Multinational enterprises are continuously in search of investment opportunities to grow their businesses. For over two decades South Africa, being one of the economic powerhouses of Africa, has been one such target for global investors. A company planning to invest in South Africa will attempt to identify the most appropriate way to do so, for tax and non-tax reasons. However, tax consequences are one of the main factors influencing the decision of an investor. While certain companies choose to invest directly into the target country, the majority choose to set up a holding company outside of the investor country. Such a company is known as an intermediary holding company and is defined as a company which is interposed between a shareholder and its foreign subsidiary. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the best manner, for tax purposes, in which a foreign company would invest into South Africa, either directly or indirectly through an intermediary holding company. Should the intermediary holding company option be selected, the company will then need to select the country in which to base its intermediary holding company. Tax havens are commonly used as a base for intermediary holding companies, however, these may not be the most advantageous option in all cases. Literature on intermediary holding companies and tax havens is reviewed and thereafter the study analyses and compares the tax efficiency of a hypothetical UK company investing into South Africa using different options. The options available to the UK Company which are compared, include investing directly into South Africa or investing indirectly through an intermediary holding company based in either Cyprus, Mauritius or the Netherlands, all of which are commonly used as bases for intermediary holding companies. The comparative study on the different intermediary holding company options is performed based on the domestic tax laws of each country as well as the effects of the double tax agreements in force between these countries and other tax jurisdictions. Thereafter, the most tax efficient intermediary holding company option is compared to the tax efficiency of direct investment by the UK Company and a conclusion is reached on which is the best manner for such a company to invest into South Africa, for tax purposes. AFRIKAANS : Multi-nasionale ondernemings is voortdurend op soek na nuwe beleggingsgeleenthede ten einde besigheidsgroei te bewerkstelling. Internasionale beleggers sien Suid-Afrika nou al vir meer as twee dekades as ʼn toetreepunt tot geleenthede in Afrika, vanweë Suid-Afrika se status as een van die ekonomiese reuse in Afrika. Maatskappye wat beplan om in Suid-Afrika te belê sal ondersoek doen om die beste moontlike beleggings manier te vind. Talle besigheidsredes, waarvan belastingimplikasies een van die hoofoorwegings is, sal die faktore wees wat ʼn potensiële belegger se besluitneming beïnvloed. Terwyl sommige maatskappye verkies om direk in die beleggingsland te belê sal die meeste maatskappye eerder in ʼn houermaatskappy buite die beleggingsland belê. So ʼn maatskappy staan bekend as ʼn intermediêre houer maatskappy en word gedefinieer as ʼn “tussenganger” maatskappy wat as geleibuis optree tussen die aandeelhouer en die buitelandse filiaal. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om ondersoek in te stel na die beste metode, vanuit ʼn belastingoogpunt, vir ʼn buitelandse maatskappy om in Suid-Afrika te belê. Dit kan óf direk óf indirek deur middel van ʼn intermediêre houer maatskappy gedoen word. Indien die intermediêre houer maatskappy opsie gekies word, moet die maatskappy ook die land kies waarin die intermediêre houer maatskappy opgerig gaan word. Lande wat bekend is as belastingtoevlugsoorde word dikwels gekies om intermediêre houer maatskappye op te rig. Dit is egter nie in alle gevalle die mees voordeligste metode nie. Literatuur oor intermediêre houer maatskappye en belastingtoevlugsoorde word nagevors, waarna hierdie studie die belastingeffektiwiteit van ʼn hipotetiese Britse maatskappy, wat in Suid-Afrika belê, ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van verskillende opsies. Die opsies wat beskikbaar is en ondersoek sal word sluit in, direkte belegging in Suid-Afrika en belegging deur van ʼn intermediêre houer maatskappy gebruik te maak in Cyprus, Mauritius of Nederland. Al die vooraf genoemde lande is algemeen bekend daarvoor dat dit gebruik word om intermediêre houer maatskappye op te rig. Die verskillende intermediêre houer maatskappy opsies word met mekaar vergelyk, deur die belastingimplikasies van plaaslike belastingwetgewing van elke land, asook enige dubbele belastingooreenkomste van krag tussen hierdie lande en ander regsgebiede, te oorweeg. Die mees effektiewe intermediêre houer maatskappy opsie word dan vergelyk met die belastingeffektiwiteit van direkte belegging deur die Britse maatskappy. ʼn Gevolgtrekking word gemaak oor die metode wat die mees effektiefste belastinggevolge inhou vir ‘n Britse maatskappy wat in Suid-Afrika belê. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

