Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana_ Neres de Lima Model.pdf: 1114285 bytes, checksum: 5ac5451e63a53706eccc865aabd911c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Nitrification associated to autotrophic denitrification, up from an elemental sulfur as an electron donor, can be an adequate option during the post-treatment of anaerobic effluent, which contains ammoniacal nitrogen that should be nitrified, and whose low carbon concentrations (C/N<5) make heterotrophic denitrification difficult. Due to the alkalinity consumption in both processes, lime materials can be applied as alkalizing to ensure the nitrogen removal efficiencies. Therefore, based on this finding, this research has proposed nitrification application followed by autotrophic denitrification in a single reactor containing elemental sulfur and dolomitic limestone to remove nitrogen from an anaerobic effluent from a cold storage from poultry industry. Thus, this study was divided into three steps due to some gaps in literature on the application of autotrophic denitrification up from elemental sulfur in real effluents. In the first step, the performance of autotrophic denitrification was evaluated in four anoxic fixed-bed reactors of elemental sulfur and dolomitic lime at 4:0, 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 ratios. The reactors were submitted to constant nitrogen feed load (0.114 kg N m³ -1 d-1) under five initial alkalinity conditions (1,000, 800, 600, 400 and 200 mg CaCO3 L-1). The reactors showed similar behavior under those five evaluated experimental conditions. The greatest denitrification efficiencies (from 84.8 to 94.9%) were observed in the first three conditions, whose denitrification rate was 0.102 ± 0.002 kg NOx m³ -1 d-1 and apparent consumption of alkalinity superior to 244.8 mg CaCO3 L-1. Denitrification efficiencies tended to decrease due to the decrease in the initial concentration of alkalinity up from the third experimental condition (600 mg CaCO3 L-1) due to an excessive consumption and inadequate increase of alkalinity (< 180 mg CaCO3 L-1) from dolomitic limestone. During the second step, the anoxic reactor with bed composition (1: 3 ratio), whose initial alkalinity condition was 600 mg CaCO3 L-1, operated at 14, 10 and 6 h HRT. The reactor showed denitrification efficiencies of 94.4 ± 2.0; 94.9 ± 2; 71.1 ± 7.8% as well as denitrification rates of 0.115 ± 0.007; 0.164 ± 0.007 and 0.217 ± 0.025 kg NOx m³ -1 d-1 for HDT of 14, 10 and 6 hours, respectively. At the sixth hour-HRT, the applied overload and limited mass transfer may have contributed to performance decrease into the reactor due to the accumulation of gases in the bed. The third step approached about feeding strategies with mixing ammonified as well as nitrified one in different rates 1:3 (E1), 1:1 (E2) and 3:1 (E3) in anoxic-aerobic reactor of fixed bed with elemental sulfur: dolomitic limestone 1: 3, under 1,000 mg CaCO3 L-1 initial condition of alkalinity. The reactor presented some efficiencies of ammoniacal and total nitrogen removal of 67.3 ± 6.4 and 64.2 ± 6.3% for E1 condition, 63.4 ± 6.4 and 53.1 ± 7.1% for E2 and 14.2 ± 4.4 and 33.8 ± 1.7% for E3. The generation of hydrogen sulfide mainly from sulfur imbalance effect in anoxic compartment may have contributed to a partial inhibition of nitrifying bacteria. The difficulty in keeping the nitrification process was characterized as a limiting factor during nitrogen removal. Low total nitrogen removal efficiencies have implied that nitrification followed by autotrophic denitrification from elemental sulfur in a single reactor was inadequate to remove nitrogenous compounds of anaerobic effluent from a cold storage from poultry industry / A nitrificação acoplada à desnitrificação autotrófica, a partir do enxofre elementar como doador de elétrons, pode ser uma opção adequada no pós-tratamento de efluentes anaeróbios, os quais contêm nitrogênio amoniacal que deve ser nitrificado, cujas baixas concentrações de carbono (C/N<5) dificultam a desnitrificação heterotrófica. Devido ao consumo de alcalinidade nos dois processos, materiais calcários podem ser utilizados como alcalinizantes para garantir as eficiências de remoção do nitrogênio. Com base nessa constatação, esta pesquisa propôs a aplicação da nitrificação seguida da desnitrificação autotrófica em único reator contendo enxofre elementar e calcário dolomítico na remoção de nitrogênio de efluente anaeróbio proveniente de frigorífico avícola. Devido às lacunas presentes na literatura sobre a aplicação da desnitrificação autotrófica a partir do enxofre elementar em efluentes reais, esse estudo foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, avaliou-se o desempenho da desnitrificação autotrófica em quatro reatores anóxicos de leito fixo de enxofre elementar e calcário dolomítico nas proporções de 4:0, 3:1, 1:1 e 1:3. Os reatores foram submetidos