Gli ecosistemi acquatici sono il comparto ambientale finale per molti contaminanti introdotti nell’ambiente, specialmente per quelli persistenti, provenienti da diverse attività antropiche. Gli organismi acquatici sono esposti simultaneamente a differenti classi di composti chimici e, la loro fisiologia può esserne affetta anche da basse concentrazioni ambientali che ne determinano un effetto a cascata drammatico sull’intero ciclo vitale delle stesse. Per identificare gli effetti ecotossicologici si devono scegliere delle variabili di studio che sono sensibili a cambiamenti di esposizione e quindi possono registrare informazioni a differenti livelli di organizzazione biologica (ad es.: comunità, specie, alterazioni cellulari, molecolari). Il presente lavoro ha come scopo di studiare biomarker biochimici e bioindicatori su invertebrati acquatici capaci di rispondere all’effetto dei contaminanti e predirne il rischio di tossicità, requisito fondamentale dell’attuale legislazione comunitaria ambientale. Questo lavoro, nell’ambito della Water Frame Directive (WFD), affronta questa tematica con diversi tipi di approccio per implementare un sistema di monitorizzazione efficiente. Lo SPEAR ad esempio è in grado di diagnosticare la contaminazione di ecosistemi acquatici da pesticidi operando a livello di comunità di invertebrati acquatici. Inoltre si sono presi in considerazione anche biomarker a livello cellulare in bivalvi (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria): attività enzimatiche coinvolti nelle risposte aerobiche (CCO) e antiossidative (SOD and CAT), risposte genotossicologiche come la frequenza dei micronuclei, e, infine, a livello di organismo, risposte di carattere comportamentale. / Aquatic ecosystems are the final sink for most of contaminants introduced in the environment, especially persistent organic pollutants coming from different human activities. Most of the freshwater and coastal organisms are exposed simultaneously to different classes of chemicals, and their physiology may be affected by toxic chemical even at low environmental concentrations with a cascade event on population dynamics. Identifying ecotoxicological effects requires descriptors that are sensitive to changes in exposure and thus can indicate information at different levels of biological organisation (i.e. communities, sub-individual level). The present work aims to investigate biochemical biomarkers and bioindicators in aquatic invertebrates able to detect biological effects and predict risk of toxicity, with a special focus paid to the requirements of current EU regulation. Therefore, the present work faced on different kinds of approach identified to be efficient tools within the context of the WFD requirements (Water Frame Directive, 2000/60/EC), for investigative and operational monitoring. Work include the SPEAR approach as trait based indicator descriptor of freshwater aquatic macroinvertebrates communities, able to diagnose pesticide contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Further diagnostic approaches in environmental status are included, as assay representing biological responses for different enzymes involved in the aerobic (CCO) and antioxidant responses, (SOD, and CAT), behavioural endpoints, and genotoxicity biomarker associated with micronuclei frequency in bivalve species (Tapes philipphinarum and Mya arenaria).

Using benthic macroinvertebrates to measure stream health has been widely used and accepted around the world. Macroinvertebrates are resident monitors of chronic impairment in a stream since they are relatively sessile and most commonly respond to disturbance by drift but can recolonize a restored stream reach very quickly. This study tested the effectiveness of macroinvertebrate metrics developed through the Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP) to detect changes in stream integrity as the result of placement of a best management practice (BMP), installed on a tributary of Roaring Branch, located in Columbus, Georgia. The BMP was designed to attenuate flow to reduce sediment suspension and downstream deposition. A sampling protocol derived from the Georgia Ecoregions Project was implemented to evaluate the macroinvertebrate community, located downstream of the BMP, and downstream of the confluence with Roaring Branch, both before and after the BMP installation. The resulting metrics were compared to a reference condition described for subecoregion 65c, sandhills-lower piedmont. A dramatic improvement or increase of macroinvertebrate populations suggests an improvement in water quality (via reduction in fine sediment deposition) due to improved physical habitat conditions for indicators (Trichoptera) of healthier streams. The results of this study suggests further restoration activities should continue and that re-evaluation of the sampling protocol should take into account a larger subsample size of benthic macroinvertebrates than currently recommended by the RBP.

