This bachelor thesis is about the possibility of restoring a eutrophic bay in the Baltic Sea. Today the Baltic sea is affected by unnatural amounts of nutrients which affects the ecology in a negative way. To restore the ecology of the Baltic sea national, international and local actions must be undertaken. The case-study of this essay is about the project “Rädda Burgsviken” that is doing local efforts when trying to save the bay from eutrophication. Thepurpose is to see how effective local actions are when trying to achieve a good ecological balance in the bay. Furthermore, the purpose is to acknowledge which actions are effective and what they require to be executed and sustained. The essay is based on a qualitative text analysis and qualitative interviews with two central respondents. The result of this essay indicates that the actions been made have a good or potential good outcome and that they must cooperate with the local area regarding tourism and business because they are dependent on each other.

The aim of this thesis is twofold: to deepen existing understanding of Turgenev's impact upon late nineteenth- century English literature by a concentrated study of his meaning for George Gissing and Henry James, and to study selected examples of English language translations of Turgenev's work in both their linguistic and their cultural aspects. The first of these two lines of inquiry is undertaken in the belief that existing studies of Turgenev's influence upon English writers have, on the whole, left untouched the question of the respective cultural contexts, within which Turgenev and his devotees wrote. It is this question, and in particular the awareness of historical determinism and its relation to culture on the part of Turgenev and his English admirers, that I have tried to explore. The second of my aims has been to perform the task, hitherto neglected, of assessing the stylistic qualities and linguistic accuracy of the most significant translations of Turgenev's work into English undertaken during the nineteenth century. Additionally, I have tried to establish the importance for those translations of the English cultural context in which they were undertaken. In doing so, I hope to have shown how the nature and reception of translations from so unfamiliar a tongue as Russian in the second half of the nineteenth century may be taken as indices of shifts in English cultural and historical perspectives during that period. To these ends, I have devoted the first and fourth chapters of this thesis to a study of English traBlations from Turgenev in the eighteen-fifties and eighteen-nineties respectively, while the second and third chapters assess the significance of Turgenev for two contrasting writers of the period, Gissing and James.

<p>Pelagic fish distribution and diel behaviour patterns were studied in coastal areas in the north-western Baltic Sea Proper to understand more about how fish distribution and behaviour might affect planning and analyses of results of hydroacoustic surveys (Papers I and II). The vertical distribution of fish at night from spring to autumn showed seasonal and annual trends that could be explained by predictable and consistent seasonal changes, e.g., in temperature and stratification. Horizontal fish distributions did not show any trends probably owing to a lack of such seasonal characteristics. The observed vertical fish distribution over the diel cycle showed that hydroacoustic surveys at night were to be preferred over daytime surveys. At night, fish did not school and were generally less aggregated resulting in less variable hydroacoustic backscattering values and a higher percentage of single echo detections. By starting the surveys one hour after sunset and stopping one hour before sunrise, confusion between day- and nighttime behaviour in fish could be avoided. At night, fish occupied mid-water layers to a higher extent than surface and bottom layers, which was beneficial for the quality of the hydroacoustic data, particularly with respect to the hydroacoustic blind and dead zones (i.e. surface and bottom, respectively).</p><p>To quantify seasonal changes in pelagic fish abundance, densities and size distributions, nighttime hydroacoustic surveys were done every second week from spring through autumn in 2000 and 2001 (Paper III). There was a drastic increase in fish abundance and densities that started in early July and peaked in mid-August in both years. Analyses of the hydroacoustic data in relation to gillnet and trawl catches showed that the increase was caused mainly by young-of-the-year (YOY) herring. This age class is commonly not well represented in catches using traditional sampling methods like gillnets and trawling. Consequently, hydroacoustic data that have high precision and accuracy may improve quantitative estimates and our understanding of the biology in coastal nursery areas.</p><p>Baltic herring spawn in coastal areas and the density of metamorphosed YOY individuals may provide an early estimate of year-class strength. By analysing the relationship between parameters known to affect recruitment success and year-class strength in age 2 herring (YCS) a model that predicted herring recruitment was developed (Paper IV). The model explained 93 % of the variation in the number of age 2 herring over the period 1985-2000 and included the parameters YOY densities, climate (North Atlantic Oscillation index) and spawning stock biomass (SSB). Thus YCS could be predicted two years earlier than today and three years before entering the fishery. Up to the present, three new years (2001-2003) have become available for testing the model. For one of these years the predicted YCS was notably different from the assessed YCS. The reason for this is not fully understood, but for all three years SSB was outside the range used in the original model. Including the three new years into the data series resulted in a poorer explanation of the observed recruitment variation (55 %). A comparison of the standardized regression coefficients of both models showed increased significance for the parameter YOY (from 0.47 to 0.61).</p>

