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A porção leste do Orógeno Araçuaí, de idade neoproterozoica, compreende uma extensa área composta por anatexitos, leucogranitos, kinzigitos e granulitos migmatizados, que provavelmente estão correlacionados com o registro de uma ampla fusão parcial da crosta intermediária a inferior. Na região de estudo afloram rochas do Complexo Nova Venécia, que é caracterizado por ortogniasses e, sua paragênese é dada pela associação entre cordierita + granada + biotita + feldspato potássico + plagioclásio + quartzo e, a presença de sillimanita indica que estas rochas chegaram a fácies anfibolito superior. São rochas que variam de metatexitos a diatexitos com ampla variação das estruturas de fusão parcial. A mineralogia observada no ortognaisse é praticamente a mesma encontrada no granitoide Colatina - aflorante na região, com exceção dos minerais metamórficos cordierita e sillimanita, observadas pontualmente na região de estudo. Com relação à deformação na região de estudo, nota-se que esta deu-se de forma contínua, indo desde o estágio pré-colisional até o pós-colisional, estando o registro desta, tanto no bandamento gnáissico, quanto na anisotropia de suscetibilidade magnética (ASM) e nos cristais de plagioclásio deformados observados no Norito, que possui ocorrência restrita na área. A mineralogia magnética é dada principalmente minerais ferromagnéticos oblatos, sendo estes a magnetita e em menores proporções a pirrotita e maghemita, podendo também ter influência de minerais paramagnéticos como a biotita. Foram identificadas duas fases deformacionais, a primeira relacionada ao metamorfismo que gerou o bandamento gnáissico e migmatítico e a segunda relacionada ao dobramento identificado nos estereogramas de alguns domínios estruturais e à foliação observada no granitoide. Com relação à geocronologia, foi obtida a idade de 582,9 ±4,1Ma para a rocha fonte que gerou os sedimentos que deram origem ao ortognaisse. Idade essa muito próxima à de 576,3 ±2,9Ma obtida para o granitoide Colatina, relacionada a sua cristalização, indicando que provavelmente ambas as rochas - a rocha fonte dos sedimentos que deram origem ao ortognaisse e o granitoide Colatina - foram geradas em um mesmo evento, sendo que o pulso magmático que gerou a rocha fonte dos sedimentos do ortognaisse possui caráter pré-colisional e o granitoide Colatina sin-colisional. Nas bordas de sobrecrescimento dos zircões do ortognaisse foi obtida a idade de 522 ±2Ma, sendo esta atribuída ao último evento metamórfico que atuou na região. Razões Th/U mostram que a origem dos zircões analisados do ortognaisse (núcleo dos zircões) é magmática, sendo essa de aproximadamente 0,42 no núcleo dos zircões e de 0,15 nas regiões de borda de sobrecrescimento, indicando serem estas bordas de sobrecrescimento metamórfico. A idade obtida em monazitas do ortognaisse foi de 503 ±4Ma e, de acordo com a temperatura atingida durante o pico metamórfico (820°C, calculada por Munhá et al. 2005), indica que esta idade relaciona-se também ao último evento metamórfico, visto que a temperatura de fechamento da monazita é de cerca de 750°C. Com a idade metamórfica obtida nas bordas de sobrecrescimento do zircão e na monazita, calcula-se uma taxa de resfriamento de aproximadamente 3,7°C/Ma para a região. Por fim, a idade obtida para o norito foi de 513,2 ±2,3Ma, sendo este associado ao estágio pós colisional, estando a deformação registrada em cristais de plagioclásio deformados observados na análise microestrutural. / The eastern portion of the Araçuaí Belt, Neoproterozoic age, comprises a large area consisting of anatexites, leucogranites, kinzigites and migmatized granulites, that probably are related with the registration of an extensive partial melting of the middle and lower crust. In the region of this study, there are rocks from de Nova Venécia Complex, that is characterized by ortognesis and, the paragenesis is given by the association cordierite + garnet + biotite + potassium feldspar + plagioclase + quartz and, the presence of sillimanite indicates that these rocks reached upper amphibole - granulite facies. The migmatites range from metatexites to diatexites with wide variation in partial melting structures. The mineralogy observed in these rocks is almost the same found in the Colatina granitoid, with the exception of the metamorphic minerals as cordierite and sillimanite, that were observed in a specific outcrop. Regarding the deformation in the study region, it was performed continuously, going from pre-collisional to post-collisional stage, recorded in the gneissic banding and in the granitoid, also the weak deformation