Although science is viewed by some as objective, analytical and unaffected by morals and values, the practice of science does raise many ethical issues. From an ethical standpoint, science teachers have an obligation to ensure that their students develop the skills to enable them to evaluate and make decisions about ethical issues associated with scientific advances so that they can make informed choices as adults. An appropriate forum for such a pedagogical concern is the subject of bioethics education.The purpose of this doctoral study was to investigate the teaching of bioethics in science. Specifically, the study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of innovative pedagogical strategies utilised by teachers who were incorporating bioethics education into their secondary science curricula. Bioethics education is concerned with enabling students, firstly, to appreciate the range of ethical issues associated with the life sciences and, secondly, to develop decision making skills based on ethical theories.Using an interpretive case study approach underpinned by a constructivist theoretical framework, I examined the teaching practice of three science teachers in different school systems. Each of these teachers taught Year 10 or Year 11 science courses that included a bioethics component. The research process was informed by an ethic of care and the constructivist criteria of credibility, transferability and ontological authenticity.As a result of the early data generated, I adopted the role of a bricoleur and used alternative research methods to pursue emergent research questions. I developed a survey consisting of four bioethical dilemmas. Bioethics students were asked to resolve each of the dilemmas and provide reasons to support their decisions. Using an ex post facto research design, I compared students who had studied bioethics with a comparison ++ / group of students who had not. I also wrote narrative tales in an endeavour to provide an authentic account of the learning of individual students. Commentaries on the tales, by students and teachers, helped to enrich my understanding of students' learning experiences in the bioethics classes.The research findings are presented as 'inferences', a term which acknowledges the context dependent nature of the data generated. Five themes emerged from the data analysis which, together, indicate (1) the nature of potentially successful teaching strategies for bioethics education and (2) obstacles to students' successful engagement in learning bioethics: teacher attributes; design of bioethics courses; student attributes; impact on student learning; and physical and social constraints. Another key finding concerns the difficulty facing researchers who wish to 'measure' the impact of bioethics teaching on student learning.All three teachers displayed potentially successful teaching strategies. They were committed to the inclusion of bioethics education in their science courses. They had clearly articulated pedagogical goals related to bioethics education. They endeavoured to create safe learning environments in which students could clarify and explore their developing ethical values. When students expressed extreme views, the teachers, through careful questioning, challenged them to consider alternative ethical positions.In relation to the design of bioethics education courses, most of the learning activities in which students participated were based on small group and whole-class discussion (e.g., role plays, oral presentations). These activities provided opportunities for students to examine a topic in depth. Importantly, students were provided with information to help them understand the scientific content area before they could appreciate the associated ethical issues.In ++ / the three cases, it appears that bioethics education had a variable effect on student learning. Attributes were identified that may have influenced student engagement in opportunities to learn bioethics: the students' moral maturity, academic ability, attitude to learning, beliefs about science and ethics, family and religious background.Evidence suggests that exposure to bioethics education can affect favourably students' attitudes to science. However, the results of the bioethical dilemma survey suggest that, on average, there was no difference in the way that students resolved dilemmas, regardless of whether or not they had been exposed to bioethics education. Although there was considerable variation amongst students, most of the students' responses differed from those of experts in that the students tended to focus solely on the rights of individuals, without considering the long term consequences of their decisions.Constraints were identified that may adversely affect the impact of bioethics education in science: scarcity of resources, including insufficient teaching time; and, amongst science teachers, lack of expertise in the content areas that raise bioethical issues and lack of experience in the types of learning activities appropriate for bioethics education.The findings of this research study are significant as they highlight important issues that may need to be considered by curriculum planners and science teachers who wish to incorporate bioethics education into science curricula.

