This thesis examines the politics of black identity in African American literature during what has come to be known as the ‘age of three worlds’. Across four chapters, I analyse texts by Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, James Baldwin, and Lorraine Hansberry, exploring the way in which their writing plays out within and against the geopolitical exigencies of the Cold War and contemporaneous discourses of Civil Rights and black (inter)nationalism. In doing so, I explore the contrasting ways in which each of them displaces the binary logic that is typically seen as defining the 1950s, as a means of reconstituting both American and African American identity. Rejecting either/or identities, they all decentre prevailing notions of national and cultural identity by juxtaposing them with alternative spaces and temporalities, the result of which is a dual perspective that is simultaneously local and transnational. By extricating themselves, whether physically or intellectually, from a monolithic discursive framework, Ellison, Wright, Baldwin, and Hansberry recast the idea of double consciousness famously articulated by W. E. B. Du Bois in The Souls of Black Folk (1903). Instead of being a self-negating non-identity that serves as the psychological corollary to African Americans’ marginalised status, ‘two-ness’ is transmuted into a privileged vantage point that allows them to both intervene on the world historical stage as empowered modern subjects and renegotiate their relationship with the United States. What this two-ness amounts to, I argue, is a kind of dissonance. ‘Dissonance’, Duke Ellington claimed in 1941, names black people’s ‘way of life in America. We are something apart, yet an integral part’. The principle of introducing a ‘wrong’ note into a piece of music in order to generate new modalities of expression found in jazz is transposed into a social and literary context by the writers examined in this thesis. Each of them embodies and mobilises the socially grounded sense of being apart and a part alluded to by Ellington as a means of defamilarising normative notions of race, gender, and sexuality as they pertain to American-ness. In their place, they posit alternative forms of knowledge and politicised identity that reconstitute what it means to be both black and American in the middle of the twentieth century.

Ce mémoire examine la question de la formation de l'identité en tant que procédure compliquée dans laquelle plusieurs éléments interviennent. L'identité d'une personne se compose à la fois d’une identité propre et d’une autre collective. Dans le cas où l’identité propre est jugée sévèrement par les autres comme étant déviante, cela poussera la personne à, ou bien maintenir une image compatible avec les prototypes sociaux ou bien résister et affirmer son identité personnelle. Mon travail montre que l'exclusion et la répression de certains aspects de l'identité peuvent causer un disfonctionnement psychique difficile à surmonter. Par contre, l'acceptation de soi et l’adoption de tous les éléments qui la constituent conduisent, certes après une longue lutte, au salut de l’âme et du corps. Le premier chapitre propose une approche psychosociale qui vise à expliquer le fonctionnement des groupes et comment l'interaction avec autrui joue un rôle décisif dans la formation de l'identité. Des éléments extérieurs comme par exemple les idéaux sociaux influencent les comportements et les choix des gens. Toutefois, cette influence peut devenir une menace aux spécificités personnelles et aux traits spécifiques. Le deuxième chapitre examine la question des problèmes qu’on risque d’avoir au cas où les traits identitaires franchiraient les normes sociales. Nous partons du problème épineux de la quête de soi dans Giovanni's Room de James Baldwin. L'homosexualité de David était tellement refusée par la société qu’elle a engendrée chez lui des sentiments de honte et de culpabilité. Il devait choisir entre le sacrifice des aspects de soi pour satisfaire les paradigmes sociaux ou bien perdre ce qu’il a de propre. David n'arrive pas à se libérer. Il reste prisonnier des perceptions rigides au sujet de la masculinité et de la sexualité. Mon analyse se focalise essentiellement sur l'examen des différents éléments théoriques qui touchent la question du sexe et de la sexualité. Le résultat est le suivant : plus les opinions dominantes sont rigides et fermes, plus elles deviennent une prison pour l’individu. Par contre, plus elles sont tolérantes et flexibles, plus elles acceptent les diversités de l'identité humaine. Dans le dernier chapitre, j'examine la question de la représentation des relations entre les caractères masculins dans Just Above My Head. L'homosexualité est présentée comme un moyen sacré pour exprimer l'amour. Les caractères révèlent leurs sentiments implicitement à travers les chants spirituel tel que le gospel ou bien explicitement à travers la connexion physique. Dans ce roman, Baldwin montre que c'est seulement grâce à la sincérité et à l'amour que l'individu peut atteindre la libération du soi. / The present thesis examines the construction of identity as a complex process in which many factors interact. A person's identity comprises both the personal self and the collective self. Having an aspect of identity that is judged as deviant or devalued will lead to the individual's confusion between maintaining an image that fits social prototypes or embracing his personal identity. My work demonstrates that the exclusion or repression of certain aspects of identity may lead to disconnection from one's inner self. Yet, it is only through self-acceptance and the embracing of all elements of the self that one manages to resist hostility and gain the liberation of the soul and body. In the first chapter, a social psychological approach is employed in order to explain group functioning and the role that group interaction plays in shaping one's identity. External factors like social ideals influence people's behaviors and choices. Therefore, they represent a threat to personal differences and unique traits. The second chapter examines the implications of having an identity that transgresses social norms by exploring David's quest for the self in James Baldwin's Giovanni's Room. David's insecure identity because of his homosexuality fills him with destructive feelings of shame and guilt. I maintain that sacrificing aspects of the self to satisfy social paradigms may cause the loss of the individual's integrated self. David fails in freeing the self which remains imprisoned in fixed internalized perceptions of manhood and male sexuality. I analyse theoretical views about sex and gender that vary from rigid and traditional opinions to more tolerant and universalizing ones that accept possibilities of diversity in human identity. iv In the last chapter, I will examine Baldwin's depiction of male's bonding in Just Above My Head. The characters confront their emotions. Homosexuality is portrayed as a sacred way of expressing love. The characters' feelings are revealed both in gospel singing and in bodily connection. In this novel, Baldwin demonstrates that it is only through sincerity, disclosure and love that one can attain the liberation of the self.

