Nesta pesquisa de doutorado, o processo de microfiltração tangencial com membranas cerâmicas é investigado visando à retenção de bactérias (Escherichia coli CCT 0549) e redução de sólidos suspensos de uma bebida à base de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). As membranas comerciais selecionadas foram manufaturadas com \'alfa\'-alumina (\'AL IND.2\'O IND.3\') e possuem tamanho nominal de poro, fornecido pelo fabricante no valor de 0,8\'mü\'m e 1,2\'mü\'m. O valor nominal da membrana de 1,2\'mü\'m é maior que a largura da Escherichia coli (0,8\'mü\'m). Como, a princípio, o microrganismo está fisicamente sujeito a passagem pela membrana de 1,2\'mü\'m, esta estrutura micro-porosa foi submetida à impregnação de prata. Este procedimento visou verificar a influência da prata como material bactericida para auxiliar na redução/eliminação das bactérias inoculadas na bebida à base de açaí. Para tanto, a estrutura cerâmica micro-porosa foi tratada quimicamente com solução de citrato de prata e submetida à queima até a temperatura de 600 graus Celsius para eliminação dos compostos orgânicos e conseqüente impregnação de nanopartículas de prata metálica nos poros da membrana. Este processo de impregnação proporcionou um discreto aumento no índice de retenção microbiana em regime de escoamento turbulento (Re=20000). A caracterização morfológica, a composição e a impregnação de prata nas membranas foram realizadas com o auxílio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e do Detector de Energia Dispersiva de Raio-X (EDX). Estas mesmas técnicas foram utilizadas para caracterizar o fenômeno físico-químico de formação da camada polarizada sobre a superfície da membrana. A análise da retenção de bactérias foi realizada através da contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC/mL) em placas Petrifilm \'EC POT.TM\'. O desempenho das membranas na retenção de material particulado suspenso foi analisado pela técnica de espectroscopia de ultra-som e por comparação qualitativa, entre concentrado e permeado, via microscopia ótica. A redução de antocianina (cianidina-3-glicosídeo) e o conteúdo de polifenóis totais foram investigados via espectrofotometria, apresentando relação direta com o tamanho dos poros da membrana e com o regime de escoamento. Desta forma, parâmetros fluido-dinâmicos do processo, tais como: número de Reynolds, pressão transmembrana e fluxo transmembrana foram caracterizados para uma ampla faixa do escoamento turbulento e analisados com o modelo de resistência em série. Os resultados experimentais obtidos neste trabalho indicaram que o processo de microfiltração tangencial é uma boa alternativa à retenção de microrganismos e simultânea redução de sólidos suspensos da bebida à base de açaí. / In this doctoral research, the crossflow microfiltration process utilizing ceramic membranes was investigated aiming at the bacteria retention (Escherichia coli) and reduction of suspended solids of beverage based on açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). The selected commercial membranes of \'alfa\'-alumina (\'AL IND.2\'O IND.3\') had nominal pore sizes of 0.8 and 1.2 \'mü\'m and were manufactured by Andritz Group from Austria. The membrane nominal value of 1.2\'mü\'m is larger than the width of the Escherichia coli (0.8\'mü\'m). Therefore, as the microrganisms are subjected to pass through the pores of this membrane, it was submitted to silver impregnation. This procedure aimed to verify the silver influence as a bactericide material to assist in retention or elimination of bacteria during the microfiltration process. In this way, the microporous structure was chemically treated with a silver citrate solution and then, subjected to burning until 600 Celsius degrees to eliminate organic compounds and consequent impregnation of nanoparticles of metallic silver in the membrane pores. The morphology characterization, composition, and impregnation of silver in membranes were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) spectrometer. The same techniques were utilized to characterize the physicochemical phenomenon of polarization layer formation on the membrane surface. The analysis of bacteria retention was performed by the counting of colony forming units (CFU/mL) in Petrifilm Plates \'EC POT.TM\'. The performance of the membranes in the retention of solids in suspension was analyzed by Ultrasound Spectroscopy - APS100 and Optical Microscopy. The variations of the anthocyanin concentration and the total polyphenol content were investigated by spectrophotometry, showing direct relationship with the membrane pore size and flow regime. Therefore, fluid-dynamical parameters, such as Reynolds number, transmembrane pressure, and permeate flux were characterized for a large range of turbulent flow and analyzed with the resistance-in-series model. The experimental results of this research indicated that the microfiltration process is a suitable alternative to retain microrganisms and simultaneously decrease suspended solids of the beverage based on açai.

