Retail automotive literature that examines how the distance between a retail automotive facility and the prospective purchaser affects market performance is limited. Primary data for this study indicates that distance and purchase in the retail automotive sector move in opposite directions. This study examines similar goods that have high barriers of entry and proposes other methods of increasing market reach. This is a study of the conditions that affect the market performance for imported luxury vehicles. First, is the effect of distance on purchase decisions. Vehicular sales drop the further away a customer is from a car dealership. We call this phenomenon distance decay. Distance decay is defined as: the interaction between two locations declines as the distance between then increases. Secondly, when similar brands are viewed as substitutes, the consumer will choose the brand with the closest automotive service department to their residence or place of employment. Thirdly, door-to-door selling can decrease distance decay. Lastly, pick-up and delivery service can decrease distance decay. Data from 30,936 prospects and individuals who entered, phoned, or emailed a dealership inquiring about purchasing a new Audi were used in the study. These prospects will be categorized by who intended to buy and who actually purchased a car. In addition to the prospects, data from 6,153 individuals who purchased a new Audi from four Audi dealerships in the greater Philadelphia area and from the framed field experiment were used in the study. These categories will then be further labeled by ZIP code and city to determine the effects of distance. Then, possible solutions will be performed on test groups to determine what alternatives from other industries can be used to improve market performance involving long distances. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

As medidas antidumping são uma exceção ao livre comércio e como tal deveriam ser usadas com restrição. No entanto, desde o GATT 1947 há preocupação com o uso abusivo de tais medidas, podendo ser o mecanismo utilizado não apenas para possibilitar a recuperação da indústria doméstica prejudicada pelas importações objeto de dumping, objetivo do Acordo Antidumping (AAD), mas com o fim de proteger a indústria nacional da concorrência estrangeira. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar as principais características do AAD firmado ao final da Rodada Uruguai que culminou na constituição da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), incluindo seus antecedentes históricos e a possibilidade de aplicação discricionária, demonstrando como uma norma surgida no plano internacional em decorrência de um acordo multilateral vem sendo utilizada pelo Brasil, com a finalidade de se demonstrar a possibilidade de uso das medidas antidumping como barreira à entrada no mercado brasileiro. Confirmada a possibilidade de uso abusivo desse instrumento de defesa comercial, ainda que no plano teórico, uma vez que não é possível analisar os efeitos reais das medidas aplicadas, serão apresentadas as formas de contrabalanço ao protecionismo atualmente existentes no próprio AAD e sua incorporação e utilização pelo Brasil bem como a possibilidade de questionamento de tais medidas como práticas anticompetitivas com fundamento na legislação antitruste perante as autoridades de defesa da concorrência. Serão ainda analisadas outras possibilidades de contrabalanço ao uso exacerbado das medidas antidumping em debate e viabilidade das mesmas no cenário atual em que se verifica, de um lado, o aumento de uso de tais medidas pelos países Membros da OMC, destacando-se o Brasil e, de outro lado, impasse nas negociações multilaterais, cabendo aos Membros tomarem decisões unilaterais sobre a aplicação de tais medidas, seu grau de intensidade e forma de aplicação a depender da proteção que se pretende garantir à indústria nacional. / Antidumping measures are an exception to the free trade and as such they should be used with restrictions. However, since GATT 1947 there is a concern regarding the abuse in the use of such measures, being possible the use of the instrument not only to make possible the recovery of the domestic industry that was injured by the dumped imports, purpose of the Antidumping Agreement (ADA), but also with the purpose of protecting the domestic industry of the foreign competition. Thus, the purpose of this Masters Thesis is to present the main aspects of the ADA signed as a result of the Uruguay Round, that led to the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including its historical background and the possibility of discretionary application, being demonstrated how a rule emerged in an international level as part of a multilateral agreement has been used by Brazil. The purpose is to demonstrate the possibility of the use of the antidumping measures as a barrier to entry in the Brazilian market. Being confirmed the possibility of the abusive use of this trade defense instrument, even if only in theory, since it is not possible to analyze the actual impacts of the applied measures, it will be present the possibilities to counterbalance the protectionism that are established in the ADA, namely the public interest clause and the lesser duty rule, and their adoption and use by Brazil and possibility of challenging such measures as anticompetitive practices based on the antitrust law before the Brazilian Antitrust Authority. Additional possibilities under debate and their feasibility to counterbalance the abuse in the use of the antidumping measures will also be analyzed in the actual scenario where, on one hand, there is the increase of such measures by WTO Members in general and mainly Brazil and, on the other hand, there is an impasse in the multilateral negotiations. The Members will have to unilaterally decide on the implementation of such measures, the level of its intensity and form of application depending on the intended protection to ensure the domestic industry.

