This essay deals with verb use in headlines. More specifically, the aim was to see if therewere any differences between two British newspapers in how verbs were used in headlines. Inorder to carry out this study, 100 headlines were collected from each of the newspapers andorganized into groups; headlines that included verbs and headlines that did not. A decisionwas made to only look at two types of verbs; main verbs and auxiliaries.The results showed that The Independent as well as The Sun generally contains verbs. TheIndependent has a slightly higher rate when main verbs and auxiliaries are put together.However, The Sun uses more auxiliaries. Only primary and modal auxiliaries are used in TheSun as well as in The Independent, no semi-auxiliaries were found in any of the newspaperheadlines. Another interesting fact was that The Independent has removed all auxiliaries in theforms of be. Then Sun too seems to prefer headlines without this particular auxiliary but therewere a few headlines which included forms of be.A comparison between the results presented in this study and a study carried out by Mårdhduring the late 1970’s shows similar results. The present study is far more limited in itsmaterial but the parts that could be compared shows that the verb use in newspaper headlineshas not changed much during the past few decades.

Pendant la guerre d'Algérie (1955-1962), le gouvernement général de l'Algérie met en place dans les campagnes et les banlieues des grandes villes d'Algérie une structure de pacification, les SAS (sections administratives spécialisées) et les SAU (sections administratives urbaines), dont on trouve le prolongement au sein des SAT (Service d'assistance technique) en métropole (Paris, Lyon, Marseille) et au niveau de la Force de police auxiliaire de Paris. Les officiers SAS, officiers de carrière, de réserve en situation d'active, et appelés, recrutent des supplétifs (moghaznis) et mènent une politique de pacification dans les domaines administratif, politique (promotion d'élus musulmans), économique (Plan de Constantine), social (aide aux indigents et résorption des bidonvilles), médical, scolaire, et militaire. Au cœur de la politique de la France en Algérie de 1955 à 1959, ces officiers se retrouvent, dès 1960, en porte-à-faux de la nouvelle politique du général de Gaulle. Si certains démissionnent ou partent amers de leur période de SAS, d'autres s'opposent au général de Gaulle lors du référendum sur l'autodétermination de l'Algérie de janvier 1961, du putsch d'avril 1961, voire ont la tentation de basculer dans l'organisation subversive de I'OAS. L'indépendance de l'Algérie risquant de menacer la vie des supplétifs, certains officiers SAS organisent des filières clandestines de rapatriement des supplétifs et de leurs familles, et les aident à s'insérer en France grâce à des associations, des initiatives individuelles et du soutien administratif et financier de l'État (SAT de Paris et de Marseille). / The mission of the SAS in Algeria is the current equivalent in NATO parlance civil-military cooperation. The SAS, the special administrative sections and SAU the city administrative sections were created by the governor general J. Soustelle. Its mission was to maintain contact with the population and collect the intelligence necessary for successful operation. The SAS and SAU would be irnplemented to administer the villages in Algeria to combat the economic misery and political inequality that were the root causes of the insurgency. With their civilian personnel and Muslin auxiliary troops (moghaznis), they were the administrative intermediaries responsible for development of their districts. They rebuilt schools. They cared for the sick by establishing fee medical assistance. They conducted censuses to establish welfare services and organized elections for municipal officials. They improved agriculture and husbandry, built roads and bridges. In military terms, the SAS officiers dismantled the FLN cells and collected intelligence on the ALN. They protected the village with their auxiliaries (moghaznis). ln three cities of metropolis, we find the presence of similar structures, with for Paris, an auxiliary police force. The SAS was an important policy to preserve French Algeria from 1955 to 1959, but then the new policy who wants to give at Algeria her independence (1960-1962) changed the SAS officer policy opinion. They try to oppose them during the referendum of Algerian auto determination (January 1961), at the time of the putsch (Apri11961), by tipping over to the terrorism (OAS), or by organizing Mussulmen auxiliary secret repatriation in France (April-May 1962).