à alimentação de carga nitrogenada constante de 0,114 kg N m³ -1 d-1 em cinco condições de alcalinidade inicial (1000, 800, 600, 400 e 200 mg CaCO3 L-1). Os reatores apresentaram comportamento semelhante nas cinco condições experimentais avaliadas. As maiores eficiências de desnitrificação (entre 84,8 e 94,9%) foram observadas nas três primeiras condições, com taxa de desnitrificação de 0,102±0,002 kg NOx m³ -1 d-1 e consumo aparente de alcalinidade superior a 244,8 mg CaCO3 L-1. As eficiências de desnitrificação tenderam a diminuir em função do decréscimo da alcalinidade inicial a partir da terceira condição experimental (600 mg CaCO3 L-1) devido ao consumo excessivo e ao incremento insuficiente de alcalinidade (<180 mg CaCO3 L-1) a partir do calcário dolomítico. Na segunda etapa, o reator anóxico com composição de leito na relação de 1:3, em condição inicial de alcalinidade de 600 mg CaCO3 L-1, foi operado em TDH de 14, 10 e 6 horas. O reator apresentou eficiências de desnitrificação de 94,4±2,0 e 94,9±2 e 71,1±7,8% e taxas de desnitrificação de 0,115±0,007, 0,164±0,007 e 0,217±0,025 kg NOx m³ -1 d-1 para os TDH de 14, 10 e 6 horas, respectivamente. No TDH de 6 horas, a sobrecarga aplicada e a limitada transferência de massa, devido ao acúmulo de gases no leito, podem ter contribuído para diminuição do desempenho do reator. A terceira etapa abordou estratégias de alimentação com mistura de efluentes amonificado e nitrificado em diferentes proporções de 1:3 (E1), 1:1 (E2) e 3:1 (E3) em reator anóxico-aeróbio de leito fixo de enxofre elementar: calcário dolomítico de 1:3 em condição inicial de alcalinidade de 1000mg CaCO3L-1. O reator apresentou eficiências de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal e total de 67,3±6,4 e 64,2±6,3% para a condição E1, 63,4±6,4 e 53,1±7,1% para E2 e 14,2±4 e 33,8±1,7% para E3. A geração de sulfeto de hidrogênio a partir, principalmente, do efeito de desproporção do enxofre no compartimento anóxico, pode ter contribuído para a inibição parcial das bactérias nitrificantes. A dificuldade em manter o processo de nitrificação foi caraterizada como fator limitante na remoção de nitrogênio. As baixas eficiências de remoção de nitrogênio total indicaram que a nitrificação seguida da desnitrificação autotrófica, a partir do enxofre elementar em único reator, não foi adequada para remover compostos nitrogenados de efluente anaeróbio de frigorífico avícola

Arctic ecosystems are sensitive to climate change and this biome is experiencing accelerated warming. Climate change in the arctic is projected to further alter precipitation and temperature patterns, which may influence land-water interactions in the future. Such changes have the potential to affect aquatic biofilm communities (i.e., algae, bacteria, and fungi) that form the base of riverine food webs, yet are sensitive to changes in thermal and light regimes, and are potentially limited by macronutrients like carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This study investigated the patterns of resource limitation for autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilms in the Arctic using nutrient diffusing substrata (NDS) in a river network in northern Sweden (Miellajokka). Continuous NDS deployments (March until September) in a birch forest stream were combined with a spatial survey of nutrient limitation in late summer across 20 sites that encompassed a variety of nutrient, light, and temperature combinations. Results show that nutrient limitation of autotrophic processes was common during summer, but also that light inhibited algal growth in early season, and that temperature accelerated rates of activity throughout the growing season. By comparison, heterotrophic processes were less influenced by temperature, unless experimentally supplied with N and P. Alongside persistent N limitation, co-limitation by macronutrients (NP: autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilm, or CNP: heterotrophic biofilm) dominated the overall pattern of limitation over time and space. However, results from the spatial survey suggested that the identity of the primary limiting nutrient can change from N to P, based on differences in chemistry that arise from varying catchment features. As arctic studies are often conducted at individual sites during summer, they may miss shifts in the drivers of stream productivity that arise from variable nutrient, temperature, and light regimes. This study attempted to capture those changes and identify conditions where one might expect to see transitions in the relative importance of physical and chemical factors that limit biofilm development. These results also highlight the challenge of identifying the single most important limiting nutrient (e.g., N versus P) in streams and rivers across the Arctic, as I found that both nutrients could play this role within a single, relatively small drainage system.

