O envelhecimento da população mundial no último século elevou significativamente o número de casos da doença de Alzheimer (DA), bem como os custos para os sistemas de saúde pública. Apesar de avanços significativos no entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença, pouco se sabe a respeito dos mecanismos moleculares que desencadeiam a perda de memória e a morte neuronal. Resultados recentes sugerem que o acúmulo de bases oxidadas no DNA mitocondrial e alterações nas vias que removem essas lesões desempenham um papel importante na morte neuronal observada em DA. A maioria das lesões em DNA induzidas oxidativamente são removidas pela via de reparo por excisão de bases (BER, do inglês Base Excision Repair). Resultados da literatura mostraram que a atividade da via BER está reduzida no lóbulo parietal e no cerebelo de pacientes com DA, quando comparadas com amostras de indivíduos com cognição normal da mesma faixa etária. Entretanto, esse trabalho mediu a atividade de BER apenas em extratos celulares totais. No presente estudo, foram medidas as atividades de BER em extratos mitocondriais de cérebros de indivíduos com DA, uma vez que lesões no DNA mitocondrial acumulam mais significativamente nos pacientes. Para testar a hipótese que alterações em BER mitocondrial estão associadas ao desenvolvimento da doença, foram analisadas atividades de BER em mitocôndrias em duas regiões cerebrais de indivíduos normais, indivíduos com DA e um grupo de indivíduos que apresentam alterações neuropatológicas de DA (agregados proteicos), porém que se mantiveram cognitivamente normais, nomeados DA assintomático. A atividade da enzima AP endonuclease apresentou-se elevada no cerebelo do grupo DA assintomático, enquanto que não apresentou variação no córtex temporal. Esses resultados sugerem que a preservação de APE1 no grupo DA assintomático pode exercer um papel protetor às lesões neuropatológicas, bem como indicar que as regiões cerebrais apresentam suscetibilidade distinta aos danos. Já a atividade de uracil DNA glicosilase está reduzida no cerebelo tanto em indivíduos com DA quanto com DA assintomático, quando comparados ao grupo controle, enquanto que, no córtex temporal, a redução é verificada somente no grupo DA. Além disso, observou-se que a atividade de UDG e o critério Braak apresentam uma correlação negativa. Os resultados referentes à enzima UDG sugerem que a redução da sua atividade compromete a viabilidade neuronal tornando as células mais propensas às lesões da DA. Assim, o comprometimento da via BER em mitocôndriais de cérebros humanos pode contribuir para os eventos moleculares que ocasionam a morte neuronal associada ao desenvolvimento de DA. / The number of Alzheimer\'s disease cases (AD) has increased steadly over the last century, paralleling a sharp rise in mean Iife expectancy. Consequently, AD- associated public health costs have also increased. Despite several important findings in AD physiopathology, a clear understanding of the molecular events leading to memory loss and neuronal death is still lacking. Recent results show that oxidized DNA lesions accumulate in mitochondrial DNA in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Moreover, alterations in DNA repair may also play a causative role in neuronal death. Most oxidized lesions are repaired by the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway. It has been recently shown that BER activities are reduced in whole cell extracts from parietal lobule and cerebellum from AD patients, when compared with age-matched controls. As accumulation of oxidized bases is seen more prominently in mitochondrial DNA, here we investigated whether changes in BER activities in mitochondria are associated with the development of AD. Thus, we measured BER activities in mitochondria from two brain regions from age-matched normal individuais, AD patients and a group of individuais that show AD-like neuropathological alterations but remained cognitively normal, thus called asymptomatic AD. AP endonuclease activity is elevated in asymptomatic AD cerebellum, while not changed in temporal cortex. Theses results suggest that APE1 activity in asymptomatic AD may play a protective role against neuropatological lesions, and indicate that brain regions show different susceptibility to damage. On the other hand, uracil DNA glycosylase activity is reduced in cerebellum in both AD and asymptomatic individuais, when compared to controls. In temporal cortex, this reduction is observed only in AD group. In addition, UDG activity and Braak stage showed a significant negative correlation. These results indicate that decreased UDG activity may compromise neuronal viability, making the cells more prone to AD lesions. Thus, impairtment of BER in human brain mitochondria may contribute to the molecular events that cause neuronal death during the development of this disease.

