Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2004.

<p>Water hardness indicates the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water. Water with high concentrations of these ions is described as hard water and water with low concentrations is described as soft water. Water that is too hard or too soft can lead to technical and economical problems. In collaboration with Midvatten AB, groundwater hardness in the Badelunda esker between Leksand and Avesta has been mapped, and an attempt has been made to explain the variations. For this purpose, different GIS programs, such as ArcView, ArcInfo, IDIRISI, and one geochemical modelling program, PHREEQC, has been used. GIS programs were used for digitising geological and hydrological maps and then for combining them with other kinds of data. Simulations of chemical equilibria have been accomplished using PHREEQC.</p><p>The absolutely most important factor that affects groundwater hardness is dissolution of carbonate minerals. The dissolution is controlled by access to these minerals and pH value of groundwater. Soil samples taken along Badelunda esker indicated the presence of carbonate minerals, and showed significant variation in carbonate content. PHREEQC simulations have indicated that samples from most of wells were saturated with calcite, it means there is no lack of carbonates. The simulations indicated even the importance of carbon dioxide pressure for pH and hardness in groundwater. Because this pressure is much higher under the ground than in the atmosphere the pH value will change as soon the water comes in contact with atmospheric air. Measurements of pH in field are quite complicated and are not usually performed in the field. In this work, pH values were obtained from laboratory analyses, and no measurements were made in the field.</p><p>Also road salt effects hardness. From several wells located closely to way 70 were received data showing rising chloride contents and hardness during last 30-40 years. The direct effect of road salt on hardness (exchange of Ca2+ by Na+) was investigated using simulation in PHREEQC. Results of simulations showed that effect of road salt on groundwater hardness are of secondary significance.</p><p>In some cases, extreme values in groundwater hardness could be explained by infiltration of surface water or by the occurrence of relict seawater.</p> / <p>Hårdhetsgrad anger koncentration av kalcium- och magnesiumjoner i vatten. Vatten med höga koncentrationer av dessa joner betecknas som hårt och vice versa. Både för hårt och för mjukt vatten innebär tekniska och ekonomiska problem. På uppdrag av Midvatten AB har ett försök att kartlägga och förklara variationen i grundvattnets hårdhet i Badelundaåsen mellan Leksand och Avesta genomförts. I arbetet användes olika GIS-program, såsom ArcView, ArcInfo, IDRISI, och ett geokemiskt modelleringsprogram, PHREEQC. GIS-programmen användes för digitalisering av geologiska och hydrologiska kartor och sammanställning av dessa kartor med andra typer av data. I PHREEQC genomfördes simuleringar av kemiska jämvikter.</p><p>Den absolut viktigaste faktorn som påverkar grundvattnets hårdhet är upplösning av kalkrika mineral. Upplösningen styrs av tillgången på kalkrika mineral och vattnets pH-värde. Jordprover som upptogs längs Badelundaåsen visar på att det finns kalkrika mineral i marken och att karbonathalten i materialet varierar betydligt. Jämviktssimuleringar med PHREEQC visade dock att prover från de flesta brunnar var mättade med avseende på kalcit. Det innebär att tillgången på karbonat inte är den begränsande faktorn. Dessa simuleringar visade dessutom att koldioxidtrycket är en viktig faktor som påverkar pH-värde och hårdhet. Koldioxidtrycket i atmosfären är mycket lägre än det som råder under markytan och därför förändras den kemiska jämvikten i grundvattnet så fort det kommer i kontakt med atmosfärsluften. pH-mätningar i fält är tidskrävande och brukar inte utföras vid vanlig provtagning. I examensarbetet ingick inte några egna vattenprovtagningar. Analysresultat som användes i examensarbetet var framtagna på laboratorium, d.v.s. pH-mätningar utfördes inte i fält.</p><p>Salt som sprids ut på vägar under vintertid har också en hårdhetsökande effekt. Från flera vattentäkter som ligger i närheten av riksväg 70 (Rv70) erhölls tidsserier som visade på stigande trender i både kloridhalter och hårdhet. Den ökade trafikbelastningen på riksväg 70 har sannolikt en betydande påverkan på grundvattenkvalitet. Beräkningar och simuleringar utförda inom ramen för detta examensarbete visade att vägsaltets effekt på grundvattenhårdhet är av sekundär betydelse.</p><p>Inblandning av ytvatten respektive relikt vatten förklarade exceptionellt låga respektive höga hårdhetsvärden i vissa brunnar.</p>

