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Evaluating the efficacy of commonly used antimicrobials in the beef industry for controlling shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli contamination on chilled beef subprimals and pre-rigor carcass sidesKrug, Matthew D. January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Randall Phebus / Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are frequently associated with foodborne illness outbreaks, especially attributable to beef. Intervention methods, such as water washes and organic acid application, are widely implemented across the beef industry to combat this risk. This research evaluates the efficacy of intervention methods applied to chilled beef subprimal pieces and pre-rigor beef carcasses to reduce STEC contamination. Beef strip loins were inoculated (ca. 5 log CFU/cm²) with a 7-serotype STEC cocktail and sprayed with increasing concentrations of peracetic acid (200-1800 ppm; ambient temperature), lactic acid (3-10%; 55°C), or a water control before being vacuum-packaged and stored for 24 h at 4°C. Meat surface excision samples and color readings (L*, a*, and b*) were obtained from each subprimal at three sampling points: post-inoculation, 5 min post chemical spray, and post-24 h vacuum packaged chilling. Peracetic acid spray and lactic acid spray reduced STEC populations by 0.5 -1.3 log CFU/cm² and 0.2 – 0.7 log CFU/cm², respectively, across the incremental concentration increases. All concentrations of peracetic acid and lactic acid concentrations ≥3.5% reduced (P ≤ 0.05) STEC populations compared to their respective control. Application of higher concentrations of lactic acid (7-10%) decreased (P ≤ 0.05) L* and b* values compared to the control, indicating that quality attributes of the subprimals were negatively effected. Carcass intervention methods were evaluated using a three-stage commercial carcass washing cabinet (Chad Equipment). Four pre-rigor carcass sides were inoculated by electrostatically spraying with a 7-serogroup STEC cocktail (ca. 6.5 log CFU/100 cm²). Three treatments were applied, in order, to each side: ambient water wash, hot water wash (82-92°C at the nozzle head), and antimicrobial mist. Meat surface excision samples were taken from the bottom, middle, and top section of each carcass side at five sampling points: 30 min post-inoculation, post-ambient water wash, post-hot water wash, post-antimicrobial spray, and after 18 h spray chilling. The combination of the high-volume ambient water wash stage and subsequent hot water wash stage reduced STEC populations on sides by 3.5, 4.7, and 4.8 log CFU/100 cm² at the bottom, middle, and top of the carcass, respectively. Due to STEC populations declining to very low or undetectable levels after the hot water stage, minimal additional STEC reductions were observed after chemical spray application and chilling. Sequential antimicrobial treatments applied using a three-stage Chad carcass wash cabinet and a subsequent chill step reduced STEC populations on pre-rigor beef carcasses by 4.5 – 5.3 log CFU/100 cm².
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Characterization and evaluation of Escherichia coli biotype I strains for use as surrogates for enteric pathogens in validation of beef carcass interventionsCabrera-Diaz, Elisa 15 May 2009 (has links)
Antimicrobial interventions implemented in slaughter establishments for the
reduction of enteric pathogens on beef carcasses must be validated to demonstrate
efficacy under commercial operation conditions. Validation studies can be conducted
using surrogates which are nonpathogenic organisms that respond to a particular
treatment in a manner equivalent to a target pathogen. The purpose of this study was to
identify surrogates for enteric pathogens to validate antimicrobial interventions on beef
carcasses. The growth, attachment, resistance properties as well as the response to
interventions on beef carcasses of nonpathogenic fluorescent protein-marked E. coli
strains were evaluated and compared to E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella strains.
Growth curves were performed in tryptic soy broth at 37°C and it was
demonstrated that in general, growth parameters were not different among surrogates
and target pathogens. Thermal resistance was compared in phosphate buffered saline
(PBS) at 55, 60 and 65°C; D-values of surrogates were not different or were higher than those of target pathogens. The acid resistance of surrogates was not different to that of E.
