Due to the globalization processes , international trade has increased dramatically, resulting in growing number of disputes between companies from different countries. Effective and convenient way both to prevent and solve the conflicts is international arbitration. But if failing party does not voluntarily accomplish the award, the other side must apply for a special international procedure - recognition and enforcement of the award. The United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 is the main international treaty to instruct the process of enforcement of arbitral awards and arbitral awards may be refused only under certain grounds laid down in the Convention. This paper is mainly focused on the award enforcement procedure in one of the biggest commercial markets of the world - China. According to the previous research, enforcement procedure in China has improved recently, however it still can not meet international standards. In this paper we examine the procedure of enforcement first, moving from the available form of arbitration and process of choosing arbitration rules to behavior of the state as a part in the process. Then we introduce the article V of United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, as a most important document for practical implementation of enforcement. In order to understand current situation in China, author thinks it is necessary to make a short review of historical development of arbitral award enforcement system and legal basis relevant to the main purpose of this research. Finally, we analyze the present legal situation in China within the mechanism of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards and show what kind of problems exist when it comes to practical realization of enforcement in China. Our analysis shows that the main problems with practical enforcement in China include: local protectionism and different understanding of the definition and purpose of Public Policy. These problems are also illustrated by practical cases, which happened between Chinese and international companies. Our conclusion shows that mentioned problems are not connected with international mechanism of arbitral awards, but with the complications of its implementation in China. Some of the problems can be solved if involving party prepares thoroughly for the process, but some of them can be solved if central and local government of China stops maintaining its policy of local protectionism.

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M.Tech. Business Administration. Business School. / In their attempt to continuously improve their operations, Sasol Mining has since 1998 embarked on several different improvement initiatives including Operation Excellence with the improvement Lean Six Sigma in 2008. The main reason for choosing Lean Six Sigma was that the latter is a general, standard, well-documented improvement methodology, which is not dependent on any specific consultancy group to ensure successful and sustainable implementation. For sustainable Lean Six Sigma programme implementation, Sasol Mining has to ensure that human resources skills development and motivation enabling systems such as training and reward systems are in place. This research focuses on the assessment of the extent to which Operation Excellence employees perceive that there are benefits associated with their participation in the Lean Six Sigma programme during 2010 at Sasol Mining. In particular, how these perceptions could be effectively used by management as a basis for creating the environment where people are content and motivated to perform their best. The research investigates employee perceptions of various levels of Lean Six Sigma training within the context of categories of rewards most frequently associated with Lean Six Sigma; extrinsic, intrinsic, organisational and social rewards.

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Magistro baigiamajame darbe yra pateikiama užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimo pagrindų ir tvarkos, taip pat užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimo problematikos analizė teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektu remiantis tarptautiniais ir nacionaliniais teisės aktais bei teismų praktika. Atliktos analizės pagrindu magistro baigiamojo darbo autorius atskleidžia užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimo teisinio reglamentavimo bei teismų praktikos panašumus bei skirtumus. Visa tai leidžia daryti išvadą, jog atskirų valstybių nacionalinių įstatymų įvairovė, skirtinga užsienio teismų praktika lemia tai, kad dažnai praktikoje kyla problemų, susijusių su ne visada vienodu ir nuosekliu užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimą reguliuojančių teisės normų taikymu. Lietuvoje Niujorko konvencija buvo ratifikuota tik 1995 m. sausio 17 d. Nacionalinės teisės užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimas sureguliuotas tik 1996 m. balandžio 2 d. LR Komercinio arbitražo įstatyme. Vėliau buvo atlikti 1964 m. LR CPK pakeitimai, įtvirtinant detalesnę užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimo tvarką bei nutarčių apskundimą, o naujasis LR CPK - 2003 m. sausio 1 d. Priešingai, užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimo teisinis reglamentavimas tarptautiniu mastu buvo pradėtas 1927 m. priėmus Ženevos konvenciją. Šių teisės šaltinių naujumas atskleidžia, jog užsienio arbitražo sprendimų pripažinimas Lietuvoje yra naujas teisinis institutas, kurio analizė teisinėje literatūroje nėra gausi. Visa tai lemia... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The article compares and analyses the positions of foreign and Lithuanian legal acts on the recognition of foreign arbitration awards, the practice of Lithuanian and foreign courts in this area and the topic of recognition of foreign arbitral awards in theoretical and practical aspects. Guided by such investigation the author of the article raise the similarities and differences in the regulation of foreign arbitration awards throughout different countries. That leads to the conclusion that some positions or terms are interpreted in the courts or regulated in the legal acts of different countries not unilaterally or even differently in the area. Lithuania, being a very dynamic region, develops intensively its laws on arbitration. Nevertheless, in Lithuania the recognition of international arbitral awards has been started to develop only on 17th of January in 1995 by the ratification of the New York convention, which has been recognized and enforced according to the provisions of the Law on Commercial Arbitration adopted on the 2nd of April in 1996. Afterwards, there was made some changes of Civil Procedure code, and finally the new Civil Procedure code was adopted on the 1st of January in 2003. On the contrary, the process of legitimation of recognition of foreign arbitral awards internationally has been started in 1927 by adoption of Geneva protocol on arbitration. That is the main motive why the author of the article decided to investigate the practice and national laws of... [to full text]