Les composés organofluorés constituent une grande partie de produits pharmaceutiques, ainsi que pesticides, herbicides et matériaux fabriqués actuellement. Développement des méthodes sélectives de la synthèse des composés organofluorés est donc d'intérêt principal pour la chimie. Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons la nouvelle méthode de synthèse des cyclopropanes monofluorés basé sur la cyclisation initiée par la réaction de Michaël (MIRC). Notre méthode permet d'obtenir les cyclopropanes monofluorés polysubstitués à partir de dibromofluorocetate d'éthyle et différents accpteurs de Michaël. Nous avons aussi réalisé la cyclopropanation asymétrique en utilisant le nouveau réactif fluoré chiral à base d'oxazolidinone. Dans la partie finale de cette thèse nous décrivons la synthèse de l'analogue fluoré de L-FAP4, l'agoniste puissant des récepteurs métabotropiques de glutamate groupe II(mGluR II), afin d'augmenter l'activité biologique et la biodisponibilité de ce composé. / Organofluorine compounds constitute a large part of all the drugs, crop protection agents and advanced materials produced nowadays. Therefore, there is a great interest in developing the new methods of synthesis of organofluorine compounds. In this thesis we report a novel method of synthesis of monofluorinated cyclopropanes based on the Michael-initiating ring closure (MIRC) reaction. Our method allows obtaining polysubstituted monofluorinated cyclopropanes from ethyl dibromofluoroacetate and various Michael acceptors. We have also implemented the asymetric version of cyclopropanation using a novel oxazolodinone-derived chiral fluorinated reagent. In the final part of this thesis we report the synthesis of a fluorinated analog of L-FAP4, a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR II). Incorporation of a fluorine atom is expected to increase the biological activity and bioavailabiblity of this compound.

A temática deste estudo trata da prática de enfermagem de trabalhadores de nível médio que atuam em serviços da rede de atenção básica à saúde a partir de meados da década de 1990. Foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de caracterizar o processo de trabalho dos auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem de uma unidade básica de saúde, do município de Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo, na perspectiva da integralidade da atenção, caracterizar o perfil sócio demográfico dos auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem integrantes deste serviço de atenção básica à saúde, analisar a concepção destes trabalhadores de enfermagem de nível médio sobre os elementos constitutivos do processo de trabalho na atenção básica à saúde e identificar e analisar os aspectos dificultadores e facilitadores para desenvolver o processo de trabalho na perspectiva da integralidade. Constituiu-se em um estudo de natureza descritiva e abordagem qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, optamos pela observação participante e entrevista semiestruturada. Participaram deste estudo 10 auxiliares de enfermagem e 02 técnicos de enfermagem e, para a análise dos dados obtidos, utilizou-se a análise temática. No decorrer da análise foi possível identificar duas distintas composições no processo de trabalho destes agentes, sendo que encontramos de modo predominante a organização do processo de trabalho para atender pessoas com necessidade de enfrentar doenças/problemas de saúde, mas também encontramos potencialidades para o desenvolvimento do processo de trabalho na direção da integralidade da atenção. Concluiu-se que, diante do esgotamento dos recursos disponíveis na atenção básica à saúde e do sentimento de impotência no ato de cuidar, estes trabalhadores têm procurado estratégias para tentar ajudar ao usuário que procura o serviço de saúde com problemas que não se enquadram àqueles solucionáveis com consulta médica, medicamentos ou procedimentos técnicos. Considera-se ser necessário introduzir a educação permanente no cotidiano do trabalho na atenção básica à saúde e dentro desta prática, qualificar a escuta dos trabalhadores que atuam nestes serviços. Considera-se também ser necessário ampliar os fóruns de discussões e as ações, incluindo como agentes as universidades, os conselhos de enfermagem e as instâncias políticas de nível nacional, estadual e municipal, para promover transformações estruturais na formação dos trabalhadores de nível médio de enfermagem, de modo que estes desenvolvam as competências necessárias para o trabalho na atenção básica à saúde na perspectiva da integralidade da atenção. / The theme of this study deals with the nursing practice of middle level workers whose field is primary health care services since mid 1990\'s. It was developed with the objectives of distinguishing the working process of primary heath unit auxiliaries and nursing technicians of the city of Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo, through the perspective of the integrality of the action, distinguish the socio-demographic profile of the auxiliaries and nursing technicians members of such primary health care service, analyze the conceptions of these middle level nursing workers under the constitutive elements of the primary health care working process and identify and analyze the complicating and facilitating aspects to develop the working process through the perspective of integrality. It was formed a descriptive nature and qualitative approach study. In order to collect the data, structured observation and semi-structured interview were applied. Ten nursing auxiliaries and two nursing technicians took part of such study and for the obtained data analysis, thematic analysis was employed. During the analysis process it was possible to identify two distinguished compositions in the working process of these agents, where it was found in a predominant way the organization of the working process to assist people with the need to deal with diseases/health problems, but it was also found potentialities for the working process development towards the integrality of attention. It was concluded that facing the exhaustion of resources available in primary health care and the feeling of impotence in the act of taking care, these workers have been searching for strategies to try to help users who seek health service units with problems which do not fit the ones solvable through medical consultation, drugs or technical procedures. It is considered necessary to introduce continuing education in primary health care daily work and within such practice, qualify the listening of workers who act in such services. It is also considered as necessary to expand the discussion forums and the actions, including universities, nursing councils and national, state and municipal political instances as agents to promote structural changes in the training of middle level nursing workers so that they develop the skills necessary for work in primary health care from the perspective of integrality of attention.