observed in the plagioclase crystals of the norite. The magnetic mineralogy is given mainly ferromagnetic oblate minerals, which are magnetite and to a lesser extent the pyrrhotite and maghemite, it can also have influence of paramagnetic minerals such as biotite. Two deformational stages have been identified, the first one was related to the metamorphism that generated the gneissic and migmatitic banding, and the second, associated to the folding pattern identified in stereograms of some structural domains and in the foliation observed in granitoid. Geochronological data show the age of 582.9 ± 4.1Ma as the age of the source rock that generated the sediments that gave rise to the paragneisses of the Nova Venécia Complex. This age is close to the 576.3 ±2.9Ma obtained for the Colatina granitoid, related to its crystallization, indicating that probably both rocks - the source rock of the sediments and Colatina granitoid were generated at the same tectonic event. These data suggest that the magmatic pulse that generated the source rock of the paragneisses sediments and Colatina granitoid have, respectively, pre-collisional syn-collisional characteristics. The U/Pb analysis in the edges of the zircons show the age of 522 ± 2Ma, that can be attributed to the last metamorphic event who acted in the region. The ratios Th/U show that the origin of the analyzed zircons (zircon core) is magmatic, with the average value of 0.42 in the core of zircon and 0.15 regions in the edges, thus indicating that they were due to a metamorphic event. The 503 ± 4Ma age obtained from the monazite crystals was assigned to the temperature reached during the metamorphic peak (820°C, measured by Munha et al. 2005), indicates that this age can be also related to the last metamorphic event, since the temperature closing system of the monazite is about 750°C. The relationship of these ages and the metamorphic temperatures allow to estimate a cooling rate of about 3.7°C/Ma. Finally, the norite age of 513.2 ± 2.3Ma, can be associated with the final collisional stage, as shown by the deformation recorded in plagioclase crystals observed in the microstructural analysis.

A faixa Araçuaí, de idade neoproterozóica, caracteriza-se por apresentar em seu domínio alóctone, uma grande quantidade de intrusões magmáticas, uma crosta parcialmente fundida e rochas de facies granulítica, características de uma geoterma elevada, configurando trata-se de um orógeno quente. A suíte tonalítica Galiléia, alojada em metassedimentos, deformada no estado magmático, representa um grande batólito que influenciou de maneira significativa o comportamento mecânico desta crosta mediana. A Anisotropia de Suscetibilidade Magnética (ASM) medida nesse batólito e usada para um estudo de petrotrama, combinado com uma investigação detalhada sobre a mineralogia magnética, permitiu caracterizar o comportamento paramagnético da Suíte Galiléia e, adicionalmente, trazer informações sobre uma deformacão complexa em 3D. As estruturas observadas se desenvolveram em um magma viscoso resultado de uma combinação da tectônica tangencial induzidas por compressão e forças gravitacionais devido ao peso da crosta sobrejacente. A cinemática do batólito é compatível com aquela descrita para as rochas dúcteis da faixa. Datações U/PB em zircões e monazitas e 40Ar/39Ar em anfibólios, moscovitas e biotitas permitiram definir a evolução termal do batólito Galiléia e de seus metassedimentos hospedeiros e trazer informações sobre o período deformacional. O batólito Galiléia colocouse durante um importante evento magmático, termal e tectônico a ~ 580 Ma. A temperatura permaneceu alta durante os primeiros ~ 50Ma da evolução termal, promovendo uma deformação quase constante do batólito no estado magmático durante várias dezenas de milhões de anos. Tais condições de alta temperatura e cinemática deformacional, estável durante períodos prolongados de tempo, são característicos de orógenos quentes. A taxa de resfriamento vagarosa de ~ 10°C/Ma sugere que após ~500Ma a taxa de exumação foi muito lenta, provavelmente ocasionada apenas pela erosão. / The allochtonous domain of the Neoproterozoic Araçuaí belt involves large amounts of magma, widespread partial melting, granulitic facies and high geotherm, characterising this belt as a hot orogen. The Galiléia tonalitic suite, emplaced within host metasediments and deformed at magmatic state, represents a huge batholith that strongly influenced the mechanical behaviour of this middle crust. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measured through this batholith and used as a petrofabric proxy, combined to a detailed magnetic mineralogy investigation, permitted to characterize the paramagnetic behaviour of the Galiléia suite and therefore to highlight a complex 3D strain deformation. The observed structures developed within the viscous magma resulted from a combination of tangential tectonics induced by the compression, and gravitational forces arising from the load of the overlying crust. The kinematics of the batholith is compatible with that already described for ductile rocks of hot orogens. U/Pb dating on zircons and monazites together with 40Ar/39Ar dating on amphiboles, muscovites and biotites permitted to define the thermal evolution of the Galiléia batholith and its host metasediments and constrain the timing of the deformation. The Galiléia batholith emplaced during an important magmatic, tectonic and thermal event at ~580 Ma. Temperature remained high during the first ~50 Ma of the thermal evolution, promoting a seemingly constant deformation of the batholith at magmatic state during several tens of millions years. Such high temperature conditions and stable deformation kinematics during protracted periods of time are supposed to be characteristic of hot orogen. The slow cooling rate of ~10°C/Ma evidenced after ~500 Ma probably indicate a very slow exhumation probably only conducted by erosion.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo de quimioestratigrafia isotópica (C, O, Sr) de detalhe, realizado numa sucessão carbonática de idade ediacariana da porção extremo norte da Faixa Paraguai, Estado do Mato Grosso. A pesquisa se justifica já que durante o Neoproterozóico a Terra sofreu profundas mudanças climáticas, as quais foram registradas em enigmáticas sucessões compostas de depósitos glaciais recobertos por rochas carbonáticas de clima quente. Estudos recentes mostram que ocorreram, pelo menos, três glaciações neste período, denominadas Sturtiana (ca. 725 Ma), Marinoana (ca. 635 Ma) e Gaskierana (580 Ma). Na tentativa de estabelecer uma correlação global entre as sucessões depositadas neste período, os geopesquisadores têm usado diversas ferramentas, principalmente a quimioestratigrafia isotópica de C, O e Sr. Na região de estudo, ocorrem diamictitos da Formação Puga recobertos por rochas carbonáticas do Grupo Araras, sobre a qual se depositam os diamictitos e carbonatos da Formação Serra Azul, definida neste trabalho. A sucessão carbonática do Grupo Araras apresentou valores de d13C variando de ? 1,7? (base) a + 4? (topo) e razões 87Sr/86Sr entre 0,7075 (na base) e 0,7084 (no topo). Estes valores são semelhantes àqueles encontrados em outras sucessões carbonáticas Marinoanas. Os calcários da Formação Serra Azul apresentaram um valores de d13C entre ? 7,5% e ? 3,2% e razões 87Sr/86Sr de ca. 0,7086, típicas das sucessões carbonáticas Gaskieranas. Os resultados isotópicos obtidos neste trabalho, associados às evidências sedimentológicas, sugerem que na história geológica de deposição da Faixa Paraguai ocorreram, pelo menos, duas importantes glaciações. / This work presents a detailed isotopic (C, O, and Sr) chemostratigraphic study carried out on the Ediacaran carbonate succession from the northernmost part of the Paraguay Belt, in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The importance of this study is related to the Earth´s profound climate changes that took place during the Neoproterozoic, which have been recorded by enigmatic sequences composed of glacial deposits immediately overlain by carbonate rocks typical of warm climate. At least three glaciations are recognized: Sturtian (ca. 725 Ma), Marinoan (ca. 635 Ma), and Gaskiers (580 Ma). In order to correlate worldwide the successions deposited in this period and to understand the complex depositional environments, isotopic tools, especially chemostratigraphy, have been widely used. In the study area diamictites of the Puga Formation are overlain by carbonates of the Araras Group, and these, in turn, are covered by diamictites and carbonates of the Serra Azul Formation, which is defined here. The Araras Group carbonates exhibited d13C values between ? 1.7? at the base and + 4 ? at the top and 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.7075 at the base to 0.7084 at the very top. These values are similar to those of post-glacial, non-cap Marinoan carbonate successions. The limestones of the Serra Azul Formation yielded d13C values between ? 7.5 and ? 3.2 ?, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of ca. 0.7086, typical of post-Gaskiers cap carbonates. These isotopic results, together with sedimentological evidence, suggest that two important glaciations occurred during the depositional history of the northernmost Paraguay Belt.