It is generally assumed that monetary incentivization is the most effective means of motivating organizationally-beneficial behaviors. Individuals, under this line of thought, pursue their own objective self-interest above all else. However, evidence is being uncovered that indicates that human motivation may be a much more complicated facet of the human psyche. The purpose of this study is to examine the deeper underpinnings that drive people work that might lie beyond financial rewards. In order to do this, the Shakedown Café, a student-run restaurant on Pitzer College’s campus, will be examined. This specific organization is of particular interest because it does not have the ability to reward employees in the manner that most businesses are able to employ. In looking at the Shakedown, the author's direct experiences while working in the restaurant, observations, a variety or intra-organizational correspondences, and modern organizational behavior theories will be utilized. The findings of this research indicate that the human drives to learn, bond with others, and defend oneself and one's surroundings are all just as important aspects of motivation as is the drive to acquire money. Within the organization of interest, these drives manifest themselves through organizational purpose, group learning, and shared leadership. From this example of the Shakedown Café, it is suggested that proliferation of financial rewards in today's organizations may well be an outdated model of motivating which could be prohibiting organizations and the people within them from reaching their full potentials.

This research explores aspects of small tourism businesses in a Canadian context. A number of authors (e.g., Getz and Nilsson, 2004; Hall and Rusher, 2004; Lynch and Tucker, 2004; Morrison and Teixeira, 2004a/b) have noted that while small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are acknowledged as an important parts of the tourism industry, they are underrepresented in the academic literature. Of the small business research that has been conducted, a sizeable portion has focused on industries other than tourism; the tourism-specific research on SMEs has predominately been conducted in Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand and has frequently focused on a single segment of the industry, often the small accommodation sector. Little research of this nature has been done in a Canadian context. The study was set in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, and compares and contrasts two parts of the tourism industry: the accommodation and food and beverage sectors. The study focused on small business owners and examined three main aspects: their motivations for starting/purchasing the business, how they evaluated the success of the business and the experiences they had while running the business. The research also set out to examine the demography of Canadian tourism SME owners and how they defined small business. A mixed methods approach was adopted. Data were collected through mailed questionnaires which were followed up with semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that despite motivations being similar between study sites and industries, the paths that lead owners to their business varied greatly. Though ‘lifestyle’ motivations were predominately cited, financial considerations were also noted. Owners frequently used financial calculations to measure the achievement of their lifestyle motivations. The experiences owners had with their business were overwhelmingly positive and were grouped into six themes: changes in the industry, relationship building, staffing, the importance of customer service, financial costs of running a small business and time management. The results of this study confirmed that Canadian tourism SME owners in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, possess similar motivations, measurements of success and experiences as their national and international counterparts.

Legislation has been proposed in Kentucky that would authorize city legislative bodies to levy a tax on restaurant meals of no more than 3%, regardless of the size of the city. The bill has garnered attention from Kentucky Travel Industry Association, the Kentucky Restaurant Association, and local tourism and restaurant organizations and associations that oppose the tax. The Kentucky League of Cities, an organization that represents the interests of city governments, supports the tax. The purpose of this research was to examine how a change in the tax rate on restaurant meals would affect restaurant demand. Effects of changes in restaurant demand were tested using the following independent variables: type of restaurant, menu offering, frequency, expense, and location. Self-administered online surveys were distributed to adult residents in Kentucky, which yielded a sample size of 1,263 individuals. Paired sample t test was applied to make comparison between scenario 1 (current) and scenario 2 (3%) and scenario 1 (current) and scenario 3 (JND). Findings showed that demand patterns in each class of city would be affected by increases in taxes and prices.

This thesis examines the informal recovery of recyclable beverage containers in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The socio-economic characteristics and structure of the informal recycling sector is explored using a case study of the United We Can bottle depot in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside. Results indicate that informal resource recovery, also known in local vernacular as “binning”, has the potential to make a significant contribution to poverty alleviation, social inclusion and waste management. Further, the informal recycling community is comprised of a highly diverse range of individuals. Society’s acceptance and integration of this sector could contribute positively to both the social economy and the environmental movement. In order to do so, however, a collaborative effort between government and community is required to build capacity and an adequate infrastructure.

This research explores aspects of small tourism businesses in a Canadian context. A number of authors (e.g., Getz and Nilsson, 2004; Hall and Rusher, 2004; Lynch and Tucker, 2004; Morrison and Teixeira, 2004a/b) have noted that while small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are acknowledged as an important parts of the tourism industry, they are underrepresented in the academic literature. Of the small business research that has been conducted, a sizeable portion has focused on industries other than tourism; the tourism-specific research on SMEs has predominately been conducted in Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand and has frequently focused on a single segment of the industry, often the small accommodation sector. Little research of this nature has been done in a Canadian context. The study was set in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, and compares and contrasts two parts of the tourism industry: the accommodation and food and beverage sectors. The study focused on small business owners and examined three main aspects: their motivations for starting/purchasing the business, how they evaluated the success of the business and the experiences they had while running the business. The research also set out to examine the demography of Canadian tourism SME owners and how they defined small business. A mixed methods approach was adopted. Data were collected through mailed questionnaires which were followed up with semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that despite motivations being similar between study sites and industries, the paths that lead owners to their business varied greatly. Though ‘lifestyle’ motivations were predominately cited, financial considerations were also noted. Owners frequently used financial calculations to measure the achievement of their lifestyle motivations. The experiences owners had with their business were overwhelmingly positive and were grouped into six themes: changes in the industry, relationship building, staffing, the importance of customer service, financial costs of running a small business and time management. The results of this study confirmed that Canadian tourism SME owners in Stratford and Goderich, Ontario, possess similar motivations, measurements of success and experiences as their national and international counterparts.

End-users often complain about usability and safety problems in consumer packages. This study shows that these issues are an obstacle to the achievement of user satisfaction and to gain a competitive advantage in the market. To this end, a case study on food and beverage packages was done in order to identify and analyze these usability and safety problems based on the lifetime phases of packages in which end-users are involved. The study revealed that safety, clarity, legibility, visibility, storability, openability, re-closability, usefulness, and pleasantness are key areas where problems are widespread and should be considered by package developers and designers. The study also indicated that the problems occurred during use result from insufficiencies in current package design processes. These insufficiencies occur basically in the specification of the context of package use, identification of usability requirements, and the active involvement of the actual users in the package design processes. This study also highlights the need for a user-centered approach to package design in order to overcome the insufficiencies in current package design processes in a structured way and thus to achieve usable and safe packages. In addition, based on the literature and case study findings, checklists for user-centered package design process activities and for the design and evaluation of the packages are included. Moreover, a set of methods to be used during user-centered package design process is recommended.

PINHEIRO, Analia Maria. Desenvolvimento de néctares mistos à base de caju (Anacardium occidentale L) e açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). 2008. 75 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2008 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T15:05:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ampinheiro.pdf: 1600847 bytes, checksum: be6aecdf19b80898aea6b9984fe3c2c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T15:05:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ampinheiro.pdf: 1600847 bytes, checksum: be6aecdf19b80898aea6b9984fe3c2c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-30T15:05:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ampinheiro.pdf: 1600847 bytes, checksum: be6aecdf19b80898aea6b9984fe3c2c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The sector of beverages is increasing in recent years. In the majority of countries the statistical data show increasing consumption per capita and global. These values are more expressive when are related to beverage obtained from fruits, due to the fact that they constitute important source of vitamins and minerals for the human diet besides as possessing flavors. The northeast and north regions of Brazil occupy important place due large cultivation of the fruits particularly tropical and sub-tropical fruits. Therefore it can be said still there is very little initiative for exploration of this potential including the obtaining of nectars. This study had the purpose to develop mixed nectar based on cashew apple juice and acai pulp, through an experimental model of 22 where the variables were percentage of açaí pulp (20 to 80%) and percentage of cashew juice (20 to 80 %) and total pulp percentage (30 to 60%). The amount of total soluble solids contents was fixed at 11ºBrix. The eleven formulations were submitted to sensorial analysis of global impression, appearance, flavor and buying intention, performed by 70 non trained panelists. The best formulation selected through the responses given by the panelists, with the help of statistical analysis of surface response methodology was that 30% of total pulp content, being 54.2% açaí pulp and 45.8% cashew apple juice. The nectars were packed in glass and PET bottles. The results of chemical and physicochemical analysis don’t presented significant interaction (p > 0.05) between packaging and storage time, except for the total sugars that presented significant interaction (p < 0.05). The microbiological results were satisfactory for coliforms (35 ° C and 45 ° C) and Salmonella sp. There were no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between packaging (PET and glass) and storage time (zero and 30 days) to the sensory attributes of appearance, taste and overall impression and to intention to purchase. / O setor que vem crescendo nos últimos anos é o de bebidas. Em todos os países os levantamentos estatísticos revelam números crescentes de consumo, tanto per capita quanto global. Esses valores são mais expressivos quando se refere a bebidas obtidas de frutas, pelo fato das mesmas se constituírem fontes importantes de vitaminas e minerais para a dieta humana, além de seus atrativos sabores. O Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, por exemplo, são regiões privilegiadas neste particular. Portanto, pode-se dizer que é ainda muito inibida, a iniciativa de desenvolver formas de exploração desses potenciais, com o objetivo de desenvolver néctares. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um néctar misto a base de suco integral de caju e polpa de açaí. Foi realizado através de um planejamento experimental composto central 22, onde as variáveis foram percentuais de polpa de açaí (20 a 80%), percentual de suco de caju integral (20 a 80%) e percentual de polpa total (30 a 60%). O teor de sólidos solúveis totais foi fixado em 11ºBrix. As onze formulações foram submetidas a testes sensoriais de impressão global, aparência, sabor e intenção de compra, realizadas com 70 provadores não treinados. A melhor formulação selecionada através das respostas dadas pelos provadores, com auxilio da ferramenta estatística de análise de superfície de resposta, foi aquela com 30,0% do teor de polpa total, sendo, 54,2% de polpa de açaí, e 45,8% de suco de caju integral. O néctar elaborado foi envasado em embalagens de vidro e PET. O néctar final selecionado foi submetido às análises químicas, físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Os resultados para as análises químicas e físico-químicas não apresentaram interação significativa (p>0,05) entre embalagens e tempo de armazenamento exceto para os açúcares totais que apresentaram interação significativa (p≤0,05). Os resultados microbiológicos foram satisfatórios para coliformes (35ºC e 45ºC) e salmonella sp. Para os resultados sensoriais, realizados com 100 provadores não treinados, não ocorreram alterações significativas ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, entre as embalagens (PET e vidro) e os tempos (zero e trinta dias), nos parâmetros de aparência, sabor, impressão global e intenção de compra.

Ce travail de thèse traite de l'étude de levures non-Saccharomyces (Kluyveromyces marxianus et Pichia kluyveri) du point de vue physiologique lors de la fermentation de moût à base de jus d’agave pour l’obtention de tequila. Il consiste à déterminer comment différents facteurs tels que la source de carbone, d'azote, les concentrations de minéraux (calcium et magnésium) présent dans le milieu, l'aération et la température affectent le métabolisme de la levure et provoque des changements dans la production de composés volatiles durant la fermentation qui peuvent contribuer positivement à la boisson alcoolisée. Les levures utilisées au cours de cette étude ont été obtenues à partir de la collection de microorganismes du CIATEJ, qui ont été isolées à partir de différents procédés de fermentation artisanale de mezcal des états de Oaxaca, Guerrero et San Luis Potosi au Mexique. Sur la base de connaissances préalables disponibles dans la littérature qui démontrent que ces levures non-Saccharomyces sont de bonnes productrices de composés volatiles ainsi que des résultats obtenus, une utilisation de ces levures dans le procédé de fermentation alcoolique pour la production de tequila est considérée. Les résultats montrent que les levures non- Saccharomyces étudiés sont affectées par tous les facteurs étudiés, ils doivent donc être considérés et contrôlés durant le procédé de fermentation pour obtenir la production des composés volatiles recherchés. Les souches étudiées présentent un certain potentiel qui leur permet de se positionner comme possible candidat pour réaliser une fermentation de manière indépendante sans avoir besoin de la présence de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ou en co-culture avec S. cerevisiae pour obtenir dans les deux cas une tequila plus aromatique par rapport aux produits qui sont actuellement disponibles sur le marché. La connaissance détaillée des besoins physiologiques de la levure, nous donne la possibilité de modifier les composés volatiles présents dans la boisson alcoolisée, en contrôlant les paramètres au cours du procédé de fermentation. / The present work aimed to study how factors such as carbon and nitrogen source, calcium and magnesium concentration (in the medium), aeration or temperature disturb the metabolism of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kluyveri), specifically their impact on the production of volatile compounds during alcoholic fermentation of agave must employed in Tequila elaboration process. The used yeasts were obtained from the collection of CIATEJ strains, which were isolated from artisanal mezcal fermentation processes from the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and San Luis Potosi in Mexico. It is intended to use the information generated and then using these yeasts in alcoholic fermentation processes for the production of tequila. Based on prior knowledge that non-Saccharomyces yeasts are good producers of volatile compounds desired in alcoholic beverages requested by consumers and the results of this study, the use of these strains is considered for tequila production. The results obtained in the present study revealed that all tested factors disturbed volatile compound production in these non- Saccharomyces yeasts and therefore need to be considered to drive fermentation processes aiming the production of a more aromatic beverage. Some yeast strains showed good potential to perform fermentation without or in co-culture with S. cerevisiae obtaining in both cases a product with more desired flavors compared to products currently on the market. The knowledge about the physiological needs of these yeasts gives the opportunity to modify the composition of the alcoholic beverage, only by controlling the parameters during the fermentation process.