The primary objective of this research is to review the value of business events in the performance of an organisation. Business events are categorised as part of the business tourism sector of the tourism industry. This sector is a strong financial contributor to many nations’ economies. The sector, sometimes also known as the M.I.C.E industry or meetings industry, focuses on creating business events to fit the knowledge needs of organisations across a wide range of industries. The business events are of several genre including exhibitions, training seminars, conferences, congresses and trade shows and all have been created for the purpose of helping organisations improve individual competitive advantages by learning from peers, competitors, suppliers and customers. The financial outcome of holding business tourism events is typically measured by such indicators as the number of business event venues booked, the number of business tourism visitors to a country attending business events, the number of hotel bed-nights sold that relate to business events, the number of add-on packages in the way of transport, entertainment and leisure tours used by business event attendees. Countries including South Africa have specific national policies to attract globally rotating business events to their own country. While hotels, transport and other tourism activities glean substantial financial benefit from the hosting of business events, the outcome of these events in terms of the new knowledge created for organisations is the primary objective of this research. As knowledge is intangible the value of knowledge is hard to understand in terms of past performance such as financial statements but it is seen in the literature review that there are many beneficial implications of seeking knowledge not limited to risk management through informed decision making. New knowledge has the ability to change the future work-place behaviour of employees in turn affecting the performance of an organisation. Lewin (1951) summarised that the level of   behavioural change from the influence of new knowledge attained at an event is a function of the people at the event and the environment of the event. Understanding these variables speaks directly to managing the intangible value created from business events. Thus Lewin’s formula as applied to business events is considered a link in the value chain of intangible asset creation in this research. Knowledge is an intangible asset of every organisation often documented in formal normative managerial actions such as policies, processes and databases and also held informally by individual employees who have personal skills and abilities. Measuring the change in knowledge value through an intervention such as a business event has relevance in terms of valuing the contribution of business events to improving organisational performance. A secondary objective of this research was then to review the current use of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips return-on-investment model in relation to its effectiveness in defining knowledge objectives and measuring their effect on intangible asset creation. The model is the business events sector recommended methodology to set the objectives and key performance indicators that define the degree of success of the business event for an organisation. The utility of this model in helping to manage organisational knowledge value derived from business events is reviewed. The relevance of business events to future organisational performance improvement is understood by analysing firstly an organisation’s perspective of the value of business events and then the perspective of an employee of the organisation attending business events. The findings of the literature review guided the design of both the qualitative and quantitative surveys that were used to explore the way knowledge flows from events into organisations. These surveys fulfil the third and fourth objectives of the research. To understand the flow of new knowledge through an organisation many functions and hierarchies of command, a systems thinking methodology was applied in that it is assumed that all units of the organisation add value at their own level and this value accumulates upwards towards the overall value of knowledge for the organisation in creating competitive advantages. The literature review firstly highlighted the role of creating opportunity for socialisation at events as pivotal in improving an organisation’s knowledge. Then systems methodology tool of viable systems diagnosis suggested a theoretical viable systems model of what a healthy, successful organisational knowledge system would look like. The methodology was then applied to distil the secondary data reviewed to 12 variables each composed of many other variables that act within this theoretical model. The 12 variables were included in semi-open ended questions of a qualitative research instrument that interviewed 18 managers who either design or attend business events. The qualitative responses and the system of the 12 variables were then used to guide the creation of the quantitative instrument. The quantitative research produced 354 useable questionnaires that were statistically analysed by exploratory factor analysis. The latent factors identified were used in the design of a structured equation model (SEM). The SEM indicated that organisations rely on socialisation activities such as business events to create new knowledge. The SEM also indicates that employees of an organisation may well consider business event activities from a personalised perspective of their own continued professional development needs which may not always align