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The aim of the graduation theses was the using bioaccumulation efficiency of plants, especially water mosses, for the monitoring of the occurence of risk elements in surface waters. The graduation theses assess the content of risk elements in this bioindicators in relation to quality of water supply river Malše. Water mosses susceptibly reflect the statement of water environment and they confirm very good quality of water in river Malše and its usability as water supply river in term of content of monitored risk elements (chrome, arsenic, zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury and uranium).

This diploma thesis is focused on determination of bioavailable cadmium in natural waters. Thesis is devided to two parts-laboratory study in model solution and experiments in real surface water system. During the laboratory experiments the accumulation and release constants of cadmium by aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica were determined. In Morava river experiment this aquatic moss was used to determine bioavailable fraction of cadmium and the moss bag technique were compared with another methods for phytotoxic metals determination.

Constantly increasing consumption of drugs leads to the increase of the concentration of residues in various environmental compartments. For this reason the drug residues are nowadays classified as significant environmental contaminants. The drug residues enter the soil along with the application of sewage sludge either as a fertilizer or during fertilizing by animal excrements excreted after drug administration, eventually by direct contamination from treated grazing animals. The presence of these substances in soil has got negative impact on the sensitive soil ecosystem. The diploma thesis aims to evaluation of possible soil contamination with selected drugs through ecotoxicity tests. For this purpose sulfonamide chemotherapeutic agents, which are often used in veterinary medicine, were chosen, specifically sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazin. Eartworms (Lumbricus) were selected as suitable test representative soil organism. In the experimantal part of this work the avoidance test according to ISO 17512-1 and modified bioaccumulation test according to OECD 317 methodology were performed. Bioaccumulation substances in oligochaetes, for which the artificial soil was prepared according to OECD 207 methodology, which was subsequently contaminated with above specified drugs. Although according to the results of determination of these substances there is no significant bioaccumulation in eartworms‘ tissue, these organisms are very responsive to the presence of contaminants in the soil environment. This is evident from the results of avoidance tests.

Biodegradable waste (BDW) is most commonly processed by composting or anaerobic fermentation, but its composition is not always suitable for these procedures. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation thesis was to find out what possibilities and consequences of using Stratiomyidae Hermetia illucens (HI) in the waste management of the Czech Republic are. In order to meet the objectives of this thesis a total of 14 different types of waste has been selected. Plant tissue waste, kitchen waste, waste from soup kitchens, manure, poor quality and culled municipal biodegradable waste were found as the best types of waste for being reduced by HI larvae. Furthermore, it was found that Californian earthworm are more suitable for producing fertilizers, conversely HI are suitable for reducing BDW. The most favourable conditions for HI so that they are able to reduce waste are enclosed spaces with appropriate air temperatures. Presence of bacteria Salmonella was not detected in accordance with ČSN EN ISO 6579 in the reduced substrate. When measuring the concentration of heavy metals in larvae, in the input BDW, the remaining substrate and the larvae after consumption BDW and determining the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for larvae HI fed by individual types of BDW, it was found that larvae that would be potential feed for livestock or hobby animals from the perspective of heavy metal content, would have to be fed by plant tissue waste or garden waste. The accumulation of antimony and cadmium occur particularly in larvae fed by separates from biogas plant (BPS), garden waste, plant material and poultry droppings. The final recommendation is to include HI larvae into the waste management system of the Czech republic, although in enclosed spaces.

This dissertation thesis is focus on using toxicity tests with testing organism - terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. This organism is use for toxicity assessment of selected anorganic compunds which could contaminate terrestrial ecosystem. This organism was selected for several reasons - sophisticated test methodology; well known biology of these animals and their ecological relevance. Besides classical endpoints such as mortality, change in mass of test specimens and the effect of the presence and concentration of contaminants onto food consumption; we monitored changes in the morphometric characteristics at the level of tissues and cells, the cytotoxicity and possibly bioaccumulation in various parts of the body of the organism. Selected test substance in this thesis were nanoparticles and inorganic salts. Wherein for chosen gold nanoparticles was carried out a complete study presents several levels of organization of living matter (organism, tissue, cell). For selected salts compound, this study was carried out on the behavior of organisms and classical endpoints.

In recent years considerable attention is paid to problems of brominated flame retardants (BFR's – Brominated Flame retardants), which are a diverse group of organic compounds. Even in the recent past have been the most often represented group particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have found wide use in many industrial sectors. The reason of aplication of these substances is the ability to slow down the combustion process and reduce the risk of ignition by the excessive heating of material. On the other hand, serious concerns about the use of PBDEs was added. The most serious trouble is particular their possible to release from consumer products during their normal use, toxicity and high persistence in parts of environment. Some of these contaminants are more characterized by a high degree of accumulation in biological systems. In this work by several sub-studies the issue of assessment the level of pollution of the aquatic ecosystem of selected localities of the Czech Republic just PBDEs was addressed. One of objectives was monitored the situation of breeding ponds near the village Záhlinice in Central Moravia. Here was assessed level of contamination in fish and birds as two consecutive segments of food chain. The obtained results largely confirmed the assumption that with increasing trophic level of organisms leads to bioaccumulation and thus also higher findings. For comparison, the capture of fish and birds in other localities of the CR was also implemented. In Bartošovice and Hustopeče nad Becvou levels at the buzzard and heron were detected as comparable. The cormorants of the order higher levels of PBDEs were found. Further were also evaluated levels of PBDEs detected in individuals of bioindicator kind of chub caught in two locations on the river Svratka in spring and autumn. Findings of PBDE in muscle, skin and intestines were compared. The obtained results show that between tissues and sites wasn’t significant variability respectively and the findings of controlled substances are practically comparable. With aim to determine the dependence of the concentration of PBDEs in organisms on the length of the river was conducted monitoring of Vír and Brno water reservoirs. In both locations was main monitored kind of bream, which was completed by the other species. The results of the analysis indicate a higher total concentration at the lower part of river Svratka. Differences were also the distribution of individual congeners in both sampling locations. For monitoring of terrestrial system contamination levels of PBDEs has been selected several types of plant bioindicators. These are mainly pine needles (Scots pine, Eastern white pine, Silver fir, Blue spruce) collected from different localities of the Czech Republic. Other matrices were chosen roughages (Common wheat, Naked barley, Alfalfa wheat, Red clover) and oilseeds (Rapeseed) from the Novy Jicin, where Agriculture plant school of the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno. Detected values of PBDE concentrations were very low, generally ranged at the detection limits of the analytical method.