An axisymmetric, Navier-Stokes finite volume flow solver, which uses Harten, Lax and van Leer (HLL) and Harten, Lax and van Leer&ndash / Contact (HLLC) upwind flux differencing scheme for spatial and uses Runge-Kutta explicit multi-stage time stepping scheme for temporal discretization on unstructured meshe is developed. Developed solver can solve the compressible axisymmetric flow. The spatial accuracy of the solver can be first or second order accurate. Second order accuracy is achieved by piecewise linear reconstruction. Gradients of flow variables required for piecewise linear reconstruction are calculated by Green-Gauss theorem. Baldwin-Lomax turbulent model is used to compute the turbulent viscosity. Approximate Riemann solver of HLL and HLLC implemented in solver are validated by solving a cylindrical explosion case. Also the solver&rsquo / s capability of solving unstructured, multi-zone domain is investigated by this problem. First and second order results of solver are compared by solving the flow over a circular bump. Axisymmetric flow in solid propellant rocket motor is solved in order to validate the axisymmetric feature of solver. Laminar flow over flat plate is solved for viscous terms validation. Turbulent model is studied in the flow over flat plate and flow with mass injection test cases.

In this thesis we describe the development of Reynolds- averaged Navier Stokes code for the flow past two- dimensional configuration. Particularly, emphasis has been laid on the study of low Reynolds number airfoil aerodynamics. The thesis consists of five chapters covering the back ground history, problem formulation, method of solution and discussion of the results and conclusion. Chapter I deals with a detailed background history of low Reynolds number aerodynamics, problem associated with it, state of the art, its importance in practical applications in aircraft industries. Chapter II describes the mathematical model of the flow physics and various levels of approximations. Also it gives an account of complexity of the equations at low Reynolds number regarding flow separation, transition and reattachment. Chapter III describes method of solution, numerical algorithm developed, description of various upwind schemes, grid system, finite volume discrieti-zation of the governing equations described in Chapter II. Chapter IV describes the application of the newly developed Navier Stokes code for the test cases from GAMM Workshop proceedings. Also it describes validation of the code for Euler solutions, Blasius solution for the flow past flat plate and compressible Navier Stokes solution for the flow past NACA 0012 Airfoil at low Reynolds number. Chapter V describes the application of the Navier Stokes code for the more test cases of current practical interest . In this chapter laminar separation bubble characteristics are investigated in detail regarding formation, growth and shedding in an unsteady environment. Finally the conclusion is drawn regarding the robustness of the newly developed code in predicting the airfoil aerodynamic characteristics at low Reynolds number both in steady and unsteady environment. Lastly, suggestion for future work has been highlighted.