to those of the organisation suggesting the alignment between organisational and personal goals as critical in maximising the value attained from a business event. This research therefore made a valuable contribution in that it explored the value chain between the business events and their role in improving an individual organisation’s performance. This in turn implies from a systems thinking point of view to the overall performance of a country’s economy. A further contribution of this study is recommendations made to improve the ease of application of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips model and thus manage the process of socialisation and ultimately knowledge creation better. A pre- and post event extension to the model is recommended defined in a template to be used in an iterative manner to improve the management and capturing of the value of knowledge arising from the event and this fulfils the final objective of the research. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The primary objective of this research is to review the value of business events in the performance of an organisation. Business events are categorised as part of the business tourism sector of the tourism industry. This sector is a strong financial contributor to many nations’ economies. The sector, sometimes also known as the M.I.C.E industry or meetings industry, focuses on creating business events to fit the knowledge needs of organisations across a wide range of industries. The business events are of several genre including exhibitions, training seminars, conferences, congresses and trade shows and all have been created for the purpose of helping organisations improve individual competitive advantages by learning from peers, competitors, suppliers and customers. The financial outcome of holding business tourism events is typically measured by such indicators as the number of business event venues booked, the number of business tourism visitors to a country attending business events, the number of hotel bed-nights sold that relate to business events, the number of add-on packages in the way of transport, entertainment and leisure tours used by business event attendees. Countries including South Africa have specific national policies to attract globally rotating business events to their own country. While hotels, transport and other tourism activities glean substantial financial benefit from the hosting of business events, the outcome of these events in terms of the new knowledge created for organisations is the primary objective of this research. As knowledge is intangible the value of knowledge is hard to understand in terms of past performance such as financial statements but it is seen in the literature review that there are many beneficial implications of seeking knowledge not limited to risk management through informed decision making. New knowledge has the ability to change the future work-place behaviour of employees in turn affecting the performance of an organisation. Lewin (1951) summarised that the level of   behavioural change from the influence of new knowledge attained at an event is a function of the people at the event and the environment of the event. Understanding these variables speaks directly to managing the intangible value created from business events. Thus Lewin’s formula as applied to business events is considered a link in the value chain of intangible asset creation in this research. Knowledge is an intangible asset of every organisation often documented in formal normative managerial actions such as policies, processes and databases and also held informally by individual employees who have personal skills and abilities. Measuring the change in knowledge value through an intervention such as a business event has relevance in terms of valuing the contribution of business events to improving organisational performance. A secondary objective of this research was then to review the current use of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips return-on-investment model in relation to its effectiveness in defining knowledge objectives and measuring their effect on intangible asset creation. The model is the business events sector recommended methodology to set the objectives and key performance indicators that define the degree of success of the business event for an organisation. The utility of this model in helping to manage organisational knowledge value derived from business events is reviewed. The relevance of business events to future organisational performance improvement is understood by analysing firstly an organisation’s perspective of the value of business events and then the perspective of an employee of the organisation attending business events. The findings of the literature review guided the design of both the qualitative and quantitative surveys that were used to explore the way knowledge flows from events into organisations. These surveys fulfil the third and fourth objectives of the research. To understand the flow of new knowledge through an organisation many functions and hierarchies of command, a systems thinking methodology was applied in that it is assumed that all units of the organisation add value at their own level and this value accumulates upwards towards the overall value of knowledge for the organisation in creating competitive advantages. The literature review firstly