A atenção à pessoa humana requer o reconhecimento de sua dignidade. Para isso, é necessário que a pessoa seja percebida como ser único, como unidade de corpo e espírito e em sua totalidade, ou seja, nas suas diversas dimensões (biológica, psicológica, social e espiritual). Para compreender essa necessária atenção, no âmbito da formação em Odontologia, este estudo discute o significado da reestruturação curricular da FOUSP, da contribuição do docente e da Bioética para a formação integral do aluno, a fim de que essa atenção possibilite a abordagem integral do processo saúde-doença e que, consequentemente, promova o respeito à dignidade do paciente. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo realizado por meio de análise etnográfica e pela análise temática de conteúdo. Para isso, a coleta de dados consistiu de observação-participante (imersão da pesquisadora por três anos na instituição), da análise de dados documentais, de entrevistas com docentes e de informações obtidas de alunos da graduação. A análise das atividades promovidas em razão da participação da instituição no Pró-saúde permite concluir que grandes avanços têm sido percebidos a partir desse processo de reformulação do currículo, como a capacitação pedagógica dos docentes, a diversificação dos cenários de práticas, e a reestruturação do ensino da clínica. Mas, sobretudo, permite considerar que a maior contribuição desse processo é o resgate da preocupação de todos com o ensino da graduação. Além disso, o ensino da Bioética pode contribuir para despertar no aluno a reflexão acerca da vida a partir de suas próprias experiências. Sobretudo quando o ensino da Bioética ocorre na prática, pela vivência de situações reais, que possibilitam ao aluno o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico baseado em circunstâncias em que os olhares dos alunos e pacientes podem se cruzar, as atitudes éticas são exercitadas e serão assimiladas mais facilmente pelos alunos. Enfim, para que a formação do aluno seja de fato integral, conforme descrito nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais e que culmine com o atendimento integral do paciente, é preciso haver o engajamento de toda a instituição. Isso deverá ocorrer por meio de mudanças epistemológicas na Instituição (o que está proposto pela reestruturação curricular), e por meio da participação de todos os docentes, que devem se envolver no processo de formação humanística, social e ética do aluno de graduação. / The attention to the human person requests the recognition of his/her dignity. For that, it is necessary that the person is perceived as a unique being, as a unity of body and spirit and in his/her totality, in other words, in several dimensions (biological, psychological, social and spiritual). To understand this necessary attention, in the extent of the formation in Dentistry, this study discusses the meaning of the curricular restructuring of Sao Paulo State University Dental School (FOUSP), of the teacher\'s contribution and of Bioethics for the student\'s integral formation, so this attention enables the integral approach of the health-disease process and that, consequently, promote the respect to the patient\'s dignity. It is qualitative study accomplished through ethnographic analysis and trough thematic analysis of content. For that, data collection consisted of observation - participant (the researcher\'s immersion for three years in the institution), of the analysis of documental data, of interviews with teachers and information obtained with under-graduation. The analysis of the activities promoted in reason of the participation of the institution in the Pró-saúde allows concluding that great progress has been observed as of the process of restructuring the curriculum, as the teachers\' pedagogic training, the diversification of practice sceneries and the restructuring of clinical teaching. But, above all, it allows considering that the largest contribution of this process is the rescue of the concern of all with the under graduation teaching. Besides, the teaching of Bioethics can contribute to rouse in the student the reflection on life from his/her own experiences. Above all when the teaching of Bioethics happens in practice, experiencing real situations, that allow the student to develop a critical thinking based on circumstances that students\' and patients glances can cross, ethical attitudes are exercised and will be assimilated more easily by the students. Finally, for the student\'s formation to be integral, as described in the National Curricular Guidelines and culminating with the integral care of the patient, the engagement of all the institution is necessary. This should happen through epistemological changes in the Institution (that is proposed by the curricular restructuring), and through participation of whole faculty that must be involved in the process of humanistic, social and ethical formation of the under graduation student.