Ces dernières années les principaux relevés cosmologiques ont collectés plusieurs dizaines de milliers de spectres de noyaux actifs de galaxies (connus aussi sous l'abréviation anglaise AGN), illustrant ainsi la grande éfficacité des techniques de pré-sélections optiques de candidat AGN. Ils ont ainsi permis une étude statistique détaillée de la population d'AGN.<br />Le revers de ces techniques de pré-sélection est que certaines catégories de la population globale des AGN optiques sont peut-être sous-représentées dans ces échantillons, biaisant notre compréhension actuelle de l'évolution de ces objets.<br /><br />Cette thèse de doctorat est dédiée à l'étude des propriétés des AGN de type 1 de faible luminosité. Dans ce but nous utilisons un échantillon spectroscopique de 130 AGN à raies<br />d'émission larges, extrait d'un grand relevé de galaxie: le VIRMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS).<br />Cet échantillon présente un intérêt unique, de part la simplicité des critères de pré-sélection de ces objets (une simple limite en magnitude) ainsi que par la profondeur en magnitude atteinte: il fournit d'une part un aperçu des propriétés des AGN de type 1 à des magnitudes encore peu explorées spectroscopiquement (les AGN étudiés ici sont jusqu'à cent fois plus faibles que ceux du SDSS) et il permet d'autre part de quantifier les biais qui seraient introduits par des critères classiques de sélection.<br /><br />Nous mesurons une densité sur le ciel d'environ 470 AGN par degré carré à notre magnitude limite (Iab=24). Une fraction importante des AGN que nous observons ne serait pas sélectionée par les techniques de sélections morphologiques et d'excès d'UV classiquement appliquées. Nous attribuons cet effet à la contamination de nos AGN par leur galaxie hôte, vue leur faible luminosité. La fonction de luminosité des AGN montre qu'il y a relativement plus d'AGN de faible luminosité à bas redshift qu'á plus grand redshift. Cette observation corrobore le scénario de croissance anti-hierarchique de trous-noirs galactiques suggéré par les echantillons d'AGN sélectionnés en rayons-X.<br />Finalement nous nous sommes intéressés à la nature des trous noirs qui sont à l'origine de nos AGN. S'agit-il de petits trous noirs galactiques ou bien, au contraire, de trous noirs de grandes masses accrétant faiblement ?<br />Nos résultats, encore préliminaires, suggèrent que nos AGN correspondent en moyenne à des trous noirs galactique de masses intermediaires (~100 millions de masses solaires) accrétant à des taux d'Eddington modeste (~< 10%).

"Cold War Playboys: Models of Masculinity in the Literature of Playboy" emphasizes the literary voices that emerged in response to the Cold War's redefinitions of space and sexuality and, thus, adds to the growing national discourse of Cold War literary and masculinity studies. I argue that the literature Playboy includes has always been a necessary feature to creating its masculinity model; however, that very literature often destabilizes the magazine's grand narrative because it presents readers with alternative models of masculinity. To make that argument, I presume five things: 1) masculinity, like femininity, is a construct; 2) the mid-century masculinity crisis should be attributed to redefinitions of space and sexuality; 3) the crisis generated a variety of masculinity models; 4) Playboy presents its own, unified model of masculinity through its editorial features; and 5) finally, that Playboy should be considered an early Cold War artifact because the space Playboy magazine represents, dually domestic and privatized, is hardly trivial--decade after decade, it has absorbed society's shifts and reflected them back to readers. Citing biographical, historical, critical, and textual evidence, I consider how the literature of Playboy magazine responds to the construction of Cold War discourses regarding sexuality and space. In particular, I examine how Playboy contributions from Jack Kerouac, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Baldwin detail models of masculinity informed by Cold War culture. Playboy's emphasis was obviously Playmates, but fiction always appeared in its pages. As its largest component, fiction became the backbone of Playboy. Therefore, Hefner's educated, sexual male identity included, and still includes, reading a wide array of literature--from Ian Fleming to Ursula le Guin. "Cold War Playboys" asks: How did literature gain primacy in Hefner's ideal male identity? What purposes does reading this literature serve when appealing to a particular masculinity? Answering these questions allows me to explore how one mass-produced magazine and specific literary figures participated in and resisted the construction of Cold War discourses regarding space and sexuality.

In order to handle turbulent flow problems, one equation turbulence models are implemented in to a previously developed explicit, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solver. Discretization of Navier-Stokes solver is based on cell-vertex finite volume formulation combined with single step Lax-Wendroff numerical method which is second order accurate in space. Turbulent viscosity is calculated by using one equation Spalart-Allmaras and Baldwin-Barth turbulence transport equations. For the discretization of Spalart-Allmaras and Baldwin-Barth equations, both finite volume scheme which is used for Navier-Stokes equation in this work and explicit finite difference discretization method are used. In order to increase the convergence rate of the solver, local time stepping technique is applied. Stabilization of non-physical oscillations resulting from the numerical scheme is maintained by adding second and fourth order artificial smoothing terms. Three test cases are considered. In order to validate the accuracy of the Navier-Stokes solver, solver is tested over a laminar flat plate. The results are compared with analytical solutions. Later, in order to check the performance of the turbulence models, turbulent flow over flat plate and turbulent transonic flow over NACA-0012 airfoil are handled. For turbulent flow over flat plate obtained results are compared with analytical and empirical solutions, whereas for transonic turbulent flow obtained results are compared with numerical and experimental solutions.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2009. / Adviser: John Sacher. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-140).

Thesis (M.A.)--Acadia University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-124). Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Darryl Dickson-Carr, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of English. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 26, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 103 pages. Includes bibliographical references.