highlighted the role of creating opportunity for socialisation at events as pivotal in improving an organisation’s knowledge. Then systems methodology tool of viable systems diagnosis suggested a theoretical viable systems model of what a healthy, successful organisational knowledge system would look like. The methodology was then applied to distil the secondary data reviewed to 12 variables each composed of many other variables that act within this theoretical model. The 12 variables were included in semi-open ended questions of a qualitative research instrument that interviewed 18 managers who either design or attend business events. The qualitative responses and the system of the 12 variables were then used to guide the creation of the quantitative instrument. The quantitative research produced 354 useable questionnaires that were statistically analysed by exploratory factor analysis. The latent factors identified were used in the design of a structured equation model (SEM). The SEM indicated that organisations rely on socialisation activities such as business events to create new knowledge. The SEM also indicates that employees of an organisation may well consider business event activities from a personalised perspective of their own continued professional development needs which may not always align to those of the organisation suggesting the alignment between organisational and personal goals as critical in maximising the value attained from a business event. This research therefore made a valuable contribution in that it explored the value chain between the business events and their role in improving an individual organisation’s performance. This in turn implies from a systems thinking point of view to the overall performance of a country’s economy. A further contribution of this study is recommendations made to improve the ease of application of the Kirkpatrick-Phillips model and thus manage the process of socialisation and ultimately knowledge creation better. A pre- and post event extension to the model is recommended defined in a template to be used in an iterative manner to improve the management and capturing of the value of knowledge arising from the event and this fulfils the final objective of the research. / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The increasing amount of power and potentially negative impacts that corporations exert within society has become a growing concern for many people. In response to this and due to the changing role of business in society, more and more members of social groups, who are affected by corporate activities, are claiming their rights to be better informed of and more involved in corporate decision-making. Consequently, the need for companies worldwide to be more accountable for the ways in which they conduct their business has grown at a tremendous rate. Especially during the last decade, companies have globally been placed under increasing pressure from different stakeholder groups to demonstrate and prove their commitments to the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In order to facilitate and guide these CSR-commitments, society has for many years already begun to implement various standards of behaviour/performance, which corporations need to achieve in order to be accepted as being part of the citizenry. However, despite an abundance of such standards in terms of CSR-related guidelines and codes, a clear need has been identified for the development of better measuring tools of CSR, in order to efficiently assess and monitor companies’ performance. The Bench Marks is one of the most comprehensive sets of social and environmental criteria and business performance indicators available. It offers an ethical standard on which to base decisions about global corporate social responsibility. Consequently, the need arose from the Bench Marks Foundation - in collaboration with the Bench Marks Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at the North-West University – to develop the current Bench Marks CSR Framework into a practical measuring instrument. This need has successfully been fulfilled through this research by means of two methods, namely a literature review and an empirical study. During the literature study, the concepts CSR and Corporate Personality were contextualised - particularly with the investigation of related concepts; as well as critically examined - specifically in terms of their theoretical measurement properties. During the empirical research, quantitative research techniques have been utilised which involved: the application of certain ‘theoretically recognised phases’ of measuring instrument development; as well as a survey in the form of a ‘preliminary measuring instrument’ (in questionnaire format) that was administered on a random sample respondents (n = 350), including the statistical analysis of the results. 189 Questionnaires were completed, which gave a response rate of 54%. The statistical analysis mainly served as an effective guideline for determining the best CSR items (in terms of reliability and validity) to be included in the final version of the instrument. Apart from measuring CSR performance in line with the Bench Marks, the instrument that has been developed by this study, can also be used as a measuring mechanism for Corporate Personality. This is achieved by assessing company behaviour in terms of the theoretical dimensions of CSR (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic) and Sustainable Development (economic, social and environmental). In doing so, this instrument provides companies with a unique way of identifying their status of being true Corporate Citizens. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The increasing amount of power and potentially negative impacts that corporations exert within society has become a growing concern for many people. In response to this and due to the changing role of business in society, more and more members of social groups, who are affected by corporate activities, are claiming their rights to be better informed of and more involved in corporate decision-making. Consequently, the need for companies worldwide to be more accountable for the ways in which they conduct their business has grown at a tremendous rate. Especially during the last decade, companies have globally been placed under increasing pressure from different stakeholder groups to demonstrate and prove their commitments to the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In order to facilitate and guide these CSR-commitments, society has for many years already begun to implement various standards of behaviour/performance, which corporations need to achieve in order to be accepted as being part of the citizenry. However, despite an abundance of such standards in terms of CSR-related guidelines and codes, a clear need has been identified for the development of better measuring tools of CSR, in order to efficiently assess and monitor companies’ performance. The Bench Marks is one of the most comprehensive sets of social and environmental criteria and business performance indicators available. It offers an ethical standard on which to base decisions about global corporate social responsibility. Consequently, the need arose from the Bench Marks Foundation - in collaboration with the Bench Marks Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at the North-West University – to develop the current Bench Marks CSR Framework into a practical measuring instrument. This need has successfully been fulfilled through this research by means of two methods, namely a literature review and an empirical study. During the literature study, the concepts CSR and Corporate Personality were contextualised - particularly with the investigation of related concepts; as well as critically examined - specifically in terms of their theoretical measurement properties. During the empirical research, quantitative research techniques have been utilised which involved: the application of certain ‘theoretically recognised phases’ of measuring instrument development; as well as a survey in the form of a ‘preliminary measuring instrument’ (in questionnaire format) that was administered on a random sample respondents (n = 350), including the statistical analysis of the results. 189 Questionnaires were completed, which gave a response rate of 54%. The statistical analysis mainly served as an effective guideline for determining the best CSR items (in terms of reliability and validity) to be included in the final version of the instrument. Apart from measuring CSR performance in line with the Bench Marks, the instrument that has been developed by this study, can also be used as a measuring mechanism for Corporate Personality. This is achieved by assessing company behaviour in terms of the theoretical dimensions of CSR (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic) and Sustainable Development (economic, social and environmental). In doing so, this instrument provides companies with a unique way of identifying their status of being true Corporate Citizens. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Summaries in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / Various studies on international capital flows have established the deterministic role of local financial markets on the attractiveness of countries to inflow of foreign direct investment. The current study investigated the impact of FDI inflows on the financial sector development of countries in the Middle East and North Africa region for the period 2003 to 2016. Various panel data analysis methods were employed. These approaches included fixed effects, random effects, pooled OLS, FMOLS and the dynamic GMM. In addition, pre-estimation tests, diagnostic tests which included panel unit root and co-integration tests and robustness tests were conducted. Using both financial development proxies, broad money as a ratio of GDP (model 1) and domestic credit to the private sector (model 2), the study found that the lag in financial development had a significant positive effect on financial development. In model 1 under fixed effects, random effects and pooled OLS, FDI had a significant negative effect on financial development. In contrast, model 2 showed a significant positive relationship running from FDI to financial development under the pooled OLS method. The interaction between FDI and economic growth was found to have a significant negative influence on financial development in models 1 and 2 under the pooled OLS method. This finding indicates that economic growth had a deleterious effect on the impact of FDI on financial development in the MENA region. In the light of these results, policy makers in the MENA region countries should be urged to avoid undue reliance