, por sua simplicidade de implementação, não é prático quando há a necessidade de alteração de uma das variáveis envolvidas. Porém, ao desenvolver o equacionamento para os casos apresentados, foi possível estudar o fenômeno em profundidade satisfatória, mesmo com as hipóteses simplificadoras utilizadas. / In this work, the aim was to obtain the air flow characteristics in the beginning of the intake stroke in a diesel engine, considering the inlet in head, its passiage by intake runners and valves, up to the combustion chamber, using values obtained from geometry and supercharging process observed in a specific diesel engine. It was used a classical fluid dynamics approach to develop a mathematical model which represent the air consumption, the rotation of the air at intake runners and the air flow within the cylinder, described by streamlines obtained by the use of potential flow theory. The calculation used Excel electronic spreadsheets and both the effects from geometry of intake runners evaluation and the streamlines generation were conducted in drawing software Rhinoceros. In this work six different conditions, associated at six crankshaft angles in the beginning of the intake stroke were studied, resulting in six streamlines set. The results were compared to a PIV test - particle image velocimetry - and relevant similarities was observed both in shapes and rotation sense of streamlines. The conclusion was that the methodology, considering its simplicity in implementation, it is not the most practical method when a modification in variables involved is necessary. However, this methodology was enough to study the phenomenon in satisfactory depth, even using the simplifying assumptions.

O indicador de desempenho de um veículo de competição é o tempo gasto para completar uma volta em um circuito. Para minimizar esse tempo o engenheiro de pista pode modificar diversos parâmetros do veículo. A identificação de qual parâmetro será modificado é feita através da percepção do piloto (análise qualitativa) e pela interpretação dos dados colhidos pelos sensores instalados no veículo (análise quantitativa) durante testes. O presente trabalho apresenta algoritmos para análise de desempenho de veículos de competição do tipo Formula em diferentes manobras (aceleração em linha reta, frenagem e curva) e para simulação de uma volta completa em um circuito fechado. Cada algoritmo possui indicadores diretos e indiretos de desempenho, auxiliando na avaliação do comportamento do veículo. A simulação em circuito fechado é dividida em três partes: (1) obtenção da geometria do circuito de forma indireta, (2) levantamento do envelope de limite de desempenho do veículo e (3) simulação de uma volta no circuito. No cálculo é utilizado um modelo matemático não-linear de veículo com seis graus de liberdade, mais quatro graus de liberdade de rotação para os conjuntos roda/pneu. Para a validação do método, o modelo matemático foi concebido com as propriedades de um veículo de Formula 3 (incluindo dados de ensaio em túnel de vento e de bancada de testes de pneus). Os resultados da simulação foram comparados com informações experimentais medidas no veículo completo, trafegando em pista, validando o modelo. Com esse modelo, os algoritmos de desempenho e indicadores apresentados são utilizados para análise de sensibilidade de um parâmetro da configuração do veículo. / The final race car performance goal is the time spent to complete a full lap in a circuit. In order to minimize this lap time engineers can modify several vehicle parameters (setup change). The choice of which parameter will be modified is done analyzing drivers opinion (qualitative analysis) and vehicle sensors data storaged during track testing (quantitative analysis). This work presents a simulation algorithm for Formula type vehicle performance evaluation for different single maneuvers (straight line acceleration, braking and cornering) and lap time simulation. Each algorithm presents its own direct and indirect performance indexes, supporting vehicle behavior evaluation. The lap time simulation algorithm is divided in three parts: (1) indirect race track geometry recreation, (2) vehicle performance envelope and (3) lap time simulation. For this calculation it is used a six degree of freedom non-linear mathematical model for vehicle sprung mass and four rational degree of freedom for the rim/tires set. For algorithm and model validation a Formula 3 vehicle mathematical model was build (including wing tunnel and tire testing data). The simulation results were compared against experimental data from a full lap in a circuit, resulting in a validated mathematical model. With this model, the single maneuver performance algorithm and their indexes were executed for a single vehicle parameter sensibility analysis.

