Da perspectiva da Análise de Discurso francesa fundada por Michel Pêcheux, um dos aspectos essenciais da língua é a sua materialidade ideológica. A ideologia, por esta razão, se consubstancia no discurso. Todo ato enunciativo praticado traz consigo um todo complexo de efeitos de sentidos, memórias, contextos e sujeitos que respondem pelas condições nas quais cada um deles foi produzido. Examinar os modos pelos quais se manifesta a ideologia nos discursos, desse modo, é uma etapa fundamental para um entendimento acerca de como se constitui, em dados discursos, o sentido. O objeto de pesquisa do presente estudo são os discursos de estudantes da educação popular - mais precisamente, de um PVP. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa que incorporou a técnica de geração de dados com grupo focal por meio de que foi estabelecido um diálogo com as estudantes do Curso PVP que foram interlocutoras da investigação. O principal objetivo foi uma análise acerca dos efeitos de sentido de autonomia manifestos nos discursos desses sujeitos no que tange temáticas que tocam relações de classe, gênero e etnia. Na busca pela compreensão dos efeitos de sentidos de autonomia identificados nos discursos discentes, foi movimentado o aparato teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso pecheuxtiana – desde suas concepções fundadoras até sua caixa de ferramentas, condição de operação da AD enquanto disciplina de entremeio. A concepção freireana de autonomia se configurou como pedra de toque do gesto interpretativo empreendido haja vista seus sentidos reverberarem nos depoimentos recortados para análise. Nos discursos analisados, foi possível reconhecer também vestígios de luta identificada a determinadas posições discursivo-ideológicas, o que permite perspectivar que os princípios da educação popular nos quais se balizam as ações protagonizadas no Curso PVP investigado afetem, sob certo aspecto, os modos a partir dos quais as estudantes interlocutoras da pesquisa (se) significam. / From the perspective of the French Discourse Analysis founded by Michel Pêcheux, one of the essential aspects of language is its ideological materiality. Ideology, for this reason, is embodied in discourse. Every enunciative act practiced brings with it a complex whole of effects of senses, memories, contexts and subjects that respond by the conditions in which each one of them was produced. Examining the ways in which ideology manifests itself in discourses, thus, is a fundamental stage for an understanding of how sense is constituted in discourses. The research object of the present study are the discourses of students of popular education - more precisely, of a PVP. It is a qualitative research that incorporated the technique of data generation with focus group through which a dialogue was established with the students of the PVP course who were interlocutors of the research. The main objective was an analysis about the effects of the sense of autonomy manifested in the discourses of these subjects in relation to themes that touch on relations of class, gender and ethnicity. In the search for an understanding of the effects of senses of autonomy identified in the students discourses, the theoretical and methodological apparatus of the Pecheuxtian Discourse Analysis was moved - from its founding conceptions to its toolbox, condition of operation of the AD as an intermission discipline. The Freirean conception of autonomy was configured as the touchstone of the interpretative gesture undertaken as its senses reverberated in the testimonies cut out for analysis. In the speeches analyzed, it was possible to recognize vestiges of identified struggle with certain discursive-ideological positions, which allows to realize that the principles of popular education in which the actions carried out in the PVP course investigated are affected, in a certain aspect, the ways of which the research interlocutor students mean themselves.