In this research work detailed parallel and series equivalent circuits of a gapped iron-core shunt reactor with discretely distributed gaps are derived. The validity of the recommended equivalent circuits is verified by Finite Element Analysis and laboratory tests. Effects of fringing flux and discretely distributed gaps on inductance parameters and reactor losses are also investigated. Moving Strip Method for discretely distributed gapped shunt reactors is recommended. Two design procedures for shunt reactor with discretely distributed gaps are developed within the scope of this thesis. A simple and practical design approach is also developed which does not need any Finite Element Analysis software. This practical method is very useful for design engineers and researchers. The results of practical design approach are shown to be in good agreement with Finite Element Analysis and experimental work.

In this study, three different programs are developed for the analysis of the three-phase induction motor, single-phase capacitor type induction motor and switched reluctance motor. The programs are developed by using Pascal and C++ programming languages. In the performance calculations of motors, analytical methods are used and these methods are tested for accuracy. These programs have also capabilities to design an optimum motor, which meets a set of performance, material and manufacturing constraints while minimizing the weight or any other defined objective function. In addition, in this study, an optimization tool is used to obtain an appropriate optimization method for the design of different types of motors. The software is tested over different commercial motors. The results illustrates that the performance calculations and optimization approach of the programs lead to good results.

In this thesis axial flux and radial flux brushless dc motors will be studied as a drive motor for the control of moment gyroscope wheel. Design equations for axial flux and radial flux brushless dc motor topologies will be reviewed. Based on these equations radial and axial flux motors with different number of poles will be designed that meet control moment gyroscope wheel application requirements. The results will be evaluated in terms of efficiency, torque/mass and torque/volume, and suitability for the control moment gyroscope application.

The permanent magnet motors have become essential parts of modern motor drives recently because need for high efficiency and accurate dynamic performance arose in the industry. Some of the advantages they possess over other types of electric motors include higher torque density, higher efficiency due to absence of losses caused by field excitation, almost unity power factor, and almost maintenance free construction. With increasing need for specialized PM motors for different purposes and areas, much effort has also gone to design methodologies. In this thesis a design model is developed for surface PM motors. This model is used with an available optimization algorithm for the optimized design of a PM motor. Special attention is paid to measurement of parameters of a sample PM motor. As a result of this study, an effective analytical model with a proven accuracy by measurement results is developed and applied in a design process of a surface PM motor. Parametric and performance results of analytical model and tests have been presented comparatively. A prototype motor has been realized and tested.

The purpose of this thesis has been to convert two softwares called TPCAD (Three Phase Induction Machine Computer Aided Desing) and SPCAD (Single Phase Induction Machine Computer Aided Design) developed earlier for the design and analysis of three and single phase induction machines to meet the needs of motor manufacturing industry so that they can be run in windows environment. Furthermore, it was aimed to include features such as double cage motor analysis and design, to provide a facility designed motor lamination can be drawn for the user to see and facilitate sharing the designed lamination with other professional programs such as finite element analysis or thermal analysis etc. As a result of this study, a user friendly design tool facilitating the design process of induction motors has been upgraded by using C++ Microsoft Visual Studio .Net programming language. TPCAD and SPCAD are tested with different commercial motors. The results show that the full load performance calculations are within the range of 5% error for both programs. However, starting performance calculation errors are within 10% for TPCAD, and 8% for SPCAD.

Since most of the electrical energy is consumed by the electrical motors, it is necessary to use the electrical energy as efficient as possible. Throughout this study four different types of motors (induction motor, permanent magnet radial flux DC motor, permanent magnet axial flux DC motor, switched reluctance motor) are considered and compared based on their torque per unit volume and speed performance comparison. Torque per unit volume equations are obtained for each of the motor, related to quantities such as magnetic flux density and electric loading and the speed performances are compared by using a washing machine application, which has a wide speed range. As a result of this study torque per unit volume and speed performance of each of these four types of motors are obtained and motors of different types are evaluated due to their torque per motor volume, torque per ampere, efficiency and etc. over a wide speed range to have an idea about the applications of these motors.