Este projeto estudou a influência do substrato na dinâmica do processo de formação do biofilme em espuma de poliuretano, em reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo diferenciais, alimentados com extrato de carne, glicose, amido, lipídeos e esgoto sanitário sintético. O estudo constitui em acompanhar a colonização das matrizes de espuma, ao longo do tempo, em relação a quantidade de biomassa aculumada, polímero extracelular produzido e características morfológicas das células presentes nos suportes retirados dos reatores diferenciais. O uso dessas técnicas permitiu o melhor entendimento do processo de aderência, além da verificação da composição morfológica e a estrutura do biofilme aderido ao suporte, possibilitando correlacionar a ocorrência de determinadas morfologias com cada etapa da colonização observada. A influência do substrato na dinâmica de aderência foi verificada devido aos diferentes padrões de colonização encontrados. Foi observada uma grande variabilidade morfológica em relação ao substrato utilizado. Todavia, uma grande ocorrência de organismos semelhantes a Methanosaeta sp foi verificada em todos os ciclos, principalmente em relação a Methanosarcina sp. O fenômeno de excreção de polímeros pareceu ser de fundamental importância no processo de colonização de matrizes de poliuretano, estando vinculado provavelmente à fixação das células aos suportes. A produção de polímeros, na etapa de aderência inicial, apresentou comportamento diferenciado para cada substrato utilizado. De acordo com os modelos propostos e as análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se que os polímeros extracelulares podem estar ligados ao entupimento de reatores de leito fixo, permanecendo no interior dos suportes e nos interstícios do leito, causando problemas operacionais. As rápidas partidas observadas em trabalhos utilizando reatores de leito fixo e espuma de poliuretano como suporte podem estar vinculadas à rápida aderência dos organismos em todos os ciclos estudados. / This work focused on the influence of the type of substrate on the process of biofilm formation onto polyurethane foam matrices, in differential horizontal anaerobic immobilized sludge reactors, fed with meat extract (protein), glucose, starch, lipid and synthetic domestic wastewater. It consisted of accompanying the colonization of foam matrices with time, regarding to biomass amount, extracellular polymers produced and the morphological characteristics of the cells present on the supports packed in the differential reactors. These techniques permitted a better understanding of the adhesion process, besides a verification of the morphological composition and the structure of the biofilm attached to the support, making possible a correlation of the particular morphologies occurrences with each colonization step. The influence of the substrate was verified due to the different colonization patterns found. It was observed considerable morphological variety depending on the substrate utilized. However, the presence of Methanosaeta sp.- like organisms was often verified in all cycles, specially Methanosarcina sp. The excretion of polymers seemed to be crucial in the colonization process of the polyurethane matrices, being probably related to the cell fixation on the support. The polymeric production, in the inital adhesion step, showed a particular behavior for each substrate employed. According to the proposed models and the scanning electronic microscopy analysis, it was verified that the extracellular polymers can be related to the clogging of the fixed-bed reactors, as it keeps into the supports and the bed interstices, causing operational problems. The fast start-ups observed in works using fixed-bed reactors and polyurethane foam as support can be related to the fast cell adhesion during all cycles studied.