O presente estudo se propôs a responder à questão de investigação: como a Modelagem Matemática pode contribuir como um meio do educando ser protagonista da sua aprendizagem, aspirando a sua autonomia? A pesquisa apresenta uma proposta de sequência de tarefas em um ambiente de aprendizagem de Modelagem Matemática, dividida em três partes, que são: o convite para realizar modelagem, uma experiência com a temática água e uma experiência com um tema de livre escolha. O estudo foi desenvolvido durante o segundo semestre de 2016, com uma turma de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola municipal de Sapucaia do Sul, no horário regular de aula. Apoiada na teoria da Modelagem Matemática em uma perspectiva Sócio-crítica de Barbosa (2001), elaboração de perguntas em um ambiente de Modelagem Matemática de Sant’Ana e Sant’Ana (2009) e na Pedagogia da Autonomia de Paulo Freire (1996), e utilizando o estudo de caso como metodologia, o presente trabalho evidenciou que os estudantes podem ser ativos na construção dos seus conhecimentos. Além disso, percebeu-se, como resultados, que quando lhes é oportunizado um ambiente de liberdade e consideração, que respeita as suas escolhas, os alunos vão assumindo sua responsabilidade pela sua aprendizagem, construindo, aos poucos, suas preferências, suas opções e sua autonomia. / The present study aims to answer the research question: how can Mathematical Modeling contribute as a way for the learner to be the protagonist of their learning by aspiring to their autonomy? The research presents a task sequence proposal in a mathematical modeling-learning environment, divided into three parts. Such parts are the invitation to perform modeling, an experience with water theme, and an experiment with a theme of free student’s choice. The study was developed during the second semester of 2016, with a third year High School class from a municipal school in Sapucaia do Sul, at regular school hours. Based on the theory of Mathematical Modeling in a Socio-critical perspective of Barbosa (2001), elaboration of questions in an environment of Mathematical Modeling of Sant'Ana and Sant'Ana (2009) and in the pedagogy of autonomy of Paulo Freire (1996), and using the case study as a methodology, the present study showed that students can be active in the construction of their knowledge. In addition, it was noticed that, when it is offered an environment of freedom and consideration, respecting their choices, students will assume their responsibility for their learning, gradually building their preferences, their choices and their autonomy.

No Brasil, o campo da saúde, em especial a saúde mental, adota o conceito de ‘autonomia’ e tem por ele muito apreço, conforme explicitado em grande parte das políticas públicas da área, sem, no entanto, descrevê-lo ou problematizá-lo. Em geral, as pesquisas de campo voltadas ao contexto da saúde mental pressupõem um entendimento a priori ou naturalizado de autonomia. O objetivo desta pesquisa de mestrado é abordar a autonomia em três ênfases: conceito, exercício e ato. Como conceito, traçamos um breve percurso histórico-filosófico a fim de clarear, problematizar e atualizar o termo ‘autonomia’. Como exercício, buscamos elucidar, a partir da pesquisa e estratégia da Gestão Autônoma da Medicação (GAM) em seus cinco anos de existência e atuação, exercícios do conceito, êxitos, tropeços e capturas. E, como ato/performance, apresentamos a experiência de um laboratório de imersão. Tratamos, como laboratório, uma viagem a Montreal-CA durante 15 dias em novembro de 2013, realizada por dez pessoas que participaram como pesquisadores no projeto GAM (usuários de saúde mental e discentes das universidades envolvidas). A GAM aposta numa metodologia participativa de se fazer pesquisa e saúde mental, considerando todos os envolvidos como pesquisadores e esfumaçando o lugar de sujeitos de pesquisa. Em afinidade com tal proposta, adotamos para esta dissertação a metodologia cartográfica, a dissolução do lugar do pesquisador, a valorização da experiência. O trabalho que segue é composto também de fotografias, links para vídeos e blog, uma narrativa, todos feitos coletivamente. Trata-se de uma produção que não passa somente pela escrita, tão pouco unicamente pelas mãos da mestranda. / In Brazil, the health field, and mental health, particularly, uses the concept of ‘autonomy’ and is very esteem about it, as explained on a greatest part of public policies area, without, however, describe or questioning the term. In general, the field researches regarding to the mental health context assume an understanding a priori or naturalized as autonomy. The purpose of this master's research is to address the autonomy in three emphasis: concept, exercise and act. As a concept, we draw a brief historical-philosophical route in order to lighten, discuss and update the term 'autonomy'. As an exercise, we seek to elucidate, from the research and strategy of the Autonomous Medication Management (GAM) in its five years of existence and operation, concept exercises, successes, trips and catches. As an act / performance, we present the experience of an immersion lab. We consider as a laboratory, a trip to Montreal-CA for 15 days in November 2013, performed by ten people who participated as researchers in the GAM project (mental health users and students of the universities involved). GAM bets on a participatory methodology of doing research and mental health, considering all its participants as researchers and smudging the place of research subjects. In affinity with this proposal, we have adopted for this thesis the cartographic methodology, the dissolution of the place of the researcher, the appreciation of the experience. The work that follows also consists of photographs, links to videos and to the blog, a narrative, all made collectively. This is a production that not only goes through writing, and also not only by the hands of the master's degree.