coli O157:H7 in PBS acidified with lactic acid at pH 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5. Some Salmonella
serotypes were found to be less acid resistant than the surrogates. Survival of surrogates
after storage at low temperatures (4°C and -18°C) was not different or was longer than
survival of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. Additionally, the cell surface
hydrophobicity and attachment to beef carcasses surfaces was not different among
surrogates and pathogens. Antimicrobial interventions were applied on carcass surfaces
under laboratory controlled conditions. After application of hot water washes, D-values
were not different among surrogates and pathogens, while no differences were observed
in log reductions (CFU/cm2) among surrogates and pathogens when 2% L-lactic acid
sprays at 25 and 55°C were applied, regardless of the temperature and volume of the
acid solution. The response of surrogates to water washes and lactic acid sprays on beef
carcasses was also evaluated in commercial slaughter facilities. Reductions of surrogates
were not different to those of aerobic plate count, coliforms and E. coli. However, the
surrogates showed less variation and provided more consistent results than traditional
indicators.
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Investigation of factors influencing feedlot performance and profitability in the 2001-2002 Texas A&M ranch to rail program- southHarborth, Karl Walter 30 September 2004 (has links)
Data from the 2001-2002 Texas A&M University Ranch to Rail Program-South were used to determine factors that influence cattle feedlot performance and profitability. Steers (n=860) were classified according to sire (SBIO) and dam (DBIO) biological groups, kill groups (KILL), and entry month (ENTRYMON). Biological groups were determined by predominant genetic make up of the sire or dam. Traits evaluated included net income (NI), feedlot average daily gain (ADG), slaughter weight (OUTWT), carcass weight (CW), fat thickness (FT), longissimus muscle area (LMA), marbling score (MS), yield grade, (YG), medicine costs (TOTMED), and carcass value (CVL). Analyses of covariance were performed to determine differences between SBIO and DBIO, KILL, and ENTRYMON, and the influence of initial feedlot weight (INWT). Sire biological type had a significant effect on NI, ADG, FT, LMA, MS, YG, and CVL. Dam biological type and KILL had significant effects on all traits excluding TOTMED. Entry month accounted for no differences. Among SBIO groups, British-sired steers exhibited greatest values for ADG (1.39 kg/d), MS (457), FT (1.45 cm), CVL ($891), and NI ($25.62). Continental-sired steers exhibited the largest LMA (97.65 cm) and lowest YG (2.51). Brahman-sired steers exhibited the lowest ADG (1.32kg/d), MS (405), CVL ($859), and NI ($-17.80).
Multiple regression was performed to determine which traits had the greatest effect on CVL and NI. Independent categorical effects were SBIO, DBIO, KILL and ENTRYMON, while independent continuous effects were INWT, ADG, FT, LMA, MS and TOTMED. Both CVL and NI were influenced by CW, FT, LMA, and MS, but not by ADG, INWT, or TOTMED.
Phenotypic correlation coefficients were determined among all traits. Highest correlations were present between CVL: and NI, CW, ADG, and LMA (0.80, 0.81, 0.54, and 0.49, respectively). Strong correlations were seen between ADG and CW (0.63), FT and YG (0.87) and YG and LMA (-0.51). Marbling score was moderately correlated to CVL (0.30) and NI (0.30). This study indicates that a wide variety of traits interact to determine CVL and NI in retained ownership programs, and that maximizing carcass value does not ensure increased profitability.
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An investigation of the efficacy of decontamination of beef carcasses using recirculated hot water under commercial conditionsSehularo, K. Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Video image analysis used to predict carcass primal lean and fat yields, USDA yield grade factors and USDA yield gradesWassenberg, Renee L January 2011 (has links)
Typescripe (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries
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Post mortem carcass interventions to improve beef qualityDu Toit, Francois Matthys 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A total of 32 cattle were divided into four groups of eight each (A1-8, A9-16, A17-24, B1-B8) to be
slaughtered on different days over a period of 45 days. All the cattle in Groups A were of Bonsmara type
and those in Group B were of Charolais type. Three treatments, Tenderstretch (TS), Tendercut (TC) and
Hock suspension (HS) were randomly allocated to each of the 48 sides from group A. Only two
treatments (TC and HS) were implemented on the carcass sides in Group B alternating between the right
and left sides. Two muscles from each side namely Gluteus medius and Longissimus dorsi were
evaluated for purge, cooking loss, shear force and sarcomere length after 2, 4, 6, 10 and 14 days of
aging. Paired t-Tests were performed for each pair of treatments and each day separately, on all
variables accessed (Snedecor, 1980). The differences in purge and cooking loss between treatments
were all found to be inconclusive for each day of aging. Although purge had significant differences
between the treatments TC and TS for the GM and LD muscle after 14 days of aging (P = 0.0341 and P =
0.0348 respectively) these were found to be open to doubt as the treatment that delivers the most purge
differs between muscles and that the two treatments delivered no differences compared to its HS values.