With numerous bioassessment methodologies available, a regional protocol needs to be developed to ensure that results are comparable. A regional assessment protocol was developed that includes collecting five benthic macroinvertebrate samples, identifying organisms to genus, and calculating the following metrics: Number of Taxa, Total Number of Individuals, Simpson's Diversity Index, Shannon's Diversity Index, Percent Contribution of Dominant Taxa, Hilsenhoffs Biotic Index, and Percent Contribution of Dipterans. Once the protocol was developed, it was used to assess the Bayou Chico tributaries and watershed. All three tributaries had been significantly impacted by human activity as had the watershed as a whole. This study indicates that a regional protocol could be developed and is appropriate for biomonitoring at the watershed scale.

Why evaluations of the ecological outcomes of stream and river restoration have largely reported inconclusive or negative results has been the subject of much debate over the last decade or more. Understanding the reasons behind the lack of positive results is important for bettering future restoration efforts and setting realistic expectations for restoration outcomes. This thesis explores possible explanations for why researchers have failed to find clear and predictable biotic responses to stream restoration: recovery time has been too short, that restoration of habitat complexity is not clearly linked to instream biodiversity, that one monitored organism group is not representative of the entire community, that restoration effort was not intense enough to restore the potential habitat complexity of a system, and that reach-scale restoration done in the presence of catchment-scale degradation obscures restoration results. The overarching goal of this thesis is to study the holistic effect of reach-scale restoration of historic reach-scale simplification, due to timber floating in northern Swedish streams, thus avoiding the added pressure of catchment-scale degradation typically found at most restoration sites (e.g., non-point-source pollution and impervious cover). Using this model system, I was able to show that it took 25 years for riparian plant species richness at restored sites to increase above that of channelized sites. Furthermore, it was clear that restoration of these streams caused a large and rapid change in N-processing in the riparian zone and this alteration persists for at least 25 years. Additionally, multiple metrics of geomorphic complexity were needed to explain some of the more subtle responses of organism groups. Macroinvertebrates, diatoms, and macrophytes did not respond concordantly and cannot serve as surrogates or indicators for each other. I found that older best practice methods of restoration rarely restored the large-scale features needed to bring the sites up to their potential complexity because these elements were destroyed or removed from the system. Advanced restoration techniques used in more recent restorations added big boulders and instream wood and increased complexity to a level that elicited a biological response. By combining surveys of multiple metrics of structure, diversity of multiple organism groups, and process in this thesis I was able to get a holistic view of the effects of restoration of streams after timber floating. We now know that it takes at least 25 years for riparian plants and N-cycling to recover, we understand that multiple metrics of geomorphic complexity should be measured to be able to explain biotic responses, and that restored complexity should better match the potential complexity of the site in order to elicit a biological response. Finally, we know that multiple organism groups need to be assessed when evaluating the response of biodiversity to restoration.

Macroinvertebrate data collected from 120 headwater streams in New Zealand were used to test the ability of the Freshwater Environments of New Zealand River Classification (FWENZ) to explain spatial variation in unimpacted stream invertebrate communities. FWENZ is a GIS based multivariate river environment classification of the sections of national river network. The classification performance of the FWENZ was examined to determine the optimum classification level which could be used for the purpose of conservation and biomonitoring of New Zealand rivers and streams. The classification performance of the FWENZ was also compared to those of two other river classification systems, the ecoregions and the River Environment Classification (REC). Results of the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) test showed that discrimination of the study sites based on interclass differences in macroinvertebrate community composition was optimal at FWENZ 100 class level which classifies the New Zealand rivers and streams into 100 different groups. The FWENZ 100 class level distinguished the biological variation of the study sites at a finer spatial scale than the REC Geology level. Although performance of the ecoregions classification was stronger than both the river environmental classifications, the REC and the FWENZ, but it was unable to explain the variation in local assemblage structures. Multivariate analyses of the macroinvertebrate abundance data and the associated environmental variables at three different spatial scales (upstream catchment, segment, and reach) were used to identify environmental predictors of assemblage patterns. Catchmentscale measures of climatic, topographic and landcover factors were more strongly correlated with macroinvertebrate community structures than segment scale measures, whereas reachscale measures of instream physicochemical factors and riparian characteristics had the least association with assemblage patterns. Despite the strong influences of cathment-scale factors on macroinvertebrate communities, local factors like water temperature, stream velocity, reach elevation, percent canopy cover and percent moss cover were also involved in explaining the within-region variation in assemblage patterns, which indicates the importance of considering regional as well as local factors as surrogates of stream invertebrate communities to provide a base for stream bioassessment programmes at multiple scales.