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade da aplicação de um reator anaeróbio híbrido &#40;RAnH&#41; em escala plena para tratamento de esgoto sanitário, contendo Biobob &#174; como meio suporte para imobilização celular. O reator possui volume útil igual a 2.495 m3 e foi resultado de uma adaptação de um reator UASB por meio da introdução de 1.000 m3 de material suporte Biobob&#174; em parte do volume reacional do reator, transformando-o em um reator anaeróbio híbrido com leito fixo e manta de lodo. O reator foi monitorado por 480 dias consecutivos, sendo avaliado seu desempenho frente ao aumento gradativo da vazão média e às vazões decorrentes de horários de pico e períodos com elevada pluviosidade. O reator apresentou bom desempenho durante todo o período operacional, mantendo a qualidade do efluente tratado &#40;DQO efluente média de 178 &#177; 30mg.L-1 e SST de 54 &#177; 25 mg.L-1&#41; mesmo quando submetido à elevadas cargas hidráulicas proporcionadas por períodos de alta pluviosidade, mostrando-se como uma excelente alternativa para aumento da capacidade de tratamento de reatores UASB sem a necessidade de ampliações físicas no reator. Para um TDH médio de 5,8 h, que corresponde a um período em que houve vários picos de vazão, o reator manteve-se estável durante todo o período, com valores no efluente de DQO e SST de 169 &#177; 24 mg.L-1 e 47 &#177; 17 mg.L-1, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 70&#37; do total da biomassa presente no reator encontra-se em suspensão no leito de lodo e 30&#37; encontra-se aderida aos meios suportes, sendo ambas as frações fundamentais para o bom desempenho e estabilidade do tratamento. O rendimento da produção de biomassa observada &#40;Yobs&#41; foi de 0,182 g SSV.g-1 DQOremovida. Considerando-se a carga orgânica removida por meio da DQO bruta afluente e da DQO filtrada efluente, o Y\'obs foi de 0,143 g SSV. g-1 DQOremovida. A produção de lodo &#40;considerando somente o descarte de sólidos pela via convencional &#41; foi de 0,073 g ST.g-1 DQO aplicada. Ambas as frações de biomassa &#40;suspensa e aderida&#41; apresentaram potencial metanogênico similar para condições com carga orgânica aplicada de 0,57 g DQO. g-1 SVT. A produção de energia elétrica estimada com o reaproveitamento do biogás gerado no RAnH, para a vazão média do período de 7.170 m3.d-1, foi de 31.798 kW.h.mês-1, o equivalente a 10 &#37; do consumo energético mensal atual da ETE. O aproveitamento dessa energia acarretaria em uma economia mensal de R&#36; 17.170,73. / This study aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing a hybrid anaerobic reactor &#40;HAnR&#41; at full scale for treating wastewater containing Biobob&#174; as a packing material for cell immobilization. The reactor volume is 2,495 m3 and was the result of an adaptation of a UASB reactor by introducing 1,000 m3 of packing material Biobob&#174; in the reaction volume of the reactor, turning it into a hybrid anaerobic reactor with fixed bed and sludge blanket. The reactor was monitored for 480 consecutive days and evaluated their performance with the gradual increase of the average flow and the flow resulting from peak hours and periods of high rainfall. The reactor showed good performance throughout the operational period, maintaining the quality of treated efluente &#40;COD effluent of 178 &#177; 30 mg. L-1 and TSS 54 &#177; 25 mg. L-1&#41; even when subjected to high hydraulic loads provided by rainy periods, showing up as an excellent alternative to increase the UASB treatment capacity without the need for expansion physical the reactor. For an average HRT of 5.8 h, which corresponds to a period in which there were several peaks flow, the reactor remained stable throughout the period, with values in the effluent COD and TSS of 169 &#177; 24 mg.L-1 and 47 &#177; 17 mg.L-1, respectively. Approximately 70&#37; of the total biomass present in the reactor was in suspension in the sludge bed and 30&#37; adhered to the support material, and both fractions fundamental to the performance and stability of the treatment. The observed yield of biomass production &#40;Yobs&#41; was 0.182 g CODr.VSS.g-1. Considering the organic load removed by the total COD of influent and effluent COD filtered, the Y\'obs was 0.143 g CODr.VSS.g-1. The sludge production &#40;considering only the disposal of solid by conventional means&#41; was 0.073 g COD.TS.g-1 .Both biomass fractions &#40;suspended and attached&#41; have similar potential to methanogenic conditions with organic load of 0.57 g COD.g-1 SVT. The production of electricity estimated to reuse biogas generated in HAnR, for the average flow of the period 7,170 m3.d-1, was 31,798 kW.h.mês-1, equivalent to 10&#37; of the current monthly energy consumption in the sewage treatment plant. The use of this energy would result in a monthly savings of R&#36; 17,170.73.