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:46:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013 / Introdução: Na atualidade, medicos sao criticados por se preocuparem apenas com o aspecto tecnico da profissao, deixando o componente do relacionamento em segundo plano, num processo que se convencionou chamar de desumanizacao da Medicina. Discute-se se intervencoes educativas na area da Bioetica e da Etica Medica podem alterar o quadro de regressao da capacidade de pensar problemas morais apresentada por estudantes de Medicina durante a graduacao. Neste trabalho, o surgimento da Bioetica e descrito como uma necessidade social de esclarecimento e orientacao moral, que gera um movimento internacional e transcultural cuja repercussao academica e a criacao de um espaco interdisciplinar. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficacia de um curso de Bioetica e do Metodo Konstanz de Discussao de Dilemas (KMDD) sobre a competencia do juizo moral e a competencia democratica de estudantes de medicina. Procedimentos Metodologicos: O Teste do Juizo Moral estendido (MJT-xt) foi aplicado antes e apos o curso de Bioetica para estudantes do 3º ano medico da Unifesp-EPM. Em 2010, foi ministrado o curso tradicional de Bioetica. Em 2011, o curso foi complementado por duas discussoes de acordo com o KMDD. Resultados: Um total de 165 sujeitos participou do estudo. As diferencas entre os diversos indices de competencia do juizo moral, antes e apos os cursos de Bioetica, em ambos os grupos, nao apresentaram significancia estatistica (Teste T Pareado, p < 0,05). O calculo da Magnitude Absoluta do Efeito (Absolute Effect Size, aES), entretanto, mostrou que o curso de Bioetica complementado pelas discussoes KMDD teve um impacto positivo, ainda que discreto, sobre a competencia do juizo moral dos estudantes quando comparado com o curso tradicional (aES = +1,8 para o indice principal). Discussao: As causas de um impacto tao discreto (inexperiencia do facilitador das discussoes, inadequacao dos dilemas utilizados) sao discutidas, bem como a necessidade de exploracao do aspecto afetivo, e nao apenas do cognitvo, do comportamento moral. Consideracoes Finais: E proposto que a Bioetica nacional promova uma ovirada educacionalo. Entende-se que a educacao pela e para a Bioetica pode propiciar o desenvolvimento de competencias ligadas ao raciocinio pratico e a democracia, empoderando os mais vulneraveis e sensibilizando os privilegiados (entre eles os futuros medicos) para lidarem com os problemas eticos e morais relacionados a Saúde. O desenvolvimento destas competencias pode melhorar o convivo social ao auxiliar no manejo das incertezas e ambiguidades da contemporaneidade / Introduction: Nowadays, physicians are criticized due to the fact that they commit themselves only to the technical aspects of the profession in detriment to its human relational component, in a proccess known as Medical Dehumanization. It is questioned if educative interventions in the fields of Bioethics and Medical Ethics could modify medical students’ moral judgment competence’s regression which takes place during undergraduation years. In this study, the emergence of Bioethics is described as a social need for ethical enlightenment and moral orientaion that produced an international transcultural movement whose academic repercussion is the emergence of a interdisciplinary field. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of a Bioethics course and of the Konstanz Method of Dilemma Discussion (KMDD) on medical students’ democratic and moral judgement competences. Methodology: The extended version of the Moral Judgement Test was applied at the begginning and by the end of a Bioethics’ course for 3rd year medical students in a Brazilian public university. In the year of 2010, the traditional Bioethics course was delievered. In 2011, this course was complemented by two discussions according to the KMDD. Results: 165 subjects participated ih the study. Differences among several scores of moral judgement competence, before and after the course, in both groups, were not statistically significant (Paired T Test, p < 0,05). Calculation of the Absolute Effect Size (aES), however, showed that the course complemented by KMDD’s discussions had a small positive effect on students’ moral judgement competence when compared to the traditional course. (aES=+1.8 for the main score). Discussion: Reasons for such a small impact (inexperience of discussion’s leading, inadequacy of the dilemma used) are discussed, as well as the need for further exploration of moral behaviour’s affective aspect, and not only of its cognitive components. Final Comments: Brazilian Bioethics should promote an “educational turn”. We believe that Bioethics’ education could develop competencies related to practical reasoning and democracy, empowering vulnerable people and sensitizing priviledged ones (among them the future physicians) to deal with ethical and moral problems in the healthcare field. The improvement of these competencies might help people to face the uncertainties and ambiguities of contemporary life and improve social relations. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