The objective of the diploma thesis is to analyze potential of the Brazilian market for Czech companies. The thesis focuses on defining the most promising areas for the Czech export and also addresses the barriers to entry that can prevent Czech entrepreneurs from successful entry into Brazil.

A avicultura de postura no decorrer dos anos 2000 apresenta crescentes modificações no seu ambiente competitivo. Por um lado, a abertura dos mercados na década de 1990 proporcionou a modernização e a inovação do setor produtivo, mas também inseriu o granjeiro em uma competição internacional na aquisição de insumos. A estabilidade da demanda, aliada com a maximização da capacidade instalada das firmas, estabeleceu um ambiente com maior competitividade e rivalidade para a conquista de parcelas de mercados, principalmente na região onde se encontra a maior praça de produção e consumo: a Região Sudeste. É com o objetivo de identificar a evolução dessas modificações do ambiente estrutural que este trabalho se delineia. Analisou-se a evolução da estrutura do setor produtivo, identificando as percepções dos granjeiros quanto às principais barreiras estruturais e as principais condutas e deslocamentos da produção, ressaltando quais os principais fatores que resultam no lento crescimento e desenvolvimento do setor. Por meio dos índices de Herfindahl-Hirschman e Razão de Concentração, análise qualitativa da percepção dos empresários da microrregião de São Lourenço quanto à intensidade das barreiras à entrada de novos concorrentes, e análise do deslocamento regional da produção de ovos, foi possível identificar que a estrutura do setor produtivo, representado pelas firmas líderes nacionais, se situa tangenciando a concentração moderada com estabilidade em todos os anos do período analisado (2002 a 2011), apresentando diferentes comportamentos antes e após o ano de 2006. Há divergências de concentração entre as regiões brasileiras, ressaltando a importância desta para a região Sudeste, onde se concentram 48,7% do alojamento de aves regional, entre as 11 maiores firmas líderes analisadas. As percepções dos entrevistados desta região manifestam-se nas barreiras relativas à especificidade dos ativos envolvidos na produção e na economia de escala mínima exigida para a sobrevivência da firma no setor. Consolidando, uma consequente rede de barreiras, que culmina com o impacto na acessibilidade dos canais de distribuição, sinalizando uma estrutura regional oligopsônia. No entanto, condutas de introdução de inovação tecnológica no setor produtivo, aquisição das firmas “não líderes” por firmas líderes, deslocamentos da produção e alojamento para regiões produtoras de grãos e próximas ao consumidor são delineadas pelas firmas com o intuito de sobreviver neste setor produtivo. As condutas encontradas podem justificar a estabilidade da evolução estrutural do setor, o seu lento crescimento e modernização, principalmente antes do ano de 2006, comumente julgados pelos profissionais do setor resultantes de uma resistência cultural à entrada da modernização. / The Brazilian Laying Poultry, since the year 2000 has faced some changes in its competitive environment. The opening of markets in the 1990s brought modernization and innovation to the egg production sector, but also placed the egg producer in an international competitive market to buy grains, mainly corn, tackling high prices and volatility. The stability in the demand, combined with high costs and the rise of productive company capacity created this economic atmosphere in which there is a high level of rivalry for market share among companies, meanly on regions where the highest concentrations of companies and the largest production and consumption indexes are: The Southeast. This research focuses in the development of these structural atmosphere, trying to identify the evolution of the egg production sector structure. Therefore, concentration indexes were analyzed comprehending the period between 2002 and 2011, taking into account the level of barriers to enter the market according to the egg producers’ perceptions and supported by the behavior observed in the egg production sector. Herfindahl-Hirschman and market share indexes proved low concentration in some values in 2009, 2010 and 2011, with different growth among the companies after 2006. 48.7% of southeast laying hens are lodged in eleven leading companies, featuring the second largest concentration region. The perception of the barriers to enter this market is based on the specificity of physical assets and the minimum scale economy, culminating in a net of secondary barriers, those with oligopsony structure hampers the distribution channel accessibility. However, the introduction of innovation in technology, the acquisition of non-leader companies by the leader ones, and the displacement to crop producing areas and to the consumers are important measures for companies to survive in an economic atmosphere with strong limitation barriers. All those conducts help to explain the stability of the structural evolution and its slow growth and modernization, usually regarded as cultural resistance.