This study looks at designing strategy-supportive reward systems and the benefits that an organisation can obtain from such a system. Aligning the reward system to the company's strategy is one way that an organisation can gain a competitive advantage. In the literature review section of the study, the author looks at strategy formulation and its link to human resources activities. The implementation process of a selected strategy is crucial as it relies upon the human resources skills base. Therefore, employee retention and motivation is important in ensuring correct strategy implementation. Theories of motivation are highlighted s it is important to understand what motivates your workers and managers, and ensure that the reward system is congruent with the employees' motivational needs. Different performance management systems are highlighted to show how important it is to measure performance if you are to reward that performance. A case study of Chemplex Corporation shows that the company needs to improve on its communication of the chosen strategy through the hierarchy down to shop floor workers. Furthermore, Chemplex Corporation does not have a performance management system resulting in a reward system that is not aligned t the company's strategy. Recommendations are made using a model of strategy formulation and implementation that ensures participation at all levels of the organisation. The Balance Scorecard concept designed by Norton and Kaplan is recommended for performance management and ensuring that the reward system is in line with the company's strategy. Finally, guidelines on implementing a strategy-supportive reward system are given so that management knows what pitfalls to avoid. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, 2003.

This study of Swedish advertising, and the language in its advertisements in particular, has two main purposes. One is to investigate the language and structure of ads, and seek to explain why ads have these exist. A second purpose is to investigate the continuity and change in the language and structure of ads. An ad consists of a number of elements. The main verbal element is called copy. The term headline is used for the main headline of an ad. Ads almost invariably also have a logotype, and more often than not a slogan placed near this logotype. This slogan is here called a payoff. The term used in this study for something final, e. g., a whole ad, is utterance, a Bakhtinian term. Starting with 1975 and ending with 2007, the material holds considerable variation. Swedish ads from the late 70´s and early 80´s display both long copy and documentary photography. Proportions between ad elements change during the investigated period of time. Accepting the presupposition that ads have the purpose of persuading their readers, it´s likely that most or possibly all of their features are meant to play a part in that persuasion. This will include the ways in which ads speak to their readers. Part of the investigation deals with this by looking at how pronouns, questions, and urges are used. Also, humour is an internalized part of contemporary advertising. This was established before 1975 and is a common feature of the Golden Egg Awards ads. Discourses meet in ads, in order to make ads more trustworthy. This explains borrowing from discourses like science and journalism. There is one further main reason for ads to use traits from other discourses: intimacy. Private life has had more impact on advertising and advertising language than any other discourse.

This study examines the portrayal of gender in Australian Children’s Book Council award and honour books in the Younger Reader and Older Reader categories over the years 1981-1993. Its purpose is to discover whether the books portray females and males in equally positive ways, which both reflect their changing roles in our society and provide models for gender construction to young readers. This is done by means of a qualitative analysis of the text from selected books, supported by a quantitative analysis in the form of frequency counts of gender representations. Relevant Government policies and feminist ideologies which have influenced them are reviewed, and compared with the study’s findings to ascertain how far the CBC books’ gender portrayals are in line with current education policies and research. The findings suggest a review of CBC judging criteria, and highlight the need for a critical literacy approach in classroom literacy teaching. Recommendations for the broadening of research in literature are made.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2957. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-64).

Thesis (Master').