Poultry meat consumption in New Zealand has been increasing since 1975 with the highest peak reported in 2006. The total poultry meat consumption was 36.5 kg per capita in the year ending September 2006. Consumption of contaminated food with raw poultry can lead to campylobacteriosis, which is a food-borne disease that causes gastroenteritis in humans and it is a major problem in New Zealand. There were 12,776 reported cases of campylobacteriosis in 2007, which accounts for 65.9% of the overall notified diseases. Campylobacteriosis can lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome in some patients, an autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Campylobacteriosis is caused by consumption of either Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. Campylobacter spp. have been found in commercially raised poultry being infected predominantly by C. jejuni. C. jejuni has been found associated with biofilms of other bacterial species in the watering supplies and plumbing systems of animal husbandry facilities and animalprocessing plants. A biofilm is an assemblage of microbial cells that is associated with a surface and the cells are enclosed in a matrix of polysaccharides, which provides a survival advantage to the bacteria in the film. In this study, the ability to form biofilm was measured in a laboratory assay using microtitre plates. C. jejuni strains in monoculture were shown to attach to the abiotic surface and form biofilms to various degrees, thus potentially enhancing their survivability in the poultry environment. C. jejuni was also shown to have the ability to attach and survive in mixed-microbial populations. Biofilm formation may play a role in the epidemiology of C. jejuni infections. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus simulans may play a role in the biofilm formation in the poultry environment as both of these microorganisms were able to form, and harbour C. jejuni in their biofilms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa seemed to inhibit biofilm formation and C. jejuni in the mixed-microbial population. Further studies are required to establish control measures against the formation of biofilms containing C. jejuni in poultry processing plants and farms in New Zealand to reduce the reservoir of contamination and thus reduce the incidence of campylobacteriosis.

Les salmonelles sont l'une des premières causes d'infections bactériennes d'origine alimentaire. Depuis le début des années 1990, l'isolement de salmonelles multirésistantes aux antibiotiques a considérablement accru avec l'émergence des souches épidémiques Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 qui sont, pour la majorité, résistantes à l'ampicilline, le chloramphénicol, la streptomycine, les sulfamides et les tétracyclines. Les gènes codant ces résistances sont regroupés sur un intégron complexe de classe 1 nommé In104, localisé lui-même sur un îlot génomique de 43 kb désigné Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1). Depuis sa première identification chez S. Typhimurium DT104, SGI1 a été identifié à travers le monde chez plusieurs sérovars de Salmonella, et plus récemment chez Proteus mirabilis. Chez ces souches, la multirésistance aux antibiotiques est liée, soit à l'îlot SGI1 dans sa forme initialement décrite, soit à des variants de SGI1 correspondant à la structure initiale de SGI1 comportant des modifications au niveau de l'intégron complexe In104. L'îlot génomique Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) représente une préoccupation importante car le phénotype de multirésistance qu'il confère aux souches bactériennes est souvent responsable d'échecs thérapeutiques pouvant entrainer des complications importantes, voire la mort. Dans ce contexte, le travail de thèse a été centré sur l'enjeu sanitaire majeur représenté par cette diffusion épidémique du clone S. Typhimurium au cours des années 1990 chez l'homme et les bovins. Les travaux entrepris dans le cadre de la thèse ont eu, en premier lieu, l'objectif d'apprécier l'évolution moléculaire de SGI1 dix années après l'émergence de ces souches en élevage bovin, puis d'évaluer la diffusion de SGI1 chez des souches naturelles appartenant à d'autres genres bactériens que Salmonella. Il a ainsi été dressé un bilan de la multirésistance aux antibiotiques chez les souches de S. Typhimurium isolées de bovins malades en France de 2002 à 2007 et une