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) é uma proteína com papel central no crescimento, na proliferação e na manutenção das células, que participa da formação de dois complexos, mTORC1 e mTORC2. Diversos estudos associam menor atividade de mTOR, em especial o complexo 1, com efeitos protetores contra o envelhecimento e mesmo aumento da expectativa de vida máxima. Alterações no DNA têm sido propostas desde cedo na história dos estudos bioquímicos sobre o envelhecimento como um fator causar da perda de função dos organismos com a idade. Muitos estudos já foram realizados tentando analisar diversos aspectos do acúmulo de alterações no DNA e da capacidade de reparo com a idade. No entanto, a possível relação entre mTOR e reparo de DNA foi muito pouco explorada, em especial em relação ao DNA mitocondrial. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel de mTOR na regulação dos níveis de reparo de DNA, em especial da via de reparo por excisão de bases (BER). Os resultados demonstraram que, aparentemente, mTOR surte algum efeito na regulação de duas enzimas da via BER (APE1 e Polγ), além de TFAM, diminuído os níveis das três, tanto no núcleo quanto nas mitocôndrias. No entanto, a atividade de incisão de oligonucleotídeos de APE1 não demonstrou alteração, e indução de apoptose por indução de estresse oxidativo revelou que células com menor expressão de mTOR se encontravam mais resistentes. Adicionalmente, a inibição de mTOR pareceu não alterar o número decópias de DNA mitocondrial e a massa mitocondrial, sugerindo que as células com knockdown de mTOR possuem uma maior reserva respiratória. Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem um possível envolvimento de mTOR na regulação de BER, mesmo que indiretamente, embora não estaja claro por qual via, ou por qual complexo de mTOR / mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a central protein in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and maintenance, that participates in the formation of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Several studies associate a lower activity of mTOR, especially complex 1, with beneficial effects against aging, and even increased maximum lifespan. DNA alterations have been proposed since the beginnings of the history of the biochemical studies on aging to be a cause of the loss of function that in observed in organisms with age. Several studies have been carried out to analyze several aspects of DNA alterations and DNA repair with age. However, the possible relationship between mTOR and DNA repair has not been explored satisfactorily, especially in relation to mitochondrial DNA. This study had the objective of evaluating the role of mTOR in the regulation of the levels of DNA repair, especially the base excision repair (BER) pathway. The results showed that, apparently, mTOR has some effect in the regulation of two enzymes of the BER pathway (APE1 and Polγ), as well as TFAM, decreasing their levels, both in the nucleus and in the mitochondria. However, APE1 oligonucleotide incision activity was not diminished, and apoptosis induction by methylene blue treatment revealed that cells with mTOR knockdown were more resistant. Addicionally, mTOR inhibition didnt seem to alter mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial mass, suggesting that mTOR knockdown cells have more respiratory reserve. Takentogether, these results suggest a possible role for mTOR in the regulation of BER, even if indirectly, although it is not clear through which pathway, or which mTOR complex

DNA bases can be modified by endogenous agents (e.g. oxidized by products of respiration and photosynthesis or methylated by gene silencing processes) as well as by environmental agents (e.g. oxidized by UV light). In the process of removing modified bases, a 3’-phosphate group is sometimes left in the resulting gap, and has to be removed since it blocks the incorporation of a new nucleotide by DNA polymerase. The aim of this thesis was the characterization of AtZDP, a plant enzyme with a DNA 3’-phosphatase activity. By homologous modeling, the existence of four domains was predicted in AtZDP, three independent zinc-finger and one DNA 3’-phosphatase domains. AtZDP was found to be localized in the nucleus by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Western blotting analysis showed that the enzyme was ubiquitously expressed in plant tissues. AtZDP was found in a 600,000 molecular-weight protein complex by gel chromatography and glycerol gradient sedimentation centrifugation. The fractions containing AtZDP in the complex displayed 3’-DNA phosphatase activity as shown by desphosphorylation of a DNA oligonucleotide with a 3’-phosphate terminus. Also fractions of the gel chromatography corresponding to lower molecular weight showed 3’-DNA phosphatase activity, but antibodies against AtZDP did not recognize this fraction inferring that in plants, at least another protein with similar activity exists. In mammals, polynucleotide kinase, an enzyme with the same activity phosphatase activity as AtZDP, is involved in single-strand and double-strand repair pathways. To elucidate if AtZDP could be part of similar pathways, different double strand and single-strand oligonucleotides with 3’-phosphate termini were separately incubated with AtZDP. All substrates were dephosphorylated by AtZDP, assuming that this enzyme could potentially be involved in double-strand DNA repair. A double-strand oligonucleotide containing a one-bp gap with a 3’-phosphate terminus was repaired by a leaf protein extract. The activities of a 3’-DNA phosphatase, a flap 5’ to 3’ endonuclease-like, a DNA polymerase and a DNA ligase were observed. The presence of these enzymes revealed that these damages are in plants predominantly repaired by long-patch base excision repair.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on February 2, 2010). Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Mark R. Kelley, Millie M. Georgiadis, John J. Turchi, Martin L. Smith. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-133).

Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), more commonly known as the Comet assay, is an uncomplicated, affordable and versatile method for investigating DNA damage and repair. Existing comet–assay based methods were modified and applied in this study in order to examine the effects of different perturbations on the DNA repair capacity of different samples. Mitochondrial functioning has a vast effect on overall cell physiology and does not simply involve the production of energy in the form of ATP that sustains common biological processes, but is also associated with important cellular occurrences such as apoptosis and ROS production. It is suggested that a change in mitochondrial function may lead to extensive ROS production which may negatively affect macromolecules, including proteins involved in DNA repair pathways, and impaired energy formation which in turn may hamper the proper occurrence of energy driven processes. Complex I and ?III knock–down systems established in 143B cells are used to investigate the effect that perturbations of the energy metabolism may have on DNA repair capacity. Metallothioneins (MTs) are known to play an imperative role in trace element homeostasis and detoxification of metals and are effective ROS scavengers. The prooxidant environment that heavy metal imbalance causes may result in mutagenesis and transformation through DNA damage. It is suggested that an imbalance in the metal homeostasis caused by MT knock–out may create an environment favourable for DNA damage formation and at the same time impair DNA repair pathways. Because of the multi–functionality and involvement of metallothioneins in such a wide variety of biological processes, it was considered interesting and essential to extend the investigation on the effect of the absence of metallothioneins on DNA repair. A metallothionein I and ?II knock–out mouse model is employed to determine the effect of MT knock–out on DNA repair capacity. It was clear from the results obtained that transfection of cells, as used to investigate a perturbation in the energy metabolism in 143B cells, has an impairing effect on DRC. It was also confirmed that metallothioneins play an important and diverse role in cell biology since the absence thereof inhibits both BER and NER. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), more commonly known as the Comet assay, is an uncomplicated, affordable and versatile method for investigating DNA damage and repair. Existing comet–assay based methods were modified and applied in this study in order to examine the effects of different perturbations on the DNA repair capacity of different samples. Mitochondrial functioning has a vast effect on overall cell physiology and does not simply involve the production of energy in the form of ATP that sustains common biological processes, but is also associated with important cellular occurrences such as apoptosis and ROS production. It is suggested that a change in mitochondrial function may lead to extensive ROS production which may negatively affect macromolecules, including proteins involved in DNA repair pathways, and impaired energy formation which in turn may hamper the proper occurrence of energy driven processes. Complex I and ?III knock–down systems established in 143B cells are used to investigate the effect that perturbations of the energy metabolism may have on DNA repair capacity. Metallothioneins (MTs) are known to play an imperative role in trace element homeostasis and detoxification of metals and are effective ROS scavengers. The prooxidant environment that heavy metal imbalance causes may result in mutagenesis and transformation through DNA damage. It is suggested that an imbalance in the metal homeostasis caused by MT knock–out may create an environment favourable for DNA damage formation and at the same time impair DNA repair pathways. Because of the multi–functionality and involvement of metallothioneins in such a wide variety of biological processes, it was considered interesting and essential to extend the investigation on the effect of the absence of metallothioneins on DNA repair. A metallothionein I and ?II knock–out mouse model is employed to determine the effect of MT knock–out on DNA repair capacity. It was clear from the results obtained that transfection of cells, as used to investigate a perturbation in the energy metabolism in 143B cells, has an impairing effect on DRC. It was also confirmed that metallothioneins play an important and diverse role in cell biology since the absence thereof inhibits both BER and NER. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) é uma proteína com papel central no crescimento, na proliferação e na manutenção das células, que participa da formação de dois complexos, mTORC1 e mTORC2. Diversos estudos associam menor atividade de mTOR, em especial o complexo 1, com efeitos protetores contra o envelhecimento e mesmo aumento da expectativa de vida máxima. Alterações no DNA têm sido propostas desde cedo na história dos estudos bioquímicos sobre o envelhecimento como um fator causar da perda de função dos organismos com a idade. Muitos estudos já foram realizados tentando analisar diversos aspectos do acúmulo de alterações no DNA e da capacidade de reparo com a idade. No entanto, a possível relação entre mTOR e reparo de DNA foi muito pouco explorada, em especial em relação ao DNA mitocondrial. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel de mTOR na regulação dos níveis de reparo de DNA, em especial da via de reparo por excisão de bases (BER). Os resultados demonstraram que, aparentemente, mTOR surte algum efeito na regulação de duas enzimas da via BER (APE1 e Polγ), além de TFAM, diminuído os níveis das três, tanto no núcleo quanto nas mitocôndrias. No entanto, a atividade de incisão de oligonucleotídeos de APE1 não demonstrou alteração, e indução de apoptose por indução de estresse oxidativo revelou que células com menor expressão de mTOR se encontravam mais resistentes. Adicionalmente, a inibição de mTOR pareceu não alterar o número decópias de DNA mitocondrial e a massa mitocondrial, sugerindo que as células com knockdown de mTOR possuem uma maior reserva respiratória. Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem um possível envolvimento de mTOR na regulação de BER, mesmo que indiretamente, embora não estaja claro por qual via, ou por qual complexo de mTOR / mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a central protein in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and maintenance, that participates in the formation of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Several studies associate a lower activity of mTOR, especially complex 1, with beneficial effects against aging, and even increased maximum lifespan. DNA alterations have been proposed since the beginnings of the history of the biochemical studies on aging to be a cause of the loss of function that in observed in organisms with age. Several studies have been carried out to analyze several aspects of DNA alterations and DNA repair with age. However, the possible relationship between mTOR and DNA repair has not been explored satisfactorily, especially in relation to mitochondrial DNA. This study had the objective of evaluating the role of mTOR in the regulation of the levels of DNA repair, especially the base excision repair (BER) pathway. The results showed that, apparently, mTOR has some effect in the regulation of two enzymes of the BER pathway (APE1 and Polγ), as well as TFAM, decreasing their levels, both in the nucleus and in the mitochondria. However, APE1 oligonucleotide incision activity was not diminished, and apoptosis induction by methylene blue treatment revealed that cells with mTOR knockdown were more resistant. Addicionally, mTOR inhibition didnt seem to alter mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial mass, suggesting that mTOR knockdown cells have more respiratory reserve. Takentogether, these results suggest a possible role for mTOR in the regulation of BER, even if indirectly, although it is not clear through which pathway, or which mTOR complex