<p>Nodularin (NODLN) is a pentapeptide produced by the filamentous cyanobacterium <em>Nodularia spumigena</em> that is a bloom-forming species in the Baltic Sea. NODLN is an intracellular hepatotoxin, which can have a negative effect on aquatic life including fish. Toxins are released into the water when cells are lysing, e.g. during a decaying bloom. <em>N. spumigena </em>filaments have previously been shown to have a negative effect on perch egg development and perch larval survival. Coastal fish such as perch (<em>Perca fluviatilis</em>) have suffered from recruitment problems in the Baltic Sea the last decades. However, little is known about the impact of toxic cyanobacteria on juvenile perch. In the autumn of 2007, 1+ perch were exposed, during 29 days to either whole live cells (WC) or a crude extract (CE) of broken <em>N. spumigena</em> cells. Chlorophyll <em>a </em>concentrations in the aquaria were 50 µg L ^-1. Perch were fed chironomidae larvae twice a day. Unexposed perch either fed (CoF) or without food (Co) served as controls. Length and weight of perch were measured at onset and termination of experiment. NODLN content was measured in <em>N. spumigena </em>filaments,<em> </em>crude extract and perch liver samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Total lipids (TL) were extracted and quantified from whole-body lyophilised perch excluding livers. No significant differences for length and weight of perch were found between treatments and fed control. NODLN was detected in the crude extract samples, while no NODLN was detected in the perch livers. Moreover TL determination revealed no significant differences between treatments and fed control. <em>Nodularia spumigena</em> did not affect perch in this experiment, probably due to that the critical period of the first year for the perch was exceeded. Therefore, 1+ perch was not as susceptible to the cyanobacterium as eggs, larvae and younger juveniles of fish found in the literature. Perch liver did not contain NODLN, thus either the toxin was detoxicated with no recorded energetic cost or it was not ingested. The variables studied here did not show any effects of NODLN. However, other chemical methods such as enzymatic activity may disclose effects of NODLN.</p><p> </p>