Nowadays, the water streams located in urban areas have been targeted by several environmental measures that ended up modifying their natural features. These water streams have changed into sewage channels and any intervention over them is not considered shocking by the society anymore. The lack of information and knowledge on the environmental quality of these water streams makes the situation even worse. Aiming to help solving those problems, the Brazilian legislation rules that the population must participate in several stages of the water resources monitoring process. However, It is noticed that, despite the fact of being participation, It does not possesses qualification to achieve the environmental improving actions required for a consequent improving of life quality. It is in this context that the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers, mentioned in this study as PARs, arise as a tool for an integrated analysis of the ecosystems through an easy, simple and fast to apply methodology, consisting of a visual inspection responsible for gathering the physical features of the watercourse under assessment. PARs are thought-out to be simple tools for participatory watercourses assessment. This study aims proposing the use of a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Physical Environment Aspects as an instrument of social participation in environmental quality of superficial watercourses inserted in urban regions evaluation, using as a case study the locality of Arroio Laranjeiras in the city of Candelária-RS, Brazil. In order to achieve the target, 10 volunteers were mobilized, all of them linked with the town s politics or members of groups with action of preservation of urban watercourses. In relation of the application of the protocol, by the volunteers, in 3 previously defined points according with the soil using and occupation by different social ranks and access facility, It was possible to check that human actions and urbanization cause negative impacts over Arroio Laranjeiras. Considering that the evaluated watercourse characteristics are different from the ones used in the model protocol It was certified that the utilized protocol needs adaptations. The using of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols showed itself as an important tool of social participation in the environmental evaluation of urban watercourses and also as an important instrument of Environmental Education, considering that it induces to a reflection about many subjects related to environmental quality of watercourses. Bringing to an end, It was notice that this instrument can still be useful not only in the environmental evaluation, but also in the identification of the environmental degradation causes and consequent pursuit by solutions. / Nos dias de hoje, os cursos d água inseridos em zonas urbanas têm sido alvo de diversas intervenções ambientais que modificam suas características naturais. Eles passaram a ser reconhecidos como canais de esgoto e qualquer intervenção de recobrimento não é mais reconhecida como impactante pela sociedade. A falta de informações sobre a qualidade ambiental desses cursos d água agrava ainda mais a situação. Visando auxiliar na resolução desses problemas, a legislação brasileira prevê a participação social em várias etapas do processo de gestão de recursos hídricos. No entanto, percebe-se que embora havendo participação, essa não possui a devida qualificação para realizar as ações de melhoria ambiental necessárias para um consequente aumento da qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, surgem os Protocolos de Avaliação Rápida de Rios (PARs) como instrumentos de análise integrada dos ecossistemas, através de uma metodologia fácil, simples e de rápida aplicação que, por meio de uma inspeção visual, capta as características físicas do curso d água em avaliação. Os PARs são considerados ferramentas simplificadas de avaliação ambiental participativa. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo propor a utilização de um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida dos Aspectos Físicos do Meio, como ferramenta de participação social na avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos cursos d água superficiais inseridos em zonas urbanas, tendo como estudo de caso o Arroio Laranjeiras na cidade de Candelária-RS. Para atingir o objetivo foram mobilizados 10 voluntários, ligados ao meio político municipal ou integrantes de grupos com ações em preservação dos cursos d água urbanos. Com relação à aplicação do protocolo, pelos voluntários, em 3 pontos previamente definidos de acordo com as características de uso e ocupação do solo por diferentes classes sociais e facilidade de acesso, foi possível verificar que as atividades antrópicas e a urbanização geram impactos negativos no Arroio Laranjeiras. Considerando que as características do curso d água em avaliação são diferentes das do protocolo utilizado como modelo, constatou-se que o protocolo utilizado nesta pesquisa necessita de adequações. O uso do Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida mostrou-se como importante ferramenta de participação social na avaliação ambiental do curso d água em avaliação e ainda como importante instrumento de Educação Ambiental, considerando que este induz a uma reflexão sobre diversos temas relacionados com a qualidade ambiental de cursos d água. Por fim, verifica-se que esta ferramenta ainda pode ser útil não apenas na avaliação ambiental, mas na identificação das causas de degradação ambiental e posterior busca por soluções.

La famille des Chironomidae (Dipteres) présente une large distribution mondiale dans une large gamme d'habitats. Ses représentants ont colonisé presque tous les habitats d'eau douce et on trouve également des Chironomidae dans des environnements terrestres et marins. Cette famille représente ainsi une composante majeure des macroinvertébrés benthiques en termes d'abondance et de richesse. De part leur position trophique, les Chironomidae dominent souvent les communautés non perturbés en termes d'abondance et de biomasse, et représentent plus de 50% des espèces de macroinvertébrés benthiques dans les eaux stagnantes et courantes. Dans les zones profondes des lacs eutrophes et les cours d'eau très impactés par les activités humaines, c'est souvent la seule famille d'insectes aquatiques qui perdure. De ce fait, la famille des Chironomidae comprend un grand nombre de genres et d'espèces présentant des préférences écologiques diversifiées. De plus, la prédominance et la richesse spécifique des Chironomidae en font une source d'énergie très importante pour les prédateurs (vertébrés et invertébrés) et leur confère un rôle majeur dans le flux d'énergie dans les écosystèmes aquatiques. De ce fait, les Chironomidae pourraient avoir un rôle non négligeable dans la mise en place des conditions de référence pour la bioévaluation des rivières et dans la détection des cours d'eau plus et moins impactés, et pourraient fournir une information sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques. Cependant, les Chironomidae sont généralement délaissés dans l'étude de la structure de la communauté des cours d'eau, principalement à cause des difficultés d'identification des stades larvaires aquatiques des espèces. Les approches basées sur les traits fournis par la littérature sont basées sur la théorie de «l'habitat templet» selon laquelle, l'habitat fournit le cadre environnemental sur lequel les espèces forgent des stratégies à travers leur adaptation dans tous les types d'environnements. Conceptuellement, les conditions environnementales représentent des filtres qui, en éliminant les espèces ayant les combinaisons de traits les moins adaptées, participent à la mise en place des communautés. Comme les traits reflètent la performance des organismes dans des conditions environnementales données, l'objectif principal des analyses basées sur les traits est d'acquérir une compréhension plus mécaniste des relations entre les espèces et leur habitat. Dans les deux dernières décennies, la liaison espèces-trait-environnement a été explorée par de nombreux auteurs dans des études où la composition des traits a été analysée individuellement ou combinées en termes de stratégies. Ainsi, l'utilisation des traits dans les approches d'écologie des communautés (écologie fonctionnelle) s'est développée très rapidement, offrant l'avantage d'une relative indépendance des réponses vis-à-vis de la biogéographie des taxons. En d'autres termes, un trait tel que la respiration branchiale se rencontre dans les milieux aquatiques indépendamment de la région biogéographique alors même que l'identité des taxons change de manière importante entre régions [etc…] / Chironomidae (Diptera) have a worldwide distribution, being found over a wide range of habitats. Their larvae thrive in almost every possible freshwater habitat, with representatives also in terrestrial and marine environments, representing a major macroinvertebrate component in terms of abundance and richness. However, Chironomidae are generally neglected in community studies mainly because of difficulties in