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In order to improve his own teaching practice, the researcher observed and studied student-driven approaches to public art education that not only achieved the aims of the national standards, but also encouraged secondary students' engagement with art in personally relevant ways. Inspired and informed by these observations and studies, the researcher developed a curriculum based more on student concerns, which was studied using action research. The action research approach was driven by experimentation with the curriculum's content as well as its implementation and is fundamentally about improving the researcher's own teaching practice. Hence, the study focuses largely on the researcher's curriculum and teaching. Relationships or correlations between intrinsic motivation, engaging with art in critical ways, and classroom autonomy are explored in the present study. This thesis investigates what students might accomplish when given more autonomy over their projects and learning opportunities. This study focused largely on how a student-driven approach changed the researcher's own feelings and understandings about teaching and learning. The results of the present study lead to a variety of conclusions regarding teaching, curriculum, and student learning.

Maintaining the proper physician-patient relationship in health care is vital to the well-being of patients, especially when considering end of life decisions such as euthanasia. Because this topic has been in the forefront of media in recent years, there appears to be a need to understand how the relationship between physician and patient works in these practical situations, as well as understand what the most appropriate model of patient care is in regards to maintaining patient autonomy. However, before this can be done this paper will begin with a brief look at the overall permissibility of euthanasia, using the arguments of Dan Brock and Leon Kass. Once the issue of permissibility is discussed, I continue by investigating three main models of patient care presented by Linda and Ezekiel Emanuel: informative, interpretive, and deliberative. Each of these models presents a different view of patient autonomy that changes how the physician and patient interact. By discussing the philosophical requirements of autonomy presented by philosophers such as Harry Frankfurt, Susan Wolf, and Andrea Westlund, I argue that the deliberative model of patient care provides the most sufficient view of autonomy while also protecting the physician-patient relationship and patient well-being.

This qualitative study identified the strategies that secondary French teachers use in their classroom to show students that they have made progress in their learning. Six teachers participated in this study. Data were collected from interviews, class observations, and artifacts used by the teachers. The findings suggest that teachers use a variety of strategies to help their students to know that they have made progress. These strategies include various forms of formative assessments, self-assessments, and self-reflections. The findings reveal that teachers choose to use these strategies because they are able to help their students develop characteristics of autonomous learners.