There are many compounds that are used or produced by humans, e.g. pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) which are used in large quantities around the world. These compounds end up in waste waters and enter sewage treatment plants (STPs). But not all of these compounds are removed during the treatment processes in STP and they enter the aquatic environment via sewage effluents. The thesis is focused especially on evaluation of presence and potential toxicological effects of PPCPs in aquatic environment. The risk assessment for a single compound is usually based on laboratory experiments. The first tested compound was verapamil, a pharmaceutical for lowering blood pressure and treatment of cardiac diseases. Two types of tests were carried out, an acute one with high concentration levels and a sub-chronic one with levels that included environmentally relevant concentration. After the exposure, common carp larvae and embryos showed malformation and edemas and the heart rate was decreased. According to 96hLC50, the verapamil could be classified as a harmful or toxic substance. The second tested substance was UV filter 2 phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid which was found at relatively high concentrations in south Bohemian surface waters. In spite of very low bioconcentration of PBSA in fish, activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, 7-methoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and 7-penthoxyresorufin-O-deethylase in exposed rainbow trout were increased which indicate that activity of cytochromes P450 were affected even in environmentally relevant concentration. In a real aquatic system, fish are exposed to waters which contain not only a single pollutant but a mixture of them. A consequent experiment was carried out on rainbow trout caged in effluent for 13 days from STP in Gothenburg, the second biggest STP in Sweden. The concentration of selected antidepressants was measured in different fish tissues and plasma. Citalopram, sertraline and venlafaxine were found in fish brain and liver. As these antidepressants are used for the treatment of psychical disorders, behavior of fish could be affected. The limitations of these experiments, even with real water with a mixture of chemicals, are that fish are stressed in aquaria or cages and the exposure via the food chain is not included. Benthic organisms are an important part of fish diet. The impact of pollution on benthic organisms is often studied. However, there is limited knowledge about the bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in the benthos and consequently in fish. Therefore bioaccumulation in Hydropsyche and Erpobdella was studied. These organisms were collected in non-polluted and in effluent affected localities. Antibiotics azithromycin and clarithromycin, cardio-vascular drug verapamil, antifungal drug clotrimazole and antidepressants citalopram and sertraline were found in Hydropsyche. Cardio-vascular drug valsartan, antidepressant sertraline, anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac and antifungal drug clotrimazole were found in Erpobdella. Passive sampling is an integrative sampling method which allows the obtaining of time average concentration over period of few weeks. POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers) are used for sampling of polar compounds. It also can mimic bioconcentration. Based on the field experiments, the sampling rate for individual pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs was calculated. Twenty-one localities in the Czech Republic were sampled by POCIS and the water concentration of psychoactive drugs was estimated. Further research is necessary to make POCIS passive sampling a more precise tool for monitoring pharmaceutical and drug contents in aquatic environments.

This diploma thesis deals with evaluation of toxicity and bioaccumulation of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in model plant maize (Zea mays). Lanthanide-doped UCNPs with different composition and size were tested in three different concentrations in this work. The exposure took place for 168 hours. Toxicity was assessed based on four macroscopic toxicological endpoints (mortality, the length of belowground part of the plants, the length of aboveground part of the plants and whole plants length). Spatial distribution of elements yttrium, ytterbium, erbium and gadolinium in model plants was determined using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy with spatial resolution of 100 m and 26 m. Distribution of UCNPs in plants was further studied with photon-upconversion microscanning with spatial resolution of 40 m. Stability of UCNPs during and after the plant exposure was also discussed in this thesis.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the elemental composition of hard tissues – human and murine jaws studied by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIBS). Samples of human teeth contained a disease called ankylosis and the difference in elemental composition of healthy and diseased tissue was observed to localize ankylosis in the tooth. When evaluating the map of the spatial distribution of phosphorus and calcium, a decrease in the concentration of these elements in the ankylosis infected area was observed. Furthermore, murine jaws containing lead were analyzed. When assessing the spatial distribution of lead in tissue, it was found that lead was incorporated in murine teeth in the enamel at the tip of the incisor and molars. In conclusion, LIBS method achieved good results considering the detection of the elemental distribution of hard tissues. It enables to differentiate parts of the tooth in terms of elemental composition and tissue hardness and also to detect changes in the matrix caused by a disease or bioaccumulation of heavy metals.