A atenção à pessoa humana requer o reconhecimento de sua dignidade. Para isso, é necessário que a pessoa seja percebida como ser único, como unidade de corpo e espírito e em sua totalidade, ou seja, nas suas diversas dimensões (biológica, psicológica, social e espiritual). Para compreender essa necessária atenção, no âmbito da formação em Odontologia, este estudo discute o significado da reestruturação curricular da FOUSP, da contribuição do docente e da Bioética para a formação integral do aluno, a fim de que essa atenção possibilite a abordagem integral do processo saúde-doença e que, consequentemente, promova o respeito à dignidade do paciente. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo realizado por meio de análise etnográfica e pela análise temática de conteúdo. Para isso, a coleta de dados consistiu de observação-participante (imersão da pesquisadora por três anos na instituição), da análise de dados documentais, de entrevistas com docentes e de informações obtidas de alunos da graduação. A análise das atividades promovidas em razão da participação da instituição no Pró-saúde permite concluir que grandes avanços têm sido percebidos a partir desse processo de reformulação do currículo, como a capacitação pedagógica dos docentes, a diversificação dos cenários de práticas, e a reestruturação do ensino da clínica. Mas, sobretudo, permite considerar que a maior contribuição desse processo é o resgate da preocupação de todos com o ensino da graduação. Além disso, o ensino da Bioética pode contribuir para despertar no aluno a reflexão acerca da vida a partir de suas próprias experiências. Sobretudo quando o ensino da Bioética ocorre na prática, pela vivência de situações reais, que possibilitam ao aluno o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico baseado em circunstâncias em que os olhares dos alunos e pacientes podem se cruzar, as atitudes éticas são exercitadas e serão assimiladas mais facilmente pelos alunos. Enfim, para que a formação do aluno seja de fato integral, conforme descrito nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais e que culmine com o atendimento integral do paciente, é preciso haver o engajamento de toda a instituição. Isso deverá ocorrer por meio de mudanças epistemológicas na Instituição (o que está proposto pela reestruturação curricular), e por meio da participação de todos os docentes, que devem se envolver no processo de formação humanística, social e ética do aluno de graduação. / The attention to the human person requests the recognition of his/her dignity. For that, it is necessary that the person is perceived as a unique being, as a unity of body and spirit and in his/her totality, in other words, in several dimensions (biological, psychological, social and spiritual). To understand this necessary attention, in the extent of the formation in Dentistry, this study discusses the meaning of the curricular restructuring of Sao Paulo State University Dental School (FOUSP), of the teacher\'s contribution and of Bioethics for the student\'s integral formation, so this attention enables the integral approach of the health-disease process and that, consequently, promote the respect to the patient\'s dignity. It is qualitative study accomplished through ethnographic analysis and trough thematic analysis of content. For that, data collection consisted of observation - participant (the researcher\'s immersion for three years in the institution), of the analysis of documental data, of interviews with teachers and information obtained with under-graduation. The analysis of the activities promoted in reason of the participation of the institution in the Pró-saúde allows concluding that great progress has been observed as of the process of restructuring the curriculum, as the teachers\' pedagogic training, the diversification of practice sceneries and the restructuring of clinical teaching. But, above all, it allows considering that the largest contribution of this process is the rescue of the concern of all with the under graduation teaching. Besides, the teaching of Bioethics can contribute to rouse in the student the reflection on life from his/her own experiences. Above all when the teaching of Bioethics happens in practice, experiencing real situations, that allow the student to develop a critical thinking based on circumstances that students\' and patients glances can cross, ethical attitudes are exercised and will be assimilated more easily by the students. Finally, for the student\'s formation to be integral, as described in the National Curricular Guidelines and culminating with the integral care of the patient, the engagement of all the institution is necessary. This should happen through epistemological changes in the Institution (that is proposed by the curricular restructuring), and through participation of whole faculty that must be involved in the process of humanistic, social and ethical formation of the under graduation student.