Aging had a significant effect on purge as it doubles after 14 days of aging. Cooking loss values only
differed significantly on day 2 for the LD muscle between treatments TC and HS. The differences in
shear force were all smaller than 0.3205 kg/ 1.27cm and not consistent over all carcasses. A mean
positive improvement in tenderness was calculated from high difference in mean values from some
carcasses although some carcasses showed a decrease in tenderness when using TS and TC, which
suggests that the treatments are of no relevance towards the industry. Although the differences in shear
force become smaller as aging commences, it is not constant, a phenomenon most probably due to the
variance between animals. Aging again had the most significant effect (P<.0001) on shear force.
Correlations between sarcomere lengths and shear force were low for all the treatments on the GM
muscle (HS = -0.453; TC = -0.401 and TS = -0.2) but in the LD muscle the TS method showed a higher correlation (TS = -0.665) than the other treatments (HS = 0.059 and TC = 0.059). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: `n Totaal van 32 beeste was opgedeel in vier groepe van agt elk (A1-8, A9-16, A17-24, B1-B8)
wat geslag is op verskillende dae oor n periode van 45 dae. Beeste van die A groep was almal Bonsmara
tipe en die van die B groep charolais tipe. Drie behandelings naamlik Tenderstretch (TS), Tendercut (TC)
en Hak suspensie (HS) was ewekansig tot die 48 sye van die karkasse van groep A toegedeel. Groep B
se 16 sye is net met TC en HS ewekansig tot die linker en regter sy toegedeel. Twee spiere naamlik
Gluteus medius en Longissimus dorsi was geevalueer vir drup verlies, kook verlies, sarkomeer lengte en
taaihied na 2, 4, 6, 10 en 14 dae se veroudering. Gepaarde t – toetse is gedoen vir elke paar
behandelings vir elke dag van veroudering op al die veranderlikes genoem. Die verskil in drup verlies en
kook verlies tussen behandelings was as nie betekeinisvol bestempel. Behalwe vir die feit dat drup verlies
betekenisvolle verskille getoon het tussen die behandelings TC en TS vir die GM (P = 0.0341) en die LD
(P = 0.0348) spiere na 14 dae se veroudering was dit bevind as nie betekenisvol juis oor dat die twee
behandelings teenoor hul HS waardes geen verskille getoon het nie. Veroudering van die vleis het wel
die grootste betekenisvolle verskil in drupverlies gemaak waar dit amper verdubbel soos die vleis
verouder vir 14 dae. Kookverlies het net op dag twee n betekenisvolle verskil getoon in die LD spier vir
die HS – TC kombinasie. Die verskil in taaiheid was almal kleiner as 0.3205 kg/ 1.27cm en nie kostant vir
alle karkasse nie. n’ Positiewe gemiddelde verbetering in sagtheid is verkry deur die kalkulasie van hoë
positiewe waardes en lae negatiewe waardes vir sommmige karkasse wat n laer sagtheid getoon het
wanneer TS en TC gebruik is. Hierdie onkonsekwente verbeterings in sagtheid maak dat hierdie
behandelings van min praktiese nut vir die bedryf is. Alhoewel hierdie verskille tussen behandelings
kleiner raak tydens veroudering, is dit nie konstant nie, wat as gevolg van die variasies tussen diere kan
wees. Veroudering het weereens die mees betekenisvolle effek op die vleis getoon (P< 0.001). Die
korrelasie tussen sarkomeer lengte en WBSF taaiheid was laag vir alle behandelings in die GM spier (HS
= -0.453; TC = -0.401 en TS = -0.2) behalwe vir die LD spier waar die TS behandeling n hoer korrelasie
van TS = -0.665 as die ander twee behandelings (HS = 0.059 en TC = 0.059) opgelewer het.
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