Pelagic fish distribution and diel behaviour patterns were studied in coastal areas in the north-western Baltic Sea Proper to understand more about how fish distribution and behaviour might affect planning and analyses of results of hydroacoustic surveys (Papers I and II). The vertical distribution of fish at night from spring to autumn showed seasonal and annual trends that could be explained by predictable and consistent seasonal changes, e.g., in temperature and stratification. Horizontal fish distributions did not show any trends probably owing to a lack of such seasonal characteristics. The observed vertical fish distribution over the diel cycle showed that hydroacoustic surveys at night were to be preferred over daytime surveys. At night, fish did not school and were generally less aggregated resulting in less variable hydroacoustic backscattering values and a higher percentage of single echo detections. By starting the surveys one hour after sunset and stopping one hour before sunrise, confusion between day- and nighttime behaviour in fish could be avoided. At night, fish occupied mid-water layers to a higher extent than surface and bottom layers, which was beneficial for the quality of the hydroacoustic data, particularly with respect to the hydroacoustic blind and dead zones (i.e. surface and bottom, respectively). To quantify seasonal changes in pelagic fish abundance, densities and size distributions, nighttime hydroacoustic surveys were done every second week from spring through autumn in 2000 and 2001 (Paper III). There was a drastic increase in fish abundance and densities that started in early July and peaked in mid-August in both years. Analyses of the hydroacoustic data in relation to gillnet and trawl catches showed that the increase was caused mainly by young-of-the-year (YOY) herring. This age class is commonly not well represented in catches using traditional sampling methods like gillnets and trawling. Consequently, hydroacoustic data that have high precision and accuracy may improve quantitative estimates and our understanding of the biology in coastal nursery areas. Baltic herring spawn in coastal areas and the density of metamorphosed YOY individuals may provide an early estimate of year-class strength. By analysing the relationship between parameters known to affect recruitment success and year-class strength in age 2 herring (YCS) a model that predicted herring recruitment was developed (Paper IV). The model explained 93 % of the variation in the number of age 2 herring over the period 1985-2000 and included the parameters YOY densities, climate (North Atlantic Oscillation index) and spawning stock biomass (SSB). Thus YCS could be predicted two years earlier than today and three years before entering the fishery. Up to the present, three new years (2001-2003) have become available for testing the model. For one of these years the predicted YCS was notably different from the assessed YCS. The reason for this is not fully understood, but for all three years SSB was outside the range used in the original model. Including the three new years into the data series resulted in a poorer explanation of the observed recruitment variation (55 %). A comparison of the standardized regression coefficients of both models showed increased significance for the parameter YOY (from 0.47 to 0.61).

Phosphorus flowing via rivers into the Baltic Sea is a major source of nutrients, and in some cases the limiting factor for the growth of algae which causes the phenomenon known as eutrophication. Remote sensing of phosphorus, here using Landsat TM-data, can help to give a better understanding of the process of eutrophication. Since Landsat TM-data is used, this could form a basis for further spatio-temporal analysis in the Baltic Sea region. A method originally described and previously applied for a Chinese river is here transferred and applied to three different rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea. The results show that by measuring the proxy variables of Secchi Depth and Chloryphyll-a the remote sensing model is able to explain 41% of the variance in total- phosphorus for the rivers Dalälven, Norrström and Gavleån without any consideration taken to CDOM, turbidity or other local features.

Rozprawa--Uppsala. / Vol. 2 has extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Vol. 2 consists of facsimile reproductions of original mss. Bibliography: v. 1, p. [234]-243.

This thesis is a critical study and translation into English of Mikhail Zoshchenko's long story "Michel Siniagin", including a critical analysis of the text of "Michel Siniagin" in relation to other work by the same writer, and a discussion of the specific problems raised by Zoshchenko's work for the English language translator. The first chapter of the thesis is devoted to language and style in Zoshchenko's work. "Michel Siniagin" and the related cycle of "Sentimental Tales" are viewed in the context of the author's broader stylistic project. The chapter opens with a discussion of skaz in Zoshchenko's short stories as a reflection of early Soviet socio-linguistic reality and as an attempt to expand literary narrative beyond the discourse of the educated classes. It goes on to describe the emergence of a parodic semi-educated writer figure in the "Sentimental Tales", whose literary style parodies the democratisation of culture in post-revolutionary Russia and the attempts of those in authority to create a proletarian classical literature or "Red Lev Tolstoi". Some of the specific stylistic features of "Michel Siniagin" are then examined in greater detail. The second chapter explores some of the more important thematic elements of "Michel Siniagin" and the "Sentimental Tales". It aims to show the thematic continuity of Zoshchenko's work and to emphasise intertextual connections with contemporary literary developments and topical social and philosophical questions. This chapter also explores the autobiographical element in "Michel Siniagin" and looks at the significance for Zoshchenko of the real life beggar-poet Aleksandr Tiniakov, who served as the inspiration for the anti-hero Siniagin. The third chapter is devoted to the problems of literary translation. It begins with a defence of practical, critically engaged models of translation theory, arguing that when theory becomes divorced from practice, it tends to stray into abstract and perfectionist discourse and to distort the reality of translation as it actually happens. The chapter summarises recent arguments in favour of free/dynamic versus literal/formal translation strategies. It then examines how the specific nature of Zoshchenko' s work affects the translator's choice of strategy, comparing the effectivity of some previous translations of Zoshchenko' s short stories. The final part of this chapter looks at the problems posed by the deliberately clumsy prose style of Zoshchenko' s fictional "author" in "Michel Siniagin" and the "Sentimental Tales", compares my own translation with existing translations. It is argued that interference from foreign cultural associations is more detrimental to the humour and spirit of Zoshchenko' s work than interference from so-called "translationese".The penultimate chapter of the thesis explores the impact of self-censorship and censorship on Zoshchenko's work in general and on "Michel Siniagin" in particular, comparing different versions of the text of "Michel Siniagin" and describing amendments made to the text by Zoshchenko at manuscript stage and by editors at later stages in its history.

