Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Metallic materials play an essential role in assisting with the repair or replacement of bone tissue that has become diseased or damaged. Metals are more suitable for load bearing applications compared to ceramics or polymeric materials due to high mechanical strength and fracture toughness that are exhibited by metallic materials. However, the main limitation in the application of these metallic materials is the release of the toxic metallic ions. The release of these ions is caused by the interaction of metallic materials with human body fluids. These ions react with body tissue, which might lead to various adverse tissue reactions and/or hypersensitivity reactions. Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloys are one of the most useful alloys for biomedical applications such as dental and orthopedic implants because of acceptable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the use of these alloys in biomedical applications has of late come under scrutiny recently due to unacceptable revision rates of applications such as hip resurfacing and total hip arthroplasty designs. Failure analysis has demonstrated that solid and soluble wear debris and corrosion products resulted. This release of ions from the joints has resulted in adverse local tissue reactions. Laser-aided deposition is a material additive based manufacturing process via metallurgically bonding the deposited material to the substrate. Due to its capability to bond various materials together, it became an attractive technology. The principal aims of this study were to 1a) fabricate nanocomposite materials by depositing fluorapatite nanopowder onto the Co-Cr-Mo dental alloy using pulsed laser deposition and 1b) evaluate which laser beam energy and layer thickness, based on the exposure time period, would be applicable, and 2) evaluate bioactivity properties on biological material.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Dental alloys are widely used in direct contact with oral tissