Systems biology is a rapidly growing field which seeks a refined quantitative understanding of organisms, particularly studying how molecular species such as metabolites, proteins and genes interact in cells to form the complex emerging behaviour exhibited by living systems. Synthetic biology is a related and emerging field which seeks to engineer new organisms for practical purposes. Both fields can benefit from formal languages for modelling, simulation and analysis. In systems biology there is however a trade-off in the landscape of existing formal languages: some are modular but may be difficult for some biologists to understand (e.g. process calculi) while others are more intuitive but monolithic (e.g. rule-based languages). The first major contribution of this thesis is to bridge this gap with a Language for Biochemical Systems (LBS). LBS is based on the modular Calculus of Biochemical Systems and adds e.g. parameterised modules with subtyping and a notion of nondeterminism for handling combinatorial explosion. LBS can also incorporate other rule-based languages such as Kappa, hence adding modularity to these. Modularity is important for a rational structuring of models but can also be exploited in analysis as is shown for the specific case of Petri net flows. On the synthetic biology side, none of the few existing dedicated languages allow for a high-level description of designs that can be automatically translated into DNA sequences for implementation in living cells. The second major contribution of this thesis is exactly such a language for Genetic Engineering of Cells (GEC). GEC exploits the recent advent of standard genetic parts (“biobricks”) and allows for the composition of such parts into genes in a modular and abstract manner using logical constraints. GEC programs can then be translated to DNA sequences using a constraint satisfaction engine based on a given database of genetic parts.

Synthetic biology is a fairly recent field that aims to engineer novel functions in biological systems. In a broad sense synthetic biology encompasses the development of tools that makes the engineering of biology easier. In this thesis I develop a collection of standard DNA parts (Biobricks) that consists of a tool to build custom eukaryotic plasmids. This is not just intended for biology researchers in the field of synthetic biology, but also for more general use. Besides the development of molecular biology tools that facilitate the engineering of biology, synthetic biology researchers have implemented devices that are electronics-like in behavior and have demonstrated the potential of the field for the production of biofuels, pharmaceutics and biosensors. Here I present a sensor of iron regulatory protein activity, based on Biobricks. To demonstrate its use I apply it to the study of a novel reconstituted two cell-type co-culture (BNL CL.2 and RAW 264.7), surrogate for hepatocyte-macrophage communication / La biología sintética es un campo recientemente desarrollado con el objectivo de implementar nuevas funciones en sistemas biológicos. De forma global, la biología sintética incluye el desarrollo de herramientas para facilitar la ingeniería de sistemas biológicos. En diversas publicaciones, investigadores en el campo de la biología sintética han implementado dispositivos que funcionan de forma similar a circuitos electrónicos y han demonstrado el potencial del campo para la producción de biocarburantes, farmaceuticos y biosensores. Para la presente tesis he creado una colección de plasmidos estandarizados (Biobricks) que pueden ser de interés para biólogos fuera del campo da la biología sintética. Además, utilizando estos Biobricks, he creado un sensor de la actividad de las proteínas reguladas por el hierro. Para demonstrar su aplicación, he utilizado el sensor para estudiar un nuevo sistema de co-cultura de dos tipos celulares (BNL CL.2 y RAW 264.7), substituto para la comunicación entre hepatocitos y macrófagos