No description available.

<p>Hinder för marknadstillträde är viktigt i många avseenden. För ett företag som slår sig in på en ny marknad är det viktigt att veta vilka hinder det möter. För konkurrensrättsliga myndigheter är det nödvändigt att veta vilka hinder som existerar för att exempelvis kunna avgöra om ett företag har en dominerande ställning. Det är också nödvändigt att känna till hindren för att säkerställa en fri tillgång till marknaden. </p><p>Det saknas dock en generellt accepterad definition av hinder för marknadstillträde. Detta gör det svårare för de olika parterna på marknaden att veta om de handlat på ett otillåtet vis. Saknaden av en generellt accepterad definition och en klar åsikt om vad anses vara otillåtet enligt konkurrensrättsliga regler leder också till komplicerade och tidskrävande rättsliga processer. </p><p>Jag presenterar en rad olika definitioner samt en översikt av olika hinder för att klargöra ämnet. Jag diskuterar vilka hinder som är av intresse från ett konkurrensrättsligt perspektiv samt varför de är av intresse. </p><p>Jag kommer till slutsatsen att från ett konkurrensrättsligt perspektiv så är det inte definitionen i sig som är viktigast, utan man måste avgöra om ett hinder är otillåtet på individuell basis. Vid avgörande måste hänsyn tas till en rad olika faktorer, expempelvis den relevanta marknaden, vilken sorts hinder det gäller, hindrets effekt på marknaden, om hindret genererar några positiva effekter mm.</p> / <p>Barriers to entry are important from many aspects. For a firm entering a market it is important to know which barriers it is facing. From a competition authority’s perspective it is necessary to know the extent of entry barriers to determine for example if a firm enjoys a dominant position. It is also necessary to know the entry barriers in order to create provisions to ensure free market entry.</p><p>However, there is not one generally accepted definition of entry barriers. This makes it difficult for players in the market to assess when they are conducting a prohibited action. The lack of a standard definition and a clear opinion of what constitutes a prohibited barrier according to competition law also result in a more complicated and time-consuming judicial process.</p><p>I provide the reader with different definitions in order to clarify the matter. I also present an overview of barriers to entry. I also discuss which barriers are interesting from a competition law perspective and why they are of interest.</p><p>I conclude that, from a competition law perspective, it is not the definition of entry barriers that is of most interest. The most important question is without doubt whether the individual barrier constitutes an infringement to EC competition policy. That assessment must be done on an individual basis and it is an assessment that is dependant on many factors, such as the relevant market, the type of barrier, the affect the barrier have on the market, any pro-competitive effects etc.</p>