O cinturão verde de São Paulo aparece à consciência fetichista como expressão fenomênica do processo de acumulação e de desenvolvimento civilizatório do capital. No entanto, esse mesmo processo, sob a perspectiva da teoria crítica do valor pode ser pensado como explicitação do negativo como determinação da reprodução social. Nesse sentido, a partir da literatura geográfica e de trabalhos de campo pode-se compreender o processo de formação do cinturão verde, não mais como algo dado e naturalizado, mas como expressão social na relação sujeito-objeto, na qual o negativo põe a identidade aos termos. Desloca-se a análise da cisão entre rural e urbano, entre cidade e campo para o campo da crítica, na qual a cisão predicada como negativa impõe à análise a explicitação da negatividade constituinte de seus momentos lógicos e categoriais. Da produção crítica de valor, engendrada pelo desenvolvimento social das forças produtivas e pela divisão social do trabalho, tem-se a produção imanente do negativo como elemento determinante à reprodução social, que por sua vez se fenomeniza conformando na cisão cidade campo, o cinturão verde. É nesse cinturão que a agricultura e o imobiliário confrontam-se, mediados pelo capital financeiro, explicitando, sob o véu material da urbanização, o contrário da acumulação, explicitando que o desenvolvimento do cinturão verde não se põe como acumulação de capital e urbanização, mas como crise e negatividade imanentes ao capital. / Sao Paulo\'s green belt appears to the fetishized consciousness as a phenomenal expression of the accumulation and the civilizational development of the capital. However, this same process, from the perspective of value criticism can be thought as an explicitness of the negative as a determination of social reproduction. In this sense, as from geographic literature and as from fieldwork the formation process of the green belt may be no longer understood as something given and naturalized, but as a social expression of the specific relationship between subject and object, in which is the negative that sets the identity of the terms. Therefore, it moves the scission between rural and urban, between city and countryside to other qualitatively different level, in which the scission predicated as negative requires an analysis of the explicitness from the constituent negativity of its logical and categorical moments. The critical production of value, engendered by the social development of the forces of production and by the social division of labor, engenders the immanent production of the negative as a determining element to the social reproduction, which in turn makes a phenomenon pursuant to the scission city-countryside and therefore the green belt. In the green belt agriculture and the real estate market confront one another mediated by financial capital, explaining in the apparent urbanization the otherwise of accumulation, explaining that the development of the green belt it is not set as an urbanization/accumulation, but as immanent negativity and crises of the capital.

Bakgrund: Det prehospitala arbetet är utmanande i avseende att kombinera ett patientsäkert vårdarbete och yrkesmässig bilkörning. Vårdutrymmet i en ambulans är en riskfylld miljö både då bilen står parkerad på en olycksplats samt när den är i rullning. Trafiksäkerhet i ambulanssjukvård är därav en avgörande faktor för patientsäkerheten och ambulanssjuksköterskans arbetsmiljö. Brister denna säkerhet riskerar patienten att bli utsatt för ett vårdlidande och ambulanssjuksköterskan för en arbetsmiljöskada. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskans upplevelser och uppfattningar av säkerhetsbältets användning på patienten under ambulanstransport och på så vis öka följsamheten gällande säkerhetsbältes användning. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes med enskilda intervjuer. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes som analysmetod. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 5 kategorier som bildade resultatets rubriker “bältets betydelse”, “svagheter och brister”, “hinder för säkerhetsbälte”, “arbetsmiljö och säkerhet” samt “samverkan mellan förare och vårdare”. Slutsats: Av studiens resultat kunde slutsatsen dras att säkerhetsbältesanvändningen i ambulansen har stor förbättringspotential samt att upplevelse och uppfattning går i sär med hur verkligheten ser ut. Resultatet visar även vilka orsaker till en bristande bältesanvändning som är vanligast och förslag på hur man kan komma till rätta med dessa. Att säkerhetsbältesanvändningen för patienterna i ambulansen förs upp till diskussion är av stor vikt för att främja patientsäkerheten och ambulanssjuksköterskans Arbetsmiljö̈. För att öka följsamheten gällande säkerhetsbältesanvändningen är det av värde att flera studier utöver denna genomförs utifrån olika synvinklar, exempelvis patientens upplevelse / Background: The pre-hospital work is challenging in terms of combining apatient-safe care work and professional driving. The care room in an ambulance is a risky environment both when the car is parked on an accident site and when it is rolling. Traffic safety in ambulance care is therefore a crucial factor for patient safety and the ambulance nurse's work environment. If this safety fails, the patient risks being exposed to a suffering patient and the ambulance nurse for a work environment injury. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe the ambulance nurses experiences and perceptions of the safety belts use on the patient during ambulance transport and in this way increase compliance with seat belt use. Method: A qualitative interview study was conducted with individual interviews. Qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used as analysis method. Result: The analysis resulted in 5 categories that formed the results headings “the importance of the belt”, “weaknesses and deficiencies”, “obstacles to safety belts”, “work environment and safety” and “collaboration between driver and carer”. Conclusion: From the results of the study, it could be concluded that the seat belt use in the ambulance has great improvement potential and that experience and perception go in particular with the reality. The result also shows the reasons for a lack of belt use that is most common and suggestions for how to deal with these. The fact that the safety belt use for the patients in the ambulance is brought up for discussion is of great importance for promoting patient safety and the ambulance nurses working environment. In order to increase adherence to seat belt use, it is of value that several studies in addition to this are carried out on the basis of different perspectives, forexample the

Anomalias biogeoquímicas expressivas têm sido reconhecidas em rochas marinhas neoproterozoicas depositadas em todos os continentes, não havendo similares ao longo do Fanerozoico. O interesse nesta Era aumentou nos últimos anos, especialmente em relação ao Ediacarano, período que precede a grande Explosão de Vida Cambriana e que abriga os primeiros organismos macroscópicos, conhecidos como Fauna de Ediacara. Assim, o entendimento das condições paleoambientais e paleoclimáticas, bem como o estabelecimento da cronologia dos eventos, é fundamental no entendimento da evolução da biota no planeta durante este período. As rochas da Faixa Paraguai Norte, na região de estudo, registram a ocorrência de duas glaciações, uma criogeniana e outra ediacarana (formações Puga e Serra Azul), separadas por uma espessa plataforma carbonática (Grupo Araras), que registra anomalias biogeoquímicas na água do mar