This paper is about an Iron Age cemetery at Tuna in Badelunda parish, Västmanland. Tuna is a complex burial ground that contains a total of 66 graves that consists of 68 individuals. The grave field was used during a period of roughly 700 years from around the year 300 AD until the year 1050 AD. Three types of grave constructions are identified in Tuna, 53 cremation graves, eight boat graves and five chamber graves. This paper will investigate the placements of the grave constructions on the cemetery to study if they are divided by sex, age and grave type. The paper will also analyse and discuss the sex/gender assessments of individuals from Tuna, both the osteological assessments of sex and/or gender assessments are based on? The usual presumptions from earlier research about Tuna are that it was a cemetery mainly for females, but the report about Tuna in Badelunda indicates a diffrent conclusion.

Water hardness indicates the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water. Water with high concentrations of these ions is described as hard water and water with low concentrations is described as soft water. Water that is too hard or too soft can lead to technical and economical problems. In collaboration with Midvatten AB, groundwater hardness in the Badelunda esker between Leksand and Avesta has been mapped, and an attempt has been made to explain the variations. For this purpose, different GIS programs, such as ArcView, ArcInfo, IDIRISI, and one geochemical modelling program, PHREEQC, has been used. GIS programs were used for digitising geological and hydrological maps and then for combining them with other kinds of data. Simulations of chemical equilibria have been accomplished using PHREEQC. The absolutely most important factor that affects groundwater hardness is dissolution of carbonate minerals. The dissolution is controlled by access to these minerals and pH value of groundwater. Soil samples taken along Badelunda esker indicated the presence of carbonate minerals, and showed significant variation in carbonate content. PHREEQC simulations have indicated that samples from most of wells were saturated with calcite, it means there is no lack of carbonates. The simulations indicated even the importance of carbon dioxide pressure for pH and hardness in groundwater. Because this pressure is much higher under the ground than in the atmosphere the pH value will change as soon the water comes in contact with atmospheric air. Measurements of pH in field are quite complicated and are not usually performed in the field. In this work, pH values were obtained from laboratory analyses, and no measurements were made in the field. Also road salt effects hardness. From several wells located closely to way 70 were received data showing rising chloride contents and hardness during last 30-40 years. The direct effect of road salt on hardness (exchange of Ca2+ by Na+) was investigated using simulation in PHREEQC. Results of simulations showed that effect of road salt on groundwater hardness are of secondary significance. In some cases, extreme values in groundwater hardness could be explained by infiltration of surface water or by the occurrence of relict seawater. / Hårdhetsgrad anger koncentration av kalcium- och magnesiumjoner i vatten. Vatten med höga koncentrationer av dessa joner betecknas som hårt och vice versa. Både för hårt och för mjukt vatten innebär tekniska och ekonomiska problem. På uppdrag av Midvatten AB har ett försök att kartlägga och förklara variationen i grundvattnets hårdhet i Badelundaåsen mellan Leksand och Avesta genomförts. I arbetet användes olika GIS-program, såsom ArcView, ArcInfo, IDRISI, och ett geokemiskt modelleringsprogram, PHREEQC. GIS-programmen användes för digitalisering av geologiska och hydrologiska kartor och sammanställning av dessa kartor med andra typer av data. I PHREEQC genomfördes simuleringar av kemiska jämvikter. Den absolut viktigaste faktorn som påverkar grundvattnets hårdhet är upplösning av kalkrika mineral. Upplösningen styrs av tillgången på kalkrika mineral och vattnets pH-värde. Jordprover som upptogs längs Badelundaåsen visar på att