O envelhecimento da população mundial no último século elevou significativamente o número de casos da doença de Alzheimer (DA), bem como os custos para os sistemas de saúde pública. Apesar de avanços significativos no entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença, pouco se sabe a respeito dos mecanismos moleculares que desencadeiam a perda de memória e a morte neuronal. Resultados recentes sugerem que o acúmulo de bases oxidadas no DNA mitocondrial e alterações nas vias que removem essas lesões desempenham um papel importante na morte neuronal observada em DA. A maioria das lesões em DNA induzidas oxidativamente são removidas pela via de reparo por excisão de bases (BER, do inglês Base Excision Repair). Resultados da literatura mostraram que a atividade da via BER está reduzida no lóbulo parietal e no cerebelo de pacientes com DA, quando comparadas com amostras de indivíduos com cognição normal da mesma faixa etária. Entretanto, esse trabalho mediu a atividade de BER apenas em extratos celulares totais. No presente estudo, foram medidas as atividades de BER em extratos mitocondriais de cérebros de indivíduos com DA, uma vez que lesões no DNA mitocondrial acumulam mais significativamente nos pacientes. Para testar a hipótese que alterações em BER mitocondrial estão associadas ao desenvolvimento da doença, foram analisadas atividades de BER em mitocôndrias em duas regiões cerebrais de indivíduos normais, indivíduos com DA e um grupo de indivíduos que apresentam alterações neuropatológicas de DA (agregados proteicos), porém que se mantiveram cognitivamente normais, nomeados DA assintomático. A atividade da enzima AP endonuclease apresentou-se elevada no cerebelo do grupo DA assintomático, enquanto que não apresentou variação no córtex temporal. Esses resultados sugerem que a preservação de APE1 no grupo DA assintomático pode exercer um papel protetor às lesões neuropatológicas, bem como indicar que as regiões cerebrais apresentam suscetibilidade distinta aos danos. Já a atividade de uracil DNA glicosilase está reduzida no cerebelo tanto em indivíduos com DA quanto com DA assintomático, quando comparados ao grupo controle, enquanto que, no córtex temporal, a redução é verificada somente no grupo DA. Além disso, observou-se que a atividade de UDG e o critério Braak apresentam uma correlação negativa. Os resultados referentes à enzima UDG sugerem que a redução da sua atividade compromete a viabilidade neuronal tornando as células mais propensas às lesões da DA. Assim, o comprometimento da via BER em mitocôndriais de cérebros humanos pode contribuir para os eventos moleculares que ocasionam a morte neuronal associada ao desenvolvimento de DA. / The number of Alzheimer\'s disease cases (AD) has increased steadly over the last century, paralleling a sharp rise in mean Iife expectancy. Consequently, AD- associated public health costs have also increased. Despite several important findings in AD physiopathology, a clear understanding of the molecular events leading to memory loss and neuronal death is still lacking. Recent results show that oxidized DNA lesions accumulate in mitochondrial DNA in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Moreover, alterations in DNA repair may also play a causative role in neuronal death. Most oxidized lesions are repaired by the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway. It has been recently shown that BER activities are reduced in whole cell extracts from parietal lobule and cerebellum from AD patients, when compared with age-matched controls. As accumulation of oxidized bases is seen more prominently in mitochondrial DNA, here we investigated whether changes in BER activities in mitochondria are associated with the development of AD. Thus, we measured BER activities in mitochondria from two brain regions from age-matched normal individuais, AD patients and a group of individuais that show AD-like neuropathological alterations but remained cognitively normal, thus called asymptomatic AD. AP endonuclease activity is elevated in asymptomatic AD cerebellum, while not changed in temporal cortex. Theses results suggest that APE1 activity in asymptomatic AD may play a protective role against neuropatological lesions, and indicate that brain regions show different susceptibility to damage. On the other hand, uracil DNA glycosylase activity is reduced in cerebellum in both AD and asymptomatic individuais, when compared to controls. In temporal cortex, this reduction is observed only in AD group. In addition, UDG activity and Braak stage showed a significant negative correlation. These results indicate that decreased UDG activity may compromise neuronal viability, making the cells more prone to AD lesions. Thus, impairtment of BER in human brain mitochondria may contribute to the molecular events that cause neuronal death during the development of this disease.