This thesis is the first long work which focuses on the issue of time in Crnjanski's four major novels. It aims to demonstrate the complexity of time in his novels, in relation both to the organisation of narrative events, and to the characters' experience and perception of self. It shows ways in which Crnjanski's views on time are reflected in the language and construction of his novels. Part One, Chapter One, outlines the life and literary career of Milo. Crnjanski. It views his workagainst the background of modernism, and locates him in Serbian literary history. Part Two begins the discussion of time in Crnjanski's work in relation to his personal style known as sumatraism. Chapter Two focuses on two of his early essays, what they reveal about his approach to time, and identifies the principles of simultaneity and rhythm which characterise his thinking about time. The analysis emphasises time as a part of wider issues concerning language, the individual, values, and history in his novels. Chapter Three takes up the issue of time in relation to language and narrative structure in his early novels. Chapter Four continues the analysis of time in relation to narrative structure, and particularly in relation to the orchestration of voice in his later work. Part Three opens with discussion of major motifs in Crnjanski's novels which demonstrate the issue of identity as a constant theme. Chapter Five focuses on time in relation to identity and the problem of being-in-time as expressed in his first and last novels. Chapter Six continues the analysis of time and identity in his other two novels, viewing identity in the context of social institutions and history. Chapter Seven summarises the major conclusions arising from this analysis of time in Crnjanski's novels. The arguments presented are used to qualify statements concerning time in his novels which have been made by some commentators.

This study undertakes an examination of the life and works of the satirist Vladimir Voinovich, set in the context of satire in general, and in particular against the changing political, ideological and artistic background of the Soviet Union and the new Russia. It is demonstrated that in certain respects he is typical of his generation and in others an exception. The analysis shows how Voinovich's work gradually diverged from the accepted norms of Socialist Realism, leading him into conflict with the state and into increasingly satirical modes of expression. It is suggested that every satirist is to some extent an exile, since detachment is required from the society which is the object of the satirical impulse. The notion is studied that Voinovich became firstly an ideological exile, and compounded this with a form of chronological exile by expressing himself satirically at the `wrong' time, before consequently becoming also a geographical exile. Detailed attention is paid to his novel “Zhizn' i neobychainye prikliucheniia soldata Ivana Chonkina”, which proved to be a turning point in both his life and work. The hero of this novel has his pedigree in the Russian tradition of the plainspeaking fool Ivanushka-durachok who wins out in spite of circumstances, and it is suggested that he shares certain characteristics with his creator. The writing of Chonkin sealed Voinovich's fate as an emerging `dissident', and after its unauthorised publication abroad, he was persuaded to leave the Soviet Union. In emigration the question arose of how to engage relevantly with his readership in the rapidly changing Soviet Union. Despite the trauma of dislocation, Voinovich continued to write creatively in emigration and then in partial return to post-glasnost' Russia. The new Russia provides fertile ground for satire, but the returning satirist faces the question, now and in the future, of what type of expression is appropriate in a nascent democracy which he instinctively wishes to protect and support, rather than censure. Voinovich's solutions are diverse, and sometimes unexpected