ediacarano. Estas rochas foram depositadas na margem sudeste do Craton Amazônico, no intervalo de tempo entre a quebra do paleocontinente Rodínia e a colagem do Gondwana. O presente trabalho é apresentado na forma de artigos e apresenta estudos de: i) quimioestratigrafia isotópica (C, O, S e Sr) de detalhe nos carbonatos do Grupo Araras e da Formação Serra Azul; ii) proveniência (Sm-Nd) das rochas terrígenas das formações Puga e Serra Azul, bem como da base da Formação Raizama; e iii) geocronologia (Pb-Pb em carbonatos e K-Ar em clastos vulcânicos) da Formação Serra Azul. Os valores de \'delta\'\'POT.13 C\' evidenciaram duas anomalias negativas (ca. - 6%o) pósglaciais e um gradiente de até 2,5%o ao longo da bacia, no período interglacial. As razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\' (entre 0.7074 e 0.7087) mostraram uma evolução coerente com a esperada para o oceano ediacarano. Os valores de \'delta\'\'POT.34 S\' obtidos nos sulfatos-traços dos carbonatos variaram de 22 a 61, enquanto que nas piritas variaram de 11 a 43%o, sendo os mais pesados já registrados no tempo geológico (acima de 48%o e 30%o, respectivamente). As idades modelo (\'T IND.DM\') Sm-Nd obtidas em rochas terrígenas das formações Puga, Serra Azul e Raizama encontram-se entre 1,6 e 2,2 Ga, mostrando contribuição variável, ao longo da seção, com predomínio de fontes localizadas a norte e a leste da bacia precursora da Faixa Paraguai. As idades K-Ar obtidas em clastos vulcânicos recuperados da Formação Serra Azul variaram de 730 a 1167 Ma, evidenciando uma fonte jovem, distinta do esperado para o Cráton Amazônico. A idade isocrônica Pb-Pb de 596 ± 26 Ma determinada em carbonatos da Formação Serra Azul corrobora sua correlação com a Glaciação Gaskiers, datada em 580 Ma. / Expressive biogeochemical anomalies have been recognized in Neoproterozoic marine rocks deposited worldwide, with no similar record throughout the Phanerozoic. The interest in this Era have been increased, especially on the Ediacaran time, the period that precedes the great CambrianLife Explosion, and houses the first macroscopic organisms, which are known as the Ediacaran Fauna. Thus, the understanding of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions, associated with the establishment of the chronology of the events is crucial in the understanding the evolution of biota on the planet during this period. The rocks of northern Paraguay Belt in the study area record the occurrence of two glaciations, where one is Cryogenian and another is Ediacaran (Puga and Serra Azul formations). These glacial deposits are separated by a thick carbonate platform (Araras Group), which records biogeochemical anomalies in the Ediacaran seawater. These rocks were deposited in the southeastern margin of the Amazonian Craton, in the time interval between the breakup of the Rodinia Paleocontinent and the assemblage of the Gondwana. This work is composed by five articles, whose study scopes are: i) detailed isotope chemostratigraphy (C, O, S and Sr) in carbonates from the Araras Group and the Serra Azul Formation; ii) provenance (Sm-Nd) of the siliclastic rocks from the Puga and the Serra Azul Formations and the base of the Raizama Formation; and iii) geochronology (Pb-Pb in carbonate and K-Ar in volcanic clasts) from the Serra Azul Formation. The \'delta\'\'POT.13 C\' values showed two post-glacial negative anomalies (ca. - 6%o) and a gradient of up to 2.5%o along the basin, during interglacial period. The obtained \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\' ratios (between 0.7074 and 0.7087) showed a consistent trend with that expected for the Ediacaran sea water. The trace sulfate extracted from obtained carbonates yielded \'delta\'\'POT.34 S\' values from 22 to 61%o, whereas the pyrites ranged between 11 and 43%o. These \'delta\'\'POT.34 S\' values are the heaviest ever recorded in geologic time (above 48 and 30, respectively). The Sm-Nd model ages (\'T IND.DM\') obtained from siliciclastic rocks from Puga, Serra Azul and Raizama formations range from 1.6 to 2.2 Ga, and indicate a variable contribution along the section, with predominant sources coming from areas at north and east of the precursor basin. Recovered volcanic clasts from the Serra Azul Formation yielded K-Ar ages between 730 and 1167 Ma, revealing a non expected young source for areas on the Amazon Craton. The Pb-Pb isochron age of 596 ± 26 Ma was determined in carbonates from the Serra Azul Formation and corroborates its correlation with Gaskiers Glaciation which was dated at 580 Ma.

