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Measurement of the photodissociation of the deuteron at energies relevant to Big Bang nucleosynthesisHannaske, Roland 28 April 2016 (has links)
Zwischen 10 und 1000 s nach dem Urknall bildeten sich während der Big Bang Nukleosynthese (BBN) die ersten leichten Elemente aus Protonen und Neutronen. Die primordialen Häufigkeiten dieser Elemente hingen von denWirkungsquerschnitten der beteiligten Kernreaktionen ab. Vergleiche zwischen den Ergebnissen nuklearer Netzwerkrechnungen mit astronomischen Beobachtungen bieten eine einzigartige Möglichkeit, etwas über das Universum zu dieser Zeit zu erfahren.
Da es für die p(n,g)d-Reaktion, die eine Schlüsselreaktion der BBN ist, kaum Messungen im relevanten Energiebereich gibt, beruht deren Reaktionsrate in Netzwerkrechnungen auf theoretischen Berechnungen. Darin fließen auch experimentelle Daten der Nukleon-Nukleon-Streuung, des Einfangquerschnitts für thermische Neutronen sowie (nach Anwendung des Prinzips des detaillierten Gleichgewichts) der d(g,n)p-Reaktion mit ein. Diese Reaktion, die Photodissoziation des Deuterons, ist bei BBN-Energien (Tcm = 20–200 keV) ebenfalls kaum vermessen. Die großen experimentelle Unsicherheiten machen Vergleiche mit den präzisen theoretischen Berechnungen schwierig. In den letzten Jahren wurde die d(g,n)p-Reaktion und insbesondere der M1-Anteil des Wirkungsquerschnitts mit quasi-monoenergetischen g-Strahlen aus Laser-Compton-Streuung oder durch Elektrodesintegration untersucht. Üblicherweise verwendete man für Messungen des d(g,n)p-Wirkungsquerschnitts entweder die auf wenige diskrete Energien beschränkte Strahlung des g-Zerfalls oder Bremsstrahlung, für die aber eine genaue Photonenflussbestimmung sowie der Nachweis von einem der Reaktionsprodukte und dessen Energie nötig ist. Da diese Energie im Bereich der BBN relativ gering ist, gab es bisher noch keine absoluten Messung des d(g,n)p-Wirkungsquerschnitts bei Tcm < 5 MeV mit Bremsstrahlung.
Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist eine solche Messung mit einer Unsicherheit von 5 % im für die BBN relevanten Energiebereich und darüber hinaus bis Tcm ~ 2,5 MeV unter Verwendung gepulster Bremsstrahlung an der Strahlungsquelle ELBE. Dieser supraleitende Elektronenbeschleuniger befindet sich am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf und stellte einen Elektronenstrahl hoher Intensität bereit. Die kinetische Elektronenenergie von 5 MeV wurde mit einem Browne-Buechner-Spektrometer präzise gemessen. Die Energieverteilung der in einer Niob-Folie erzeugten Bremsstrahlungsphotonen wurde berechnet. Die Photonenflussbestimmung nutzte die Kernresonanzstreuung an 27Al, das sich mit deuteriertem Polyethylen in einem mehrschichtigen Target befand. Die 27Al-Abregungen wurden mit abgeschirmten, hochreinen Germanium-Detektoren nachgewiesen, deren Effektivität mit GEANT4 simuliert und durch Quellmessungen normiert wurde. Die Messung der Energie der Neutronen aus der d(g,n)p-Reaktion erfolgte mittels deren Flugzeit in Plastikszintillatoren, die an zwei Seiten von Photoelektronenvervielfachern mit hoher Verstärkung ausgelesen wurden. Die Nachweiseffektivität dieser Detektoren wurde in einem eigenen Experiment in den Referenz-Neutronenfeldern der PTB Braunschweig kalibriert. Die Nachweisschwelle lag bei etwa 10 keV kinetischer Neutronenenergie.Wegen der guten Zeitauflösung der Neutronendetektoren und des ELBE-Beschleunigers genügte eine Flugstrecke von nur 1 m. Die Energieauflösung betrug im d(g,n)p-Experiment 1–2 %. Leider gingen viele Neutronen bereits durch Streuung in dem großen Target verloren oder sie wurden erst durch Teile des kompakten Experimentaufbaus in die Detektoren gestreut. Beide Effekte wurden mit Hilfe von FLUKA simuliert um einen Korrekturfaktor zu bestimmen, der aber bei niedrigen Energien relativ groß war.
Der d(g,n)p-Wirkungsquerschnitts wurde daher nur im Bereich 0.7 MeV < Tcm < 2.5 MeV bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse stimmen mit anderen Messungen, Daten-Evaluierungen sowie theoretischen Rechnungen überein. Die Gesamtunsicherheit beträgt circa 6.5 % und kommt zu fast gleichen Teilen von den statistischen und systematischen Unsicherheiten. Die statistische Unsicherheit könnte durch eine längere FLUKA Simulation noch von 3–5 % auf 1 % verringert werden. Die systematische Unsicherheit von 4.5 % ist vorrangig auf die Photonenflussbestimmung, die Neutronen-Nachweiseffektivität und die Target-Zusammensetzung zurückzuführen.
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Score for the Big Bang: The Universe as VoiceMikalson, Ander 25 April 2012 (has links)
The thesis is a multimedia document, including a documentary video and audio recordings, that catalogues and unpacks the cross-disciplinary project Score for the Big Bang. On April 13, 2012, thirty-six vocalists sang the sound of the Big Bang in a historic church in downtown Richmond. For this project I worked with an astronomer, composer, choral director and organist to translate the primordial sound into musical notation. This is the universe as voice, through humans, recreating what we have come to understand was present at its birth.
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Evolution of anistropy in charged fluidsAlderton, Dale Wayne 28 February 2008 (has links)
Abstract
A computer program has been written to simulate the conditions of the early uni-
verse and to test a new idea in the mechanism of structure formation observed in
our universe today. The model utilises Newtonian hydrodynamic equations includ-
ing gravitational and electromagnetic forces in two spatial dimensions. It is proposed
that augmenting gravitational forces with plasma forces will complement the prob-
lematic Big Bang theory of structure formation which relies on gravity alone. Two
sets of initial conditions are tested and the products of the simulation are analysed in
a statistical way using power spectra and the two-point correlation function. Differ-
ences in the initial conditions were not seen to produce significantly different results.
The results show that the Hubble expansion term significantly reduces power in the
gravity models but plasma forces can retain power better than similar gravitation-
only models. Initial velocity perturbations significantly modify the power spectrum
gradient in the higher modes. Some power spectra displayed a definite bend in gra-
dient at a scale which is verified by galaxy survey observations. Plasma forces also
appear to cluster matter on smaller scales more efficiently than gravity alone. Thus,
this simulation lays a foundation for a more detailed and realistic model that may
be compared with real matter distribution observations.
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Le principe anthropique : lieu de rencontre ou écueil entre théologie et sciences physiques?Couture, André January 2006 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Toxická maskulinita v hrané tvorbě: případová studie Teorie velkého třesku / Toxic Masculinity in Live Action Cinematography: The Big Bang Theory Case StudyHiblerová, Adéla January 2020 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with expressions of toxic masculinity in television acting, illustrated on the case study of the television show The Big Bang Theory. This work sets the term toxic masculinity in the context of masculinity studies and draws on the theory of hegemonic masculinity formulated by the Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell. Her theory assumes the existence of multiple, hierarchically ordered masculinities, with hegemonic masculinity - considered by some authors tobe synonymous with toxic masculinity - on top. This work also surveys the history of the representation of the male hero from the early days of American cinema up to the present, as the empirical section deals primarily with an American television show. Special emphasis is put on the "nerd" character, who represents non- hegemonic masculinity and thus does not tend to be associated with expressions of toxic masculinity, although he is also guilty of this behavior. The aim of this thesis was to use qualitative content analysis to identify manifestations of toxic masculine behavior by the nerd characters of the popular sitcom The Big Bang Theory and to determine how this behavior differs from that of the "jock" character, an embodiment of hegemonic masculinity. This research reached the conclusion that each of these two...
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On the Anatomy of Black Holes, the G-Boson, Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Were things different at the big bang?Reichelt, Uwe J. M. 16 February 2022 (has links)
Going beyond previous statements, a way is presented which allows statements about smallest possible black holes. It turns out that they exist (theoretically) and that they represent a new stable elementary particle (called G-boson in this work), which shows connections to dark matter and makes dark energy necessary to explain astronomical observations, independent of its existence required in macroquantum theory. This results in logical sequences in the Big Bang, which make it appear in a somewhat different context than previously known.:Table of Contents
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Preliminary consideration on the basis of Planck units
4. The boundary force
5. Boundary force and black holes, the G-boson
6. Properties of the G-boson
7. Origin of the G-bosons, the dark matter and energy
8. What does this mean for the big bang?
9. Astronomical findings
10. Summary
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S-factor measurement of the 2H(α,γ)6Li reaction at energies relevant for Big-Bang nucleosynthesisAnders, Michael 23 April 2014 (has links) (PDF)
For about 20 years now, observations of 6Li in several old metal-poor stars inside the halo of our galaxy have been reported, which are largely independent of the stars’ metallicity, and which point to a possible primordial origin. The observations exceed the predictions of the Standard Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis model by a factor of 500. In the relevant energy range, no directly measured S-factors were available yet for the main production reaction 2H(α,γ)6Li, while different theoretical estimations have an uncertainty of up to two orders of magnitude. The very small cross section in the picobarn range has been measured with a deuterium gas target at the LUNA acceler- ator (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics), located deep underground inside Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. A beam-induced, neutron-caused background in the γ-detector occurred which had to be analyzed carefully and sub- tracted in an appropriate way, to finally infer the weak signal of the reaction. For this purpose, a method to parameterize the Compton background has been developed. The results are a contribution to the discussion about the accuracy of the recent 6Li observations, and to the question if it is necessary to include new physics into the Standard Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis model.
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The impact of strongly interacting relics on big bang nucleosynthesisSharman, Jonathan William 17 December 2010 (has links)
We study the impact of long lived strongly interacting particles on primordial nuclear
abundances. Particularly we look at the case of anti-squark quark bound states called
mesinos. These mesinos are similar to massive nucleons in that they have the same
spin and isospin. Like nucleons, the mesinos take part in nucleosynthesis and are
bound into nuclei. We incorporate the mesinos into the various stages of BBN, from
the QCD phase transition, to their capture of nucleons, to their eventual decay. We
identify the mechanisms by which the mesinos could impact primordial abundances
and show which actually do so. We nd that for the predicted mesino abundance, only
one mechanism exists that has the potential of generating an observable signature.
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Teologické perspektivy v kosmologii George Lemaîtra / Theological Perspectives in Cosmology of Georges LemaîtreRejman, Daniel January 2020 (has links)
The thesis analyzes the thinking, legacy and the second life of the work of a prominent mathematician, cosmologist and the Catholic priest Georges Lemaître. The patterns of his thinking (expecting the intelligibility of the cosmos, assuming the hidden nature of God for research of natural science, seeing indeterminism in the evolution of the cosmos and separating the scientific and religious approach to reality) are presented on the basis of sources and literature based on Lemaître's texts and texts of scholars who dealt with his life and work. Everything is further complemented by the opinions of authors writing about the broader contexts of the history of cosmology and its interferencee with religion. Those long-term tendencies are drawn in more detail and further connected and compared with more general European ideas (the book of nature, the question of human free will, light as a backdrop of creation, appreciating the simplicity of hypotheses). Special emphasis is placed on the religious connotations of Lemaître's thinking - these are also presented with regard to the development of time, to which insights are further applied using modern models of the relationship between science and religion. It is the temporal transformation of that relationship within Lemaître's life path and the resulting...
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An Effective Field Theory description of 3He-alpha Elastic ScatteringPoudel, Maheshwor January 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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