The theme of academic anti-Semitism has been much discussed recently in histories of the interwar period of the University of Vienna, in particular its Faculty of Law and Policy Sciences. This paper complements these studies by focusing in this regard on the economics chairs at this faculty and, more generally, on the fate of the younger generation of the Austrian school of economics. After some introductory remarks the paper concentrates on three case studies: the neglect of Mises in all three appointments of economics chairs in the 1920s; the anti-Semitic overtones in the conflict between Hans Mayer and Othmar Spann, both professors for economics at the faculty; and on anti-Semitism as a determinant of success or failure in academia, and consequently of the emigration of Austrian economists. Finally, we have a short look at the development of economics at the University of Vienna during and after the Nazi regime. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The Nationalökonomische Gesellschaft (Austrian Economic Association, NOeG) provides a prominent example of the Viennese economic circles that more than academic economics dominated scientific discourse in the interwar years. For the first time this paper gives a thorough account of its history, from its foundation 1918 until the demise of its long-time president, Hans Mayer, 1955, based on official documents and archival material. The topics treated include its predecessor and rival, the Gesellschaft österreichischer Volkswirte, the foundation 1918 soon to be followed by years of inactivity, the relaunch by Mayer and Mises, the survival under the NS-regime and the expulsion of its Jewish members, and the slow restoration after 1945. In particular, an attempt is made to provide a list of the papers presented to the NOeG, as complete as possible, for the period 1918-1938. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The Nationalökonomische Gesellschaft (NOeG) was founded in June 1918 by a group of young scholars, mostly based in Vienna, as a forum for theoretical debate. Despite the prominent economists involved (e.g. Schumpeter, Mises, Mayer, Spann, Amonn) its activities soon petered out. The relaunch of the NOeG in 1927 originated from the necessity of the two strands of the Austrian school, led by Mayer and Mises, to find some tolerable arrangement; Spann and economists outside the University of Vienna were excluded. Around 1930 the NOeG and Vienna in general proved an attraction for many well-known economists from abroad, and many of the papers presented were printed and cited in first-rate journals. Yet with the emigration of many Austrian economists during the 1930s the NOeG mirrored the general decline of academic economics in Austria and the number and quality of the papers presented decreased. After the Anschluss 1938 the NOeG and its president Mayer were quick in dismissing its Jewish members and in the following adhered to a strategy of inconspicuous adaptation; its formal existence did not lead to any substantial activities. The post-war period was characterized by the restoration of the situation before 1938, with Mayer's continued presence at the university as well as at the NOeG a case in point. In the end, it led Austrian academic economics into a state of international isolation and "provincialization" much lamented by the émigré economists of the Austrian school.

La maladie d'Alzheimer est la démence neurodégénérative la plus fréquente, en particulier chez les personnes âgées. A l'heure actuelle, aucun traitement ne permet d'arrêter efficacement le développement de la maladie. Le tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmethanamine (ANAVEX2-73) est un composé mixte avec une affinité modérée, de l'ordre du µM pour les récepteurs muscariniques et les récepteurs sigma-1. Des données préliminaires ont montré que la molécule avait des propriétés anti-amnésiantes et neuroprotectrices dans un modèle non transgénique de la maladie d'Alzheimer. L'objectif de cette thèse est de poursuivre le développement préclinique de la molécule. Nous avons montré, d'abord dans un modèle non-transgénique de la maladie d'Alzheimer, le modèle d'injection de peptide AB(25-35) oligomérisé chez la souris, que la molécule prévient l'hyperphosphorylation de la protéine Tau ainsi que la production du peptide AB(1-42), deux éléments clés de la physiopathologie de la maladie. Nous avons utilisé ce même modèle pour montrer que l'ANAVEX2-73 prévient les déficits de la fonction mitochondriale, qui sont présents de manière constante et précoce chez les patients. Enfin, nous avons montré qu'un traitement chronique de deux mois avec le composé, dans un modèle de souris transgéniques de la maladie, permet de restaurer les capacités cognitives chez les souris, de diminuer le stress oxydant et d'augmenter les marqueurs synaptiques. Cependant le traitement n'a pas permis de réduire la charge amyloïde dans le cerveau des souris. L'ensemble de ces résultats est encourageant pour le développement futur de la molécule, puisque cette dernière, en plus d'être neuroprotectrice et anti-amnésiante semble être efficace sur les éléments clés de la physiopathologie de la maladie. / Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. There is however no efficient treatment to stop the disease progression. Tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmetanamine (ANAVEX2-73) is a mixed compound with moderate affinity for muscarinic and sigma-1 receptors. Preliminary data showed ANAVEX2-73 had anti-amnesic and neuroprotective poperties, in a non-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this thesis is to improve knowledge about preclinical data of this molecule. We first showed that, in the non-transgenic AB(25-35) mouse model, ANAVEX2-73 prevented Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and AB(1-42) peptide seeding, two key parameters involved in Alzheimer's disease physiopathology. We also used this model tho show that ANAVEX2-73 prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, consistently reported as an early event of the disease in patients. The last part of this thesis showed that a two-month chronic treatment with ANAVEX2-73 in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease reversed cognitive dysfunction and prevented loss of synaptic markers and increased of oxidative stress. However, we could not show a decrease of amyloid load in mouse brain after chronic treatment. Altogether, these results suggest that ANAVEX2-73 treatment could be effective to treat Alzheimer's disease. In addition to its neuroprotective and anti-amnesic property, it also prevents key hallmarks involved in the physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease.

This contribution examines the teaching of economics at the Hochschule für Welthandel as a case study in the evolution of Austrian academic economics in the 20th century. The period considered is divided into three periods - before, under and after the NS-regime. The main focus is on the multiparadigmatic character of the discipline before WWII, on economics under the NS rule, and on the restoration and delayed integration of economics into the international mainstream after 1945. On the personal level, the teaching of economics at the Welthandel was dominated for more than three decades by Walter Heinrich and Richard Kerschagl, whose influence is explored with regard to their academic, scientific and political activities. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The point of departure of this study is that in the 1930s Oskar Morgenstern, well-known as the co-founder of game theory, was preoccupied by his activities in Austrian economic policy, possibly even more so than with his project to revolutionize economic theory. The main questions to be examined in this regard are, first, to what extent Morgenstern's advice did conform to the teachings of the Austrian school and, second, if he really exerted an influence on economic policy-making in Austria during this period. In order to answer this question the paper draws to a large part on unpublished sources from the Oskar Morgenstern Papers and uses them as a basis for determining Morgenstern's role in a few critical episodes of Austrian economic policy-making. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The complexity of credit-money is conceived as the central issue in the banking-macro nexus, which the author considers as a structural as well as process component of the evolving economy. This nexus is significant for the stability as well as the fragility of the economic system, because it connects the monetary with the real domain of economic production and consumption. The evolution of credit rules shapes economic networks between households, firms, banks, governments and central banks in space and time. The properties and characteristics of this evolutionary process are discussed in three sections. First, the author looks into the origins of the theory of money and its role for contemporary monetary economics. Second, he briefly discusses current theoretical foundations of top-down as well as bottom-up approaches to the banking-macro nexus, such as dynamic stochastic general equilibrium and agent-based models. In the third part he suggests an evolutionary framework, building on a generic rule-based approach, to arrive at standards for bottom-up foundations in agent-based macroeconomic models with a banking sector. (author's abstract)