species larval identification. This compromises also the recognition and use of Chironomidae in trait-based approaches, which promote an indirect measurement of functional integrity in fresh waters. The aim of this thesis was to fill this latter gap by: (1) building a trait database for European Chironomidae at the genus level (Chapter I); (2) evaluating if the developed database at the genus level provides additional information to a commonly used European database developed at the subfamily and tribe level for Chironomidae (Chapter II); (3) testing Chironomidae traits relevance in bioassessment through their ability to discriminate naturally different stream types and segregate least disturbed from disturbed sites (Chapters III and IV); (4) comparing trait information gathered in the new European database (Chapter I) with similar information gathered for North America for the same genus and species, and simultaneously testing for trait variability between continents (Chapter V). In Chapter I the general methodology for the construction of the Chironomidae trait database at the genus level is described. The trait database was developed gathering existing information in literature for 744 species and 178 genera, considering 186 trait categories from 37 traits divided in two major domains: Eltonian - related to organism function and influence over its environments; and Grinnellian - associated to organism requirements and performance in its environments. In Chapter II traits at the genus level (from Chapter I) and the existing ones at the subfamily level (tribe at most; Tachet et al. 2010) are compared. This comparison showed that there are significant differences in trait information gathered at different taxonomic levels, thus questioning the use of the Chironomidae subfamily level in ecological, functional and biomonitoring studies. Subfamilies are very heterogeneous in terms of traits, exposing the evolutionary divergence in each subfamily. The distances between subfamilies given by their traits are also not in agreement with the most accepted phylogenetic subfamily relatedness, indicating a divergence from the traits of a common ancestry. In Chapter III Chironomidae taxonomic composition at the genus level, unlike the subfamily level, allowed the segregation of different stream types: permanent medium elevation, permanent lowland, and south temporary. Different Chironomidae assemblages manifest different trait composition for Eltonian traits (emergence season, maximal body size, overwinter diapause stage, substrate relation), but also morphological traits (body setae, mentum, Lauterborn organs, premandible brush, claws of anterior parapods). Morphological traits seem interesting tools that would avoid the laborious identification of genus that rely on multiple minute structures, enabling the trait assessment through the observation of few Chironomidae structures. In Chapter IV it is tested whether using Chironomidae taxonomic and trait compositions allow the segregation of disturbed sites under multiple anthropogenic stressors (subjected to hydromorphological and physicochemical alterations) from leastdisturbed sites in Mediterranean temporary streams. Traits were analysed individually and also grouped into life-history strategies. Both methods enabled a significant segregation between disturbed and least-disturbed sites. Individual traits that were significantly different between sites were also those that are evolutionarily interrelated and used to define Chironomidae life-history trait strategies [etc]

No description available.