det finns kalkrika mineral i marken och att karbonathalten i materialet varierar betydligt. Jämviktssimuleringar med PHREEQC visade dock att prover från de flesta brunnar var mättade med avseende på kalcit. Det innebär att tillgången på karbonat inte är den begränsande faktorn. Dessa simuleringar visade dessutom att koldioxidtrycket är en viktig faktor som påverkar pH-värde och hårdhet. Koldioxidtrycket i atmosfären är mycket lägre än det som råder under markytan och därför förändras den kemiska jämvikten i grundvattnet så fort det kommer i kontakt med atmosfärsluften. pH-mätningar i fält är tidskrävande och brukar inte utföras vid vanlig provtagning. I examensarbetet ingick inte några egna vattenprovtagningar. Analysresultat som användes i examensarbetet var framtagna på laboratorium, d.v.s. pH-mätningar utfördes inte i fält. Salt som sprids ut på vägar under vintertid har också en hårdhetsökande effekt. Från flera vattentäkter som ligger i närheten av riksväg 70 (Rv70) erhölls tidsserier som visade på stigande trender i både kloridhalter och hårdhet. Den ökade trafikbelastningen på riksväg 70 har sannolikt en betydande påverkan på grundvattenkvalitet. Beräkningar och simuleringar utförda inom ramen för detta examensarbete visade att vägsaltets effekt på grundvattenhårdhet är av sekundär betydelse. Inblandning av ytvatten respektive relikt vatten förklarade exceptionellt låga respektive höga hårdhetsvärden i vissa brunnar.

Grave X was found in 1952 during construction work in Tuna in Badelunda parish, in the province of Västmanland. Objects from this 3rd Century grave were dispersed and the stone grave covering and cist-like wooden burial chamber were cut almost in half as a result of the construction work that unearthed it. The purpose of this dissertation is to create a better understanding of Tuna in Badelunda and to place Grave X and the person buried there in context. Due to my interest in Grave X and the person in this grave, the scope of the study is limited to Tuna during the Late Roman Iron Age. What kind of place may Tuna in Badelunda have been during that time? Which kinds of knowledge may the person in Grave X have possessed and what roles may this person have had in local society? How may this person have acted in Tuna in Badelunda in particular? Why was this person buried in the specific type of structure that was Grave X? To answer these questions, ancient monuments and phenomena in the Tuna area, objects from the grave and construction details of the grave are discussed. Specifically, I examine the name Tuna, stone enclosures, hillforts of Bejby borg-character and travel routes, beads, golden rings in the shape of snakes, vessels and serving utensils, and the stone grave covering and cist-like chamber. Since Grave X was partly ruined when discovered, comparisons are made to about 20 similar graves from other parts of Scandinavia in order to get an idea of what may have been lost from Grave X. A performative-constructive gender perspective is of importance in this dissertation, as well as the concept of creolization. The kinds of knowledge and the societal roles the person in Grave X may have had can be summarized in five categories or contexts of action: production within the (social-political) economy of the farm, ritual performances, physical communication, textile production, and oral performances with the telling of stories and relating of memories. Possible personal strategies in relation to the activities the person in question was involved in are seen as important. One way this dissertation takes up this subject is through the discussion of the role the person may have had in greetings and farewells in the yard of the farm (Sw. tun, gårdsplan). Greetings and farewells were probably of importance, and Tuna is discussed as a crossroads. This means that although a local perspective is advocated in this dissertation, Tuna may not be seen as an isolated community, but rather as a small place that to a great extent partook in the larger world. This can also be seen in Grave X; when the person in this grave was buried, the living made choices that both expressed local traditions and made reference to far-away places. In contrast to the surrounding graves, the person in Grave X was not cremated. One of many possible reasons may have been a desire to emphasize the person’s personality and gender as well as roles in society. / <p>Auktoriserad namnform i LIBRIS: Fernstål, Charlotte, 1974-</p>