on FDI in their efforts to develop their financial sectors. Furthermore, the MENA region nations are urged to avoid implementing economic growth enhancement policies as a way of trying to improve financial development, directly or indirectly, as the effort has been shown to achieve the opposite effect. / Verskeie studies wêreldwyd oor die vloei van internasionale kapitaal is dit eens dat aantreklike plaaslike finansiële markte direkte buitelandse beleggings (DBB) na lande laat stroom. Hierdie studie het die uitwerking van DBB in die tydperk 2003 tot 2016 op die finansiële sektore van lande in die Midde Oosterse en Noord-Afrikaanse (MONA) streek ondersoek. Verskeie paneeldataontledingsmetodes is gevolg, waaronder vaste en ewekansige effekte, saamgevoegde, gewone kleinstekwadratemetode (GKK), volgewysigde kleinstekwadratemetode (VGKK) en die dinamiese, veralgemeende metode van momente (VMM). Afgesien hiervan is voorberamings- en diagnostiese toetse, waaronder paneeleenheidswortel-, koïntegrasie- en robuustheidstoetse, toegepas. Op grond van sowel volmagte vir finansiële ontwikkeling, breë geld – as ʼn verhouding van die BBP (model 1) – as binnelandse krediet aan die privaat sektor (model 2), is bevind dat die vertraging in finansiële ontwikkeling ʼn opmerklik positiewe effek op finansiële ontwikkeling uitgeoefen het. In model 1, onder vaste effekte, ewekansige effekte en saamgevoegde GKK, het DBB ʼn opmerklik negatiewe effek op finansiële ontwikkeling gehad. Model 2, daarenteen, het onder die saamgevoegde GKK-metode op ʼn opmerklik positiewe verband tussen DBB en finansiële ontwikkeling gedui. Daar is in model 1 en 2 onder die saamgevoegde GKK bevind dat die wisselwerking tussen DBB en ekonomiese groei ʼn opmerklik negatiewe effek op finansiële ontwikkeling gehad het. Hierdie bevinding is ʼn aanduiding daarvan ekonomiese groei ʼn nadelige effek op die uitwerking van DBB op finansiële ontwikkeling in die MENA-streek gehad het. In die lig hiervan moet die beleidsmakers van lande in die MONA-streek teen oormatige steun op DBB om hulle finansiële sektore te laat ontwikkel, gemaan word. Hierbenewens moet lande in die MONAstreek teen beleide vir ekonomiese groei as ʼn manier om finansiële ontwikkeling regstreeks of onregstreeks aan te wakker, gewaarsku word omdat dit die teenoorgestelde uitwerking sal hê. / Izifundo zocwaningo ezahlukahlukene ekuthunyelweni kwezimali sezisungule indima yezimpawu ezikhombisayo zokuthunyelwa kwezimali ezimakethe zasemakhaya mayelana nekhono lamazwe lokuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile. Ucwaningo lwamanje luye lwaphenya umthintela wokungena kwezimali ngohlelo lokutshalwa kwezimali ngaphandle, phecelezi FDI mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezezimali emazweni asesiyingini esiseMpumalanga eMaphakathi (Middle East) kanye kanye nase-Afrika eseNyakatho (North Africa (MENA), ukusukela onyakeni ka 2003 ukufika ku 2016. Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuhlaziya ipanel data analysis ziye zasetshenziswa. Lezi zindlela ziye zaxuba imiphumela enqunyelwe isikhathi, imiphumela enganqunyelwanga isikhathi, uhlelo lwe pooled OLS, lwe FMOLS kanye nohlelo oluguquguqukayo lwe GMM. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokuhlolwa phecelezi, pre-estimation tests kanye ne diagnostic tests, lokhu okuyizinhlelo ezixuba amayunidi ephaneli panel unit root kanye nohlelo lwe cointegration tests kanye nohlelo lwe robustness tests, nazo ziye zaxutshwa phakathi. Ngokusebenzisa zombili izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimal, imali ebanzi – njengesilinganiso semodeli 1 yeGDP – kanye nesikweletu sasekhaya esinikezwa imikhakha yamabhizinisi angasese asekhaya (imodeli 2), ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimali kuye kwaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimali. Kumodeli 1, ngaphansi kohlelo lwemiphumela enqunyelwe isikhathi, kwemiphumela enganqunyelwanga iskhathi kanye nasohlelweni lwe pooled OLS, uhlelo lwe FDI luye lwaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu kwezokuthuthukiswa kwezimali. Okuphikisana nalokho, imodeli 2 iye yakhombisa ubudlelwano obuhle kakhulu, ukuqala ohlelweni lokutshalwa kwezimali emazweni angaphandle (FDI) ukufika ohlelweni lwezokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zezimali, ngaphansi kohlelo lwe pooled OLS. Ukuhlangana phakathi kohlelo lwe FDI kanye nokuhluma komnotho kutholakele ukuthi luye lwaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zezimali, kumamodeli 1 nemodeli 2, ngaphansi kohlelo lwe pooled OLS. Lolu lwazi olutholakele lukhombisa ukuthi ukuhluma komnotho kuye kwaba nomthelela oyingozi kakhulu ohlelweni lwe FDI mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwezimali esiyingini seMENA. Uma kubhekwa le miphumela, abenzi bemigomo emazweni asesiyingini seMENA kufanele bacelwe ukuba bagweme ukwencika ngendlela engenasidingo ohlelweni lwe FDI kwimizamo yabo yokuthuthukisa imikhakha yezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe asesiyingini saseMENA ayacelwa ukuba agweme ukusetshenziswa kwemigomo eqinisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho njengendlela yokuzama ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zezimali, ngendlela eqondile nangendlela engaqondile, njengoba umzamo sewukhonjiswe ukuze kuphunyelelwe imiphumela engaqondiwe. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management : Finance)