Abstract Describing how and why species composition of ecological communities varies across spatial and temporal scales is a primary objective for ecological research. A key challenge is to distinguish changes in community composition resulting from external factors from the natural background variability. In this thesis I aimed to study: 1) the level of temporal variation in community composition of stream macroinvertebrates, 2) the role of different environmental factors to temporal variability, 3) the effect of temporal variability on bioassessment outcomes, and 4) comparability of different approaches to study community variability through time. A majority of the studied macroinvertebrate communities showed lower level of inter-annual variation, i.e. temporal turnover, than expected by chance. The observation of high community stability was further supported by the low level of inter-annual variation in taxonomic completeness (quotient of observed and expected number of species, O/E). Despite the low absolute variation in O/E, ecological status assessments varied annually. Thus the use of one year data may bias management decisions. Macroinvertebrate communities experienced similar dynamics across several spatial extents, from riffles within a stream to streams among regions, suggesting that large-scale extrinsic factors are the major driver of community dynamics. Especially climatically exceptional years may have a strong imprint on community variability. However, at the within-stream scale, coherence was lower than expected, indicating that community dynamics may be driven by different processes at different spatial extents. Stream macroinvertebrate community dynamics were strongly related to in-stream vegetation, temporal variability decreasing with increasing macrophyte cover. Importantly, the effect of in-stream vegetation on temporal turnover of macroinvertebrate communities was masked by the stochastic effect of habitat connectivity, suggesting that unless stochastic effects are controlled for, the role of deterministic processes may be obscured, thus affecting our ability to understand and predict community changes through time. In addition, different approaches to study temporal variability may disagree on estimates for the level of temporal turnover and factors explaining it – a fact that should be taken into account when planning and comparing studies. / Tiivistelmä Yksi ekologisen tutkimuksen keskeisistä tavoitteista on kuvata, miten ja miksi eliöyhteisöjen koostumus muuttuu paikasta ja ajankohdasta toiseen. On tärkeää pystyä erottamaan erilaisten ulkoisten tekijöiden aiheuttamat muutokset luonnollisesta taustavaihtelusta. Väitöskirjani tavoitteena oli selvittää 1) miten paljon virtavesien pohjaeläinyhteisöissä tapahtuu ajallista vaihtelua 2) mitkä ympäristötekijät vaikuttavat yhteisöjen ajalliseen vaihteluun 3) miten ajallinen vaihtelu vaikuttaa ympäristön tilan arviointiin ja 4) kuinka vertailukelpoisia ovat eri lähestymistavat ajallista vaihtelua tutkittaessa. Valtaosa tutkituista pohjaeläinyhteisöistä vaihteli vuosien välillä vähemmän kuin olisi sattumalta odotettavissa osoittaen varsin suurta ajallista pysyvyyttä. Käsitystä yhteisöjen pysyvyydestä tuki myös vähäinen vuosittainen vaihtelu ekologista tilaa kuvaavassa taksonomisessa eheydessä (=havaitun ja odotetun lajiston suhde O/E). Huolimatta näennäisen pienestä vaihtelusta O/E suhteessa paikkakohtaiset tilaluokka-arviot saattoivat vaihtua vuodesta toiseen. Yhden vuoden aineistoon perustuvat tilan arvioinnit voivat siis johtaa virheellisiin johtopäätöksiin. Pohjaeläinyhteisöjen ajallinen vaihtelu oli samankaltaista eri mittakaavoilla niin peräkkäisten koskipaikkojen kuin eri alueilla sijaitsevien purojen välillä. Suuren mittakaavan ympäristötekijät näyttävät siis säätelevän eliöyhteisöjen ajallista vaihtelua. Erityisesti ilmastotekijöiltään poikkeukselliset vuodet säätelevät eliöyhteisöjä, ja niiden vaikutus voi näkyä vielä useiden vuosien kuluttua. Vaihtelun samankaltaisuus peräkkäisten koskipaikkojen välillä oli kuitenkin odotettua pienempää. Yhteisöjä voivat siis säädellä osittain eri tekijät eri mittakaavoilla. Tutkittujen pohjaeläinyhteisöjen ajallisen vaihtelun voimakkuus liittyi erityisesti vesikasvillisuuden määrään: vaihtelu väheni kasvillisuuden lisääntyessä. Kasvillisuuden määrän vaikutus peittyi kuitenkin satunnaisten tekijöiden alle. Jos satunnaisia tekijöitä ei huomioida, deterministiset syy-seuraussuhteet voivat jäädä huomaamatta heikentäen mahdollisuuksiamme ymmärtää ja ennustaa eliöyhteisöjen vaihtelua. Lisäksi eri lähestymistavat ajallista vaihtelua tutkittaessa voivat johtaa erilaisiin arvioihin vaihtelun suuruudesta ja siihen vaikuttavista tekijöistä, mikä tulisi ottaa huomioon tutkimuksia suunnitellessa ja niiden tuloksia vertailtaessa.

No description available.