Hinder för marknadstillträde är viktigt i många avseenden. För ett företag som slår sig in på en ny marknad är det viktigt att veta vilka hinder det möter. För konkurrensrättsliga myndigheter är det nödvändigt att veta vilka hinder som existerar för att exempelvis kunna avgöra om ett företag har en dominerande ställning. Det är också nödvändigt att känna till hindren för att säkerställa en fri tillgång till marknaden. Det saknas dock en generellt accepterad definition av hinder för marknadstillträde. Detta gör det svårare för de olika parterna på marknaden att veta om de handlat på ett otillåtet vis. Saknaden av en generellt accepterad definition och en klar åsikt om vad anses vara otillåtet enligt konkurrensrättsliga regler leder också till komplicerade och tidskrävande rättsliga processer. Jag presenterar en rad olika definitioner samt en översikt av olika hinder för att klargöra ämnet. Jag diskuterar vilka hinder som är av intresse från ett konkurrensrättsligt perspektiv samt varför de är av intresse. Jag kommer till slutsatsen att från ett konkurrensrättsligt perspektiv så är det inte definitionen i sig som är viktigast, utan man måste avgöra om ett hinder är otillåtet på individuell basis. Vid avgörande måste hänsyn tas till en rad olika faktorer, expempelvis den relevanta marknaden, vilken sorts hinder det gäller, hindrets effekt på marknaden, om hindret genererar några positiva effekter mm. / Barriers to entry are important from many aspects. For a firm entering a market it is important to know which barriers it is facing. From a competition authority’s perspective it is necessary to know the extent of entry barriers to determine for example if a firm enjoys a dominant position. It is also necessary to know the entry barriers in order to create provisions to ensure free market entry. However, there is not one generally accepted definition of entry barriers. This makes it difficult for players in the market to assess when they are conducting a prohibited action. The lack of a standard definition and a clear opinion of what constitutes a prohibited barrier according to competition law also result in a more complicated and time-consuming judicial process. I provide the reader with different definitions in order to clarify the matter. I also present an overview of barriers to entry. I also discuss which barriers are interesting from a competition law perspective and why they are of interest. I conclude that, from a competition law perspective, it is not the definition of entry barriers that is of most interest. The most important question is without doubt whether the individual barrier constitutes an infringement to EC competition policy. That assessment must be done on an individual basis and it is an assessment that is dependant on many factors, such as the relevant market, the type of barrier, the affect the barrier have on the market, any pro-competitive effects etc.

No description available.

The overriding theme of this thesis concerns the level of antitrust enforcement within the U.S. airline industry by the agencies entrusted with this task. / After a brief Introduction, Chapter I will examine whether concentration within the U.S. airline industry is a natural phenomenon or an ordinary monopoly/oligopoly resulting from the behaviour of competitors. In concluding that a natural monopoly/oligopoly does not exist, Chapter II will analyse the policy being antitrust enforcement in the industry. / Chapter III will then use the implementation of S 408 of the Federal Aviation Act (FAA) by the Department of Transportation (DOT) as an example of such a policy. Finally, the remaining chapters are dedicated to an analysis of the CRS industry. By using this industry as an example, the writer will suggest that, by removing barriers to entry through aggressive use of S 411 of the FAA, the future may see new entrants enter the market. Emphasis will be placed on the attitude of the DOT in this regard.

The paper is concerned with the impact of market research prior to integration, on the structures of noncompetitive industries in integrated economy. The analysis focuses on separated, single commodity, monopolistic markets with stochastic demand. Monopolistic firms are considered in dynamic multiperiod model, where intertemporal links are determined by expenditures on market research in a present period and benefits from this activity (i.e., smaller variance of the prediction error) in the future. Assuming that each firm maximizes its total discounted expected utility from profit in indefinite time, we show that the optimal market research strategy is stationary and depends on market size. Consequently, in the period following integration firms operating prior to integration in small markets (such as Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary or Estonia) are expected to have much less information about the integrated market than their competitors operating before integration on European market. This informational asymmetry may affect the structure of the industry in integrated economy. In the extreme case, the firm operating before integration in the small market can be ruled out from the integrated market. (authors' abstract)