recherche de la présence de SGI1, chez d'autres espèces bactériennes que Salmonella, et par sondage à partir de leurs phénotypes de résistance, a été mise en œuvre. Les résultats obtenus ont indiqué un faible pouvoir évolutif de SGI1 qui semble en contradiction avec les capacités moléculaires majeures de recombinaison et de transfert démontrées tant in vitro qu'in vivo. Les études menées ont toutefois permis la première description d'un nouveau variant, nommé SGI1-T, qui résulte d'une recombinaison intramoléculaire. Le deuxième grand objectif de la thèse a été de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance du rôle que pourrait avoir SGI1 dans la virulence bactérienne. Une première stratégie de modélisation expérimentale (salmonellose systémique murine) a ainsi été conduite, qui visait à comparer le pouvoir virulent in vivo de souches isogéniques ne se distinguant que par la présence ou l'absence de SGI1. Une seconde approche a été également menée, qui a consisté en une évaluation du rôle de SGI1 dans la formation de biofilms, l'organisation en biofilms favorisant une meilleure colonisation bactérienne, qui peut constituer à son tour un élément d'efficacité du pouvoir virulent final. Les résultats obtenus ont confirmé le rôle positif de SGI1 dans la formation de biofilms, et plus généralement son implication dans la signalisation cellulaire du Quorum Sensing.

Les réacteurs à biofilm aéré sur membrane sont des procédés innovants de traitement de l'eau. Les substrats nécessaires à la croissance bactérienne sont en contre-diffusion dans le biofilm. Ainsi, pour maitriser la capacité de traitement de ces réacteurs, il est nécessaire de comprendre le transfert de matière dans ces biofilms. Ce travail présente les résultats expérimentaux du transfert de matière mesuré par un traceur non réactif dans des biofilms mixtes hétérotrophes aérobies. Plusieurs conditions hydrodynamiques ont été appliquées pour la croissance des biofilms. La présence de convection dans les canaux de celui-ci a été mise en évidence au-delà d'un Nombre de Peclet de transition. Ensuite, la prise en compte de la convection via le coefficient de diffusivité relative vient compléter le transfert de matière dans les modèles de croissance de biofilm. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que la vitesse de consommation de la matière organique augmente avec le Nombre de Reynolds liée à une augmentation de la capacité de transfert des biofilms.

Les vasières intertidales sont le siège d'une forte production primaire sous la forme d'un biofilmmicrophytobenthique qui se développe en surface à marée basse. Ce biofilm se compose principalement de diatomées et de bactéries hétérotrophes. Ces deux composantes sécrètent des substances polymériques extracellulaires (EPS) qui jouent différents rôles dans le biofilm. Le travail présenté s'est basé sur différentes échelles d'observation (in situ à 2 saisons, mésocosme en laboratoire, et échelle fine du biofilm en microscopie confocale) et a permis de mettre en évidence les interactions des diatomées et des bactéries à différents moments de la marée et du nycthémère. L'utilisation d'une nouvelle méthode d'extraction des EPS a permis d'éclaircir leur rôle en évitant les contaminations par les substances internes provoquées par les méthodes classiques. Les EPS colloïdales particulièrement riches en glucose s'associent au déplacement des diatomées, notamment lors d'un stress (sursalure, carence en nutriments) et sont préférentiellement consommées par les bactéries, après leur dégradation par les enzymes ou leur hydrolyse dans l'eau interstitielle. Les EPS liées au frustule, et plus particulièrement les sucres, inhiberaient le développement bactérien à proximité de la cellule algale. Elles sont surtout sécrétées lors de la mise en place du biofilm et pour protéger la cellule quand les conditions sont osmotiquement défavorables et leur richesse en protéine leur confère un potentiel intéressant pour les bactéries qui peuvent les utiliser comme substrat azoté en cas de carence. D'autres substances ont été plutôt sécrétées parles bactéries telles que les N-acétylglucosamines et les protéines colloïdales de bas poids moléculaire,certainement des enzymes bactériennes, ainsi que le glucose qui semble être associé au EPS colloïdaux des diatomées mais aussi aux EPS bactériens selon l'analyse en microscopie confocale en utilisant des lectines comme marqueurs d'EPS.