Les mitochondries sont des structures uniques dans la cellule mammifère. Ces organites portent leur propre génome (ADN mitochondrial, ADNmt) qui se compose d'une petite molécule qui codifie pour 13 polypeptides de la chaîne de transport d'électrons (ETC), 22 ARNt et 2 gènes d'ARNr pour sa propre synthèse protéique. Le MTDNA est proposé pour être plus susceptible au stress oxydatif que le génome nucléaire (ADNn) parce que non seulement il manque d'histones protectrices, mais aussi en raison de sa proximité avec les complexes ETC qui sont les principaux producteurs de ROS dans les cellules de mammifères. Parmi tous les types de dommages à l'ADNmt, les dommages oxydatifs sont les plus répandus et, de loin, les mieux étudiés. La voie de réparation de l'excision de base (BER) est un mécanisme de réparation d'ADN conservé de façon évolutive qui répare les dommages de base d'ADN non volumineux. Puisque la guanine a le potentiel redox le plus bas de toute autre base dans l'ADN, elle est facilement oxydée à la 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) qui est l’altération la plus fréquente induite par les ROS sur les deux, l'ADNc et l'ADNmt. Si la fourche de réplication contourne le 8-oxoG avant son élimination, un A est souvent inséré sur le brin d'ADN opposé et les réplications subséquentes corrigent la transversion de G à T. Lorsqu'il est associé à la cytosine, le 8-oxoG est éliminé de l'ADN par l'ADN glycosylase de 8-oxoguanine (OGG1) qui, de cette manière, initie le procédé BER. OGG1 est une glycosylase de ménage bi fonctionnelle qui, conjointement avec d'autres enzymes BER différentes, est présente dans les compartiments nucléaires et mitochondriaux, soulignant l'importance de maintenir l'intégrité de l'ADNmt pour le fonctionnement cellulaire normal. Il a été démontré que la surexpression d'une version recombinante d'OGG1, spécifiquement destinée aux mitochondries par un signal de ciblage mitochondrial supplémentaire (MTS) (OGG1-MTS), protège les cellules d'un stress oxydatif, probablement en raison d'une efficacité accrue dans la réparation De 8-oxoG dans l'ADNmt. L'objectif principal de notre projet est d'élucider si la perte spécifique de l'activité de réparation 8-oxoG dans les mitochondries (mais pas dans le compartiment nucléaire) a un impact sur les fonctions organelles et / ou sur la viabilité cellulaire et aussi pour dévoiler le mécanisme / s Derrière les effets protecteurs d'OGG1 sur la physiologie mitochondriale et la maintenance d'ADNmt / Mitochondria are unique structures within the mammalian cell. These organelles carry their own genome (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) which consists of a small molecule that codifies for 13 polypeptides of the electron transport chain (ETC), 22 tRNA and 2 rRNA genes for its own protein synthesis. MtDNA is proposed to be more susceptible to oxidative stress than the nuclear genome (nDNA) because not only it lacks protective histones but also because of its proximity to ETC complexes which are the main ROS producers in mammalian cells. Among all the types of mtDNA damage, oxidative damage is the most prevalent and, by far, the best studied. Base excision repair (BER) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved DNA repair mechanism that repairs non-bulky DNA base damages. Since guanine has the lowest redox potential of any other bases in DNA, it is readily oxidized to 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) that is the most frequent alteration induced by ROS on both, nDNA and mtDNA. If the replication fork bypasses the 8-oxoG before its removal, an A is often inserted on the opposite DNA strand and subsequent replications fix the G to T transversion. When paired with cytosine, 8-oxoG is removed from DNA by the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) that in such a way initiates the BER process. OGG1 is a bifunctional housekeeping glycosylase that, together with other various BER enzymes is present in both nuclear and mitochondrial compartments, highlighting the importance of maintaining mtDNA integrity for normal cellular functioning. It has been demonstrated that the overexpression of a recombinant version of OGG1, specifically targeted to mitochondria by an additional Mitochondrial Targeting Signal (MTS) (OGG1-MTS), protects the cells from an oxidative stress, likely due to an increased efficiency in the repair of 8-oxoG in mtDNA. The main goal of our project is to elucidate if the specific loss of 8-oxoG repair activity in mitochondria (but not in nuclear compartment) has an impact on the organelles’ functions and/or on cell viability and also to unveil the mechanism/s behind the protective effects of OGG1 on mitochondrial physiology and mtDNA maintenance.

No description available.