Em mercados de concorrência acirrada, trabalhar as características dos produtos é uma das estratégias da indústria de alimentos para influenciar a demanda e aumentar a participação no mercado com ofertas de maior valor para o consumidor. Pesquisas demonstram que casos de obesidade e sobrepeso são problemas de grande relevância para a saúde pública no Brasil, o que representa uma oportunidade para as indústrias de alimentos desenvolverem produtos com menor valor energético ou que promovam sensação de saciedade. Este trabalho avaliou interesse dos consumidores por um produto lácteo que promovesse sensação de saciedade, através da aplicação de QFD (Desdobramento da Função Qualidade). Foi possível priorizar as características do produto para os desejos e necessidades do consumidor. Saciedade foi um dos benefícios desejados apontados pelos consumidores e bebida láctea fermentada foi indicada como sendo um produto para apresentar esta funcionalidade. Considerando as informações obtidas pelo QFD, foi estudada a influência dos ingredientes nas características da bebida láctea fermentada com adição de polidextrose, através do uso de Superfície de resposta. No planejamento experimental completo, foi avaliado o efeito do teor de soro (de 15 a 70% na base láctea), teor de gelatina (de 0 a 0,6%) e amido (de 0 a 1,5%), visando otimizar a formulação do produto para melhor custo, tempo de processo, características sensoriais e de viscosidade. A formulação que otimiza ao mesmo tempo as variáveis de estudo é que apresenta 60,75% de leite, 22,64% de soro, 0,30% de gelatina, 0,52% de amido modificado, 8% de açúcar, 6,66% de polidextrose e 1,125% de preparado de frutas. / In competitive markets, work on product characteristics is one of the strategies of the food industry to influence demand and increase market share with proposition of great value to the consumer. Studies show that obesity and overweight are issues of great concern for the public health system. These problems have pushed the food industry to search not only for new low-calorie energy intake and diet products, but also for a new kind of product in Brazil: functional foods that promote satiety. This study started using QFD (Quality Function Deployment) to assess the consumers’ perception regarding a new dairy product to promote satiety and order its important characteristics, to attend consumers’ needs and expectations. Satiety was one of the benefits desired by consumers and fermented dairy beverage was given as a product to provide this functionality. Considering the information of QFD, it was studied the influence of each ingredient in the fermented dairy beverage added of polydextrose through the use of Surface Response. The experimental design studied the effects of the % of whey (15 to 70% at milk-base), % of gelatin (0 to 0,6%), starch (0 to 1,5%), to optimize the formulation of the product to the best cost, process time, sensorial and viscosity. The formulation that optimize at same time the variables of the study is that one that contains 60,75% of milk, 22,64% ok whey, 0,3% of gelatin, 0,52% of starch, 8% of sugar, 6,66% of polydextrose and 1,125% of fruit.