<p>Bicyclic dihydrothiazolo fused 2-pyridones have been studied as a new class of antibacterial agents, termed pilicides, that target the formation of adhesive bacterial surface organelles (pili) in pathogenic bacteria. Synthetic methods to further functionalize the bicyclic 2-pyridone scaffold have been developed in order to increase water-solubility and thereby facilitate biological evalua-tions. This was accomplished by introducing aminomethylenes at the open position C-6. Tertiary amines were introduced via a microwave–assisted Mannich reaction and a synthetic route based on a formyl intermediate gave access to primary, secondary and tertiary amines, but also to other interesting functionalities. Biological evaluation confirmed that several of the function-alized compounds inhibited pili formation in uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i>., as dem-onstrated by assays of hemagglutination, biofilm formation and adherence to bladder cells. Co-crystallizing one of the pilicides with the target protein gave information about the binding site and based on this a mechanism of action was proposed, which was supported experimentally by surface plas-mon resonance and single point mutations in the protein.</p><p>Furthermore, the previously developed acylketene imine reaction used to prepare bicyclic thiazolo fused 2-pyridone pilicides has been developed to allow preparation of other ring-fused 2-pyridone systems. Benzo[a]quinolizine-4-ones and indolo[2,3-a]quinolizine-4-ones could be prepared in a fast and simple manner starting from dihydroisoquinolines and a β-carboline. Finally, this method could also be applied for the preparation of heteroatom analogs of the previously studied sulfur containing pilicides. Biological evaluations established that the sulfur atom can be replaced by oxygen and still maintain the ability to prevent pili assembly.</p>

Les présents travaux ont tenté de répondre à la double problématique des excès de phosphore (P) et de matières organiques (MO) présents dans les eaux du lac de Ribou à Cholet, Maine-et-Loire, France et donc 50% sont avérés être d'origine anthropique. Nos travaux ont permis dans un premier temps de diagnostiquer les conséquences de ces excès de polluants à travers la réalisation d'inventaires floristiques qui ont montré qu'un ensemble caractéristique de macrophytes et dénommé Phalaridae (comprenant notamment la baldingère encore appelée faux roseau) démontrait la forte pollution du milieu d'étude. Les inventaires nous ont aussi permis de proposer des espèces autochtones comme potentiellement intéressantes pour l'aménagement de zones humides plantées, solution de restauration pour l'épuration du milieu. Ensuite, l'étude s'est focalisée sur la composition chimique et microbiologique des biofilms épiphytiques (biofilms portés par les macrophytes inventoriés et présents au niveau de leur partie aérienne imergée) présents in situ. Cette approche a permis d'établir un diagnostic du milieu en mettant en avant le biofilm épiphytique comme procédé d'épuration des excès de P et de MO, mais aussi d'avancer, pour la première fois, le biofilm épiphytique comme bioindicateur de qualité d'une eau de retenue. Les outils mis en œuvre notamment pour l'étude de la composition chimique des biofilms furent : la fluorimétrie 3D, le COT mètre, la pyrolyse CG-SM, l'ICP-OES et le MEB/EDX. Des analyses complémentaires par ACP (analyses en composantes principales) ont permis de mieux visualiser les corrélations entre les différents paramètres physico-chimiques des eaux. Enfin des essais de dépollution en laboratoire ont permis la mise au point d'un nouveau bioréacteur à biofilm (BRB) qui sera utile dans l'avenir pour mener des études sur la biodégradabilité des micropolluants classiques des eaux naturelles : pesticides, nitrates, métaux lourds et aborder les micropolluants émergents tels les cyanotoxines, les drogues et médicaments humains et les médicaments vétérinaires.