Cette thèse de doctorat se focalise sur la fin du Précambrien, le Néoprotérozoïque, une période charnière dans lhistoire de la Terre, par létude dunités ophiolitiques datées entre 800 et 700 Ma. Les travaux présentés ici portent sur létude pétrographique, géochimique et magnétique des serpentinites de ces ophiolites. Associées à des sutures panafricaines en bordure des cratons ouest africain et amazonien, ces ophiolites sont les témoins des subductions et de la lithosphère océanique associées à la dislocation du supercontinent Rodinia. Létude de ces ophiolites permet de proposer des contextes de formation pour ces sections de lithosphère océanique. Une autre question à lorigine de ce travail était : Létude de la serpentinisation et de lhydrothermalisme associé permet-elle dapporter des contraintes sur le paléoenvironnement océanique ? Les travaux sur les serpentinites et les roches mafiques associées des unités ophiolitiques de lAraguaia belt (757 ± 49 Ma1, Brésil) constituent la première étude géochimique réalisée sur ces unités. La chimie des spinelles couplée à des travaux de modélisation géochimique, portant essentiellement sur les concentrations en REE, attestent dun protolithe hautement réfractaire, ayant enduré entre 14 et 24 % de fusion partielle. Ces travaux témoignent aussi de laffinité abyssale de ces serpentinites, confirmée par les signatures N-MORB et E-MORB des basaltes associés. Il apparait que la serpentinisation de ces unités sest probablement opérée en deux temps, en domaine océanique, puis par interaction avec des fluides dérivés des sédiments encaissants, aboutissant à de forts enrichissements en LILE, en B et en Li dans ces serpentinites. Finalement, nous proposons que ces sections de lithosphère océanique, ainsi que les métasédiments les abritant (Tocantins group), soient les reliques dune transition océan-continent (TOC) en bordure est du craton amazonien. Les études de terrain, pétrographiques et géochimiques sur les sections ophiolitiques de Khzama (762 ± 2 Ma2) et dAït Ahmane (Anti-Atlas, Maroc) ont dans un premier temps permis de confirmer le lien supposé entre ces deux ophiolites. Les spinelles des serpentinites de ces unités sont caractérisés par des Cr# très élevés et des Mg# bas témoignant dun protolithe ayant enduré des taux de fusion supérieurs à 25 %, confirmant leur affinité avec la zone de subduction anti-atlasique. Ceci est corroboré par de très faibles concentrations en éléments incompatibles comme Al, Ti, HREE et HFSE. Le contexte le plus probable concernant la genèse de ces sections de lithosphère est ainsi un même centre daccrétion arrière-arc intra-océanique, à la marge du supercontinent Rodinia. Létude comparative des serpentinites de ces ophiolites a aussi permis de mettre en évidence en évidence lintérêt des mesures magnétiques pour tracer le degré daltération des spinelles chromifères dans les serpentinites, approche pouvant être étendue à dautres types de roches. Notamment, nous montrons que la Cr-magnétite et la ferritchromite peuvent être identifiées à laide des mesures de susceptibilité magnétique en chauffe. Enfin, lassociation des méthodes magnétiques, pétrographiques et géochimiques nous permet de proposer un modèle concernant la formation des veines de magnétite massives de lunité dAït Ahmane Nord. Nous montrons que le triptyque : serpentinites et spinelles altérés et veines de magnétite centimétriques, constitue un système hydrothermal abyssal fossile, de type fumeur noir. Dans ce contexte, les compositions isotopiques en oxygène des veines de magnétite permettent de proposer une valeur du 18O des océans néoprotérozoïques profonds de -1.33 ± 0.98 (VSMOW), soit une valeur très similaire à lactuel (entre -1 et +1 VSMOW). Elle tranche aussi le débat sur lévolution du 18O des océans au cours des temps géologiques en attestant dune constance de celui-ci, au moins depuis le Néoprotérozoïque. / This Doctoral thesis focus on the end of the Precambrian, the Neoproterozoic, a pivotal period in the Earth history, by the study of ophiolitic units dated between 800 and 700 Ma. This work essentially deals with the petrography, geochemistry and magnetism of serpentinites from these ophiolites. They are associated with Panafrican orogenic belts along the West African and the Amazonian cratons and witnesses the subductions and the oceanic lithosphere associated to the break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia. The study of these neoproterozoic ophiolites allowed us to propose the formation settings for these sections of oceanic lithosphere. Another question behind this work is: Does the study of serpentinization and associated hydrothermalism allows one to provide constraints on the oceanic paleoenvironment? Work on the serpentinites and associated mafic rocks from the Araguaia belt ophiolitic units (757 ± 49 Ma1, Brazil) constitute the first geochemical study realized on these units. The Cr-spinel chemistry coupled with geochemical modeling, concerning essentially the REE concentrations, attest to a highly refractory protolith that endured between 14 and 24% of partial melting. This work also indicate an