La problématique de cette thèse s'articule autour de deux questions centrales, lesquelles ont servi de fil conducteur pour la recherche menée. La première question interroge le sens que prend la migration quand elle nous concerne en tant que résidents d’un quartier, citoyens d’une ville et nationaux d’un pays. La deuxième question est de savoir comment on parvient à ces moments pendant lesquels les germes d’une sorte de transformation sociale s'enracinent dans la vie politique. Notre travail s’inscrit dans une approche qui regarde dans la migration ces occasions de subjectivation civique et politique et ces émergences de types d’engagements politiques dans le quotidien. Notre intérêt porte plus précisément sur ce que produisent les différentes négociations qui ont lieu dans ce que nous nommerons « paysages d’attribution » vis-à-vis de l’immigration et ce que l’on regarde comme géographie du vécu de celle-ci. Il s’agit de négociations qui se font entre les pouvoirs qui dictent les politiques et les pratiques liées aux migrations, les autorités et autres instances qui recourent à ces politiques et pratiques, les expériences que font les migrants au contact de ces réalités vécues et les engagements des citoyens par rapport à elles. C’est à travers ces négociations que nous tentons de lier ensemble les deux questions présentées plus haut, dans le cas grec. Pour ce faire, notre recherche mobilise des outils de la géographie sociale, des sciences politiques, des ressources anthropologiques et littéraires, et de la philosophie politique / The issue raised on this thesis revolves around two central questions, which have guided the research. The first question investigates the meaning that migration takes when it becomes an issue that concerns us in our daily encounters as residents of a neighborhood, citizens of a city, nationals of a country. The second question investigates how we arrive at those moments during which the seeds of social transformation take root in political life. The research explores these questions by looking into migration processes as creative of opportunities for civic and political subjectivity in the everyday life and through the different encounters with the locals. More precisely, the thesis focuses on the various negotiations that take place in what is called "landscapes of attribution", which is related to the policies and practices of migration and the way migrants experience them through the different strategies of survival. These are negotiations between those that dictate policies and practices related to migration, the authorities and other bodies that implement these policies and practices, the migrants and the way they experience these policies on their everyday encounters with other citizens in local communities. They are also negotiations that produce proximities with local communities and create new spaces of commons. By looking into such negotiations in the Greek case, the thesis links together the two questions presented above. It does so by using tools from social geography, political science, anthropological and literary resources, and political philosophy

The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ level of autonomy in a Response-to-Intervention (RTI) model school system and with delivering a Tier 2 reading intervention, as well as, to understand teachers’ perception of student response to the adapted reading materials. Qualitative data collection involved individual teacher interview, observations, post-intervention survey, and a focus group. Teachers selected reading materials that focused on sight word learning to adapt to fit student need and then delivered the intervention for six weeks. Quantitative data were the students’ progress monitoring scores of sight words learned and overall oral reading fluency rate. Results showed that each teacher adapted the materials differently, and that intervention practicality and elements of the current educational structure affect teacher autonomy. While specific elements can play into intervention practicality, it is truly difficult to analyze an intervention separate from the system in which it is being delivered. Teachers defined intervention practicality as ease of delivery, while additionally defining elements of district operations and governing forces of the system, as broader themes that placed control over their instructional practice, thus restricting autonomy. Implications for practice and future research encompass ways to empower teachers to build autonomy and ways to create teacher involvement during system-level change.

Researchers have shown that learners who self-control (SC) their knowledge of results (KR) schedule learn the task more effectively than yoked learners. A common recommendation from these results is that learners should be provided choice over their KR schedule, rather than at a coaches' discretion (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016). No research to date has compared SC learners to a group that more closely mimics receiving KR from a coach, thus challenging whether such a recommendation can be made. To this end, three groups learned a golf putting task; an SC group, a traditional yoked group (TY), and a group who were led to believe that their KR schedule was being controlled by a golf coach (perceived coach-controlled yoked group; PCC). Participants (N = 60) completed three phases; pre-test, acquisition, and two 24-hr delayed post-tests (retention/transfer). All groups lowered their mean radial error (MRE) and bivariate variable error (BVE) throughout acquisition. As hypothesized, the SC group (M = 40.10) had lower adjusted MRE compared to the TY group (M = 43.12) during the post-tests, yet, the PCC group had the lowest adjusted MRE (M = 36.61). These differences, however, were not statistically significant, F(2, 54) = 2.81, p = .069. BVE did not display the same pattern as MRE during the post-test as group means were clustered together, F(2, 57) = 0.38, p = .963. Results from a questionnaire indicated that both yoked groups showed moderate ratings for receiving KR on a desired schedule, as well as preferring KR on good trials, or good and bad trials equally. Taken together, these results call into question the recommendation for practitioners to give choice to a learner over KR scheduling.