Atualmente as pessoas passam grande parte do tempo dentro de veículos automotivos seja por razões profissionais ou lazer. Este fato tem contribuído para aumentar o interesse das montadoras de veículos na avaliação de condições de conforto de passageiros em veículos automotivos. Os critérios do consumidor, na escolha e compra de um automóvel, têm mudado e agora não envolvem somente aspectos relacionados ao custo e desempenho do veículo, mas também a aspectos de segurança e conforto. O ambiente térmico no interior de um automóvel é bastante complexo e não homogêneo. A forma mais adequada para se avaliar simultaneamente os efeitos da temperatura do ar local, trocas de calor por radiação do corpo, velocidades do ar e a radiação solar em um veículo é por meio do uso de manequins. No presente trabalho foi realizado estudo da utilização de manequins na avaliação de condições de conforto térmico em veículos automotivos e a realização de ensaios em automóveis de passeio. Os ensaios foram realizados em três automóveis (veículo A, veículo B e veículo C), modelos standard, com sistema de climatização para avaliação de condições de conforto térmico para condições de verão (resfriamento) e de inverno (aquecimento). Na avaliação das condições de conforto térmico foram utilizadas temperaturas equivalentes, cujo procedimento de determinação utilizando manequins foi baseado na norma ISO 14505-2. Nos ensaios realizados para as condições de verão (resfriamento), pode-se verificar que em nenhum veículo foram observadas condições de conforto térmico para os vários segmentos do manequim quando os veículos estavam ao sol. Já quando o veículo estava sob a sombra, todos os veículos atingiram facilmente uma condição de conforto (com uma leve sensação de frio em alguns segmentos do manequim). Nos ensaios para condições de inverno (aquecimento) verificou-se que, na ausência da radiação solar e com temperaturas externas mais baixas, os sistemas de climatização conseguiram proporcionar melhores condições térmicas no interior dos veículos, apresentando condições de conforto térmico em quase todas as situações. O automóvel B foi o que apresentou as melhores condições de conforto térmico tanto nos ensaios para condições de verão (resfriamento) quanto de inverno (aquecimento); o que é um bom indicativo de um melhor controle e distribuição de ar naquele veículo. / Nowadays people pass great part of the time inside automotive vehicles due to professional reasons or leisure. This fact has been contributing to increase the OEMs interest in the evaluation of comfort conditions of passengers in automotive vehicles. The consumers criteria, in the choice and acquisition of an automobile, have been changing and now it does not only involve aspects related to the cost and performance of the vehicle, but also involves aspects of safety and comfort. The thermal environment inside an automobile is very complex and no homogeneous. The most appropriate form to evaluate simultaneously the effects of the local air temperature, radiation heat changes of the body, air velocities and the solar radiation in a vehicle are by means of the use of mannequins. In the present work a study of the use of mannequins in the evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in automotive vehicles was done and tests in automobiles were accomplished. The tests were accomplished in three automobiles (vehicle A, vehicle B and vehicle C), standard models, with climatization system for the evaluation of thermal comfort conditions for summer conditions (cooling) and for winter conditions (heating). In the evaluation of thermal comfort conditions equivalent temperatures were used, whose determination procedure using mannequins was based on the norm ISO 14505-2. In the tests accomplished for summer conditions (cooling), it could be verified that in any vehicle conditions of thermal comfort were observed for the segments of the mannequin when the vehicles were in the sun. Already when the vehicle was under the shadow, all the vehicles reached a comfort condition easily (with a light sensation of cold in some segments of the mannequin). In the tests for winter conditions (heating) it was verified that, in the absence of the solar radiation and with lower external temperatures, the climatization systems got to provide better thermal conditions inside the vehicles, presenting conditions of thermal comfort in almost all the situations. The automobile B was what presented the best conditions of thermal comfort so much in the tests for summer conditions (cooling) as for winter conditions (heating); what is a good indicative of a better climatization control and air distribution in that vehicle.

The Technical Council of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) developed a program f or school crossing protection. The intent of this thesis is to evaluate the ITE program within. the context of those programs developed by other agencies throughout the nation. Research materials were obtained from the appropriate Federal, state, local and other agencies through papers, articles, reports and correspondence. Upon the analysis of these sources, the ITE program was found to be deficient in several ways. Recommendations for modifying the program which are set forth herein include a revision of the ITE program including the school route map, clarification of technical terminology, incorporation of a sound criteria for selecting the appropriate protective devices and/or measures, establishing a priority system, deletion of portable school signs, identification of funding sources, and establishing additional warrants for the installation of traffic control devices.

This thesis addresses research towards the development of an intelligent design for assembly evaluation system (IDFAES) based on the design for assembly (DFA) principels. The research project aimed to enhance the capability of existing DFA methodologies in order to support activities such as redesign, design modification and assembly planning during the product development cycle.

This thesis addresses research towards the development of an intelligent design for assembly evaluation system (IDFAES) based on the design for assembly (DFA) principels. The research project aimed to enhance the capability of existing DFA methodologies in order to support activities such as redesign, design modification and assembly planning during the product development cycle.

This thesis investigates the broad subject of thermal management problems currently encountered in Formula One race car design. A computationally economical tool, based on linear superposition, for predicting the temperature field arising from a set of thermal and inlet velocity boundary conditions was developed. Using a set of base analyses, the research showed that it is possible to superpose and scale these results in order to predict the temperature field for differing sets of boundary conditions. This method was shown to have a significant speed advantage over typical computational simulations. An experimental facility was designed and built to provide validation for aspects of the linear superposition approach. A method of measuring the cylinder wall heat flux has been developed using thin film gauge technology. The resulting sensor was designed to fit the mounting of existing instrumentation in order to avoid requiring large scale modifications to existing test facilities. The design makes use of modern rapid prototyping techniques in order to meet this mounting requirement and to provide a novel solution to routing the signal from the thin film gauge. In addition, the research investigated a method for predicting the cylinder wall temperature in real-time. The cylinder wall is subject to heat fluxes from in-cylinder gases during the engine cycle on the inner face and the effect of the coolant jacket on the outer face. Two separate methods were used to process these thermal boundary conditions respectively, before being superposed in order to form the whole solution. The computation time of the method is characterised in order to demonstrate its feasibility for real-time operation.

abstract: For years the automotive industry has been shifting towards hybridization and electrification of conventional powertrains due to increase in fossil fuel cost and environmental impact due heavy emission of Green House Gases (GHG) and various pollutants into atmosphere by combustion engine powered vehicles. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) have proved to achieve superior fuel economy and reduced emissions. Supervisory control strategies determining the power split among various onboard power sources are evolving with time, providing better fuel economies. With increasing complexity of control systems driving HEV’s, mathematical modeling and simulation tools have become extremely advanced and have derived whole industry into adopting Model Based Design (MBD) and Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) techniques to validate the performance of HEV systems in real world. This report will present a systematic mythology where MBD techniques are used to develop hybrid powertrain, supervisory control strategies and control systems. To validate the effectiveness of various energy management strategies for HEV energy management in a real world scenario, Conventional rule-based power split strategies are compared against advanced Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), in software and HIL environment. Since effective utilization of the fuel reduction potential of a HEV powertrain requires a careful design of the energy management control methodology, an advanced ECMS strategy involving implementation with Fuzzy Logic to reduce computational overload has been proposed. Conventional real-time implementation of ECMS based strategy is difficult due to the involvement of heavy computation. Methods like Fuzzy Logic based estimation can be used to reduce this computational overload. Real-time energy management is obtained by adding a Fuzzy Logic based on-the-fly algorithm for the estimation of driving profile and adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) framework. The control strategy is implemented to function without any prior knowledge of the future driving conditions. The idea is to periodically refresh the energy management strategy according to the estimated driving pattern, so that the Battery State of Charge (SOC) is maintained within the boundaries and the equivalent fuel consumption is minimized. The performance of the presented Fuzzy Logic based adaptive control strategy utilizing driving pattern recognition is benchmarked using a Dynamic Programming based global optimization approach. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2015

abstract: The thesis covers the development and modeling of the supervisory hybrid controller using two different methods to achieve real-world optimization and power split of a parallel hybrid vehicle with a fixed shaft connecting the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Electric Motor (EM). The first strategy uses a rule based controller to determine modes the vehicle should operate in. This approach is well suited for real-world applications. The second approach uses Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) approach in conjunction with an Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) strategy to keep the vehicle in the most efficient operating regions. This latter method is able to operate the vehicle in various drive cycles while maintaining the SOC with-in allowed charge sustaining (CS) limits. Further, the overall efficiency of the vehicle for all drive cycles is increased. The limitation here is the that process is computationally expensive; however, with advent of the low cost high performance hardware this method can be used for the hybrid vehicle control. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Engineering 2017

abstract: The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have reached a highest level due to high number of vehicles. A Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) has zero greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional ICE vehicles or Hybrid Electric Vehicles and hence is a better alternative. All Electric Vehicle (AEVs) have longer charging time which is unfavorable. A fully charged battery gives less range compared to a FCHEV with a full hydrogen tank. So FCHEV has an advantage of a quick fuel up and more mileage than AEVs. A Proton Electron Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is the commonly used kind of fuel cell vehicles but it possesses slow current dynamics and hence not suitable to be the sole power source in a vehicle. Therefore, improving the transient power capabilities of fuel cell to satisfy the road load demand is critical. This research studies integration of Ultra-Capacitor (UC) to FCHEV. The objective is to analyze the effect of integrating UCs on the transient response of FCHEV powertrain. UCs has higher power density which can overcome slow dynamics of fuel cell. A power management strategy utilizing peak power shaving strategy is implemented. The goal is to decrease power load on batteries and operate fuel cell stack in it’s most efficient region. Complete model to simulate the physical behavior of UC-Integrated FCHEV (UC-FCHEV) is developed using Matlab/SIMULINK. The fuel cell polarization curve is utilized to devise operating points of the fuel cell to maintain its operation at most efficient region. Results show reduction of hydrogen consumption in aggressive US06 drive cycle from 0.29 kg per drive cycle to 0.12 kg. The maximum charge/discharge battery current was reduced from 286 amperes to 110 amperes in US06 drive cycle. Results for the FUDS drive cycle show a reduction in fuel consumption from 0.18 kg to 0.05 kg in one drive cycle. This reduction in current increases the life of the battery since its protected from overcurrent. The SOC profile of the battery also shows that the battery is not discharged to its minimum threshold which increasing the health of the battery based on number of charge/discharge cycles. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2017