abyssal affinity (i.e. MOR rather than SSZ) of these serpentinites, which is confirmed by the N-MORB and E-MORB geochemical signature of the associated basalts. It appears that the serpentinization of these units probably took place in two steps, first in oceanic domain and then by interaction with fluids derived from the surrounding sediments after obduction, leading to strong LILE, B and Li enrichments in the serpentinites. Finally, we propose two potential settings concerning the origin of the sections of oceanic lithosphere presently found in the Araguaia belt: (1) an ocean-continent transition or (2) slices of a more mature lithosphere trapped into an accretionary wedge. Fieldwork, petrography and geochemical analysis on serpentinites from the Khzama (762± 2 Ma²) and Aït Ahmane ophiolitic sections (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) firstly allowed to confirm the supposed link between these two ophiolites. Cr-spinels in serpentinites from these units are characterized by very high Cr# and low Mg# testifying of a protolith having endured partial melting greater the 25%, confirming their affinity with the anti-atlasic subduction zone. This is corroborated by very low incompatible element concentrations such as Al, Ti, HREE and HFSE. Thus, the most likely setting for the genesis of these sections of lithosphere is a same intra-oceanic back-arc spreading center at the margin of the Rodinia supercontinent. The comparative study of all studied serpentinites from Neoproterozoic ophiolites in different settings also demonstrates the ability of magnetic measurements in monitoring the Cr-spinel alteration degree, a method which can be extended to other types of rocks. In particular, we show that Cr-magnetite and ferritchromite can be identified using thermomagnetic curves. Finally, the association of magnetic, petrographic and geochemical methods allows us to propose a model concerning the formation of the massive magnetite veins of the North Aït Ahmane unit. We show that the triptych consisting in: altered serpentinites, spinels and centimetric magnetite veins, results from a fossil, black smoker type, abyssal hydrothermal system. In this context, the oxygen isotopic compositions of the magnetite veins provide a 18O value of the deep Neoproterozoic oceans of -1.33 ± 0.98 (VSMOW), a value that is very similar to the current one (between -1 and +1 VSMOW). It also settles the debate on the evolution of the 18O of the oceans during geological time, attesting of its consistency, at least since the Neoproterozoic.

"Many assembly machines for consumer products suffer from the fact that the mechanisms used to impart the necessary assembly motions to the product are orders of magnitude more massive than the product payloads that they carry. This characteristic subsequently limits the operating speed of the machine. If the follower train could be made less massive without sacrificing accuracy and control, it would therefore allow higher speeds. It is well-known that structures that carry only tensile loads can be much less massive than those that must also carry compressive loads. This concept is demonstrated in many structures, such as the suspension bridge. This master’s project set out to investigate the feasibility of a tension-member follower train for a generic cam-driven pick and place mechanism. This system was first dynamically simulated using a computer model, and then tested by constructing a proof of concept prototype. A cam-driven, low-mass tension member (in this case a spring steel strip over pulleys) under spring preload was used to replace the bellcranks and connecting rods typical of a conventional follower train. The system was determined to be feasible and will allow for increased operating speeds at potentially lower costs as an additional benefit."

In 2013, China presented the idea of the infrastructure project One Belt One Road. The thesis aims to analyse the potential effects of the initiative, and how its attempt to improve transport infrastructure will impact EU-tourist flows to participating countries. A closer look to the effects on the tourism industry is justified because of the importance of the touristic sector for the global economy. For instance, the direct contribution of the touristic sector accounted for 2.3 trillion USD worldwide in 2016. A gravity model approach is used in the following paper to examine the significance of road, railway, air service as well as port infrastructure for tourists from the European Union. Afterwards, an OBOR simulation is carried out that forecasts a potential change for EU-tourist inflows. The results go in line with previous gravity model studies regarding the positive relationship of the GDP and the inverse influence of the distance on tourism flows. Furthermore, the findings suggest a significant impact of well-developed road, railway and air service networks. However, the quality of ports did not meet the expectations and is somewhat contra productive for the decision making of EU tourists. The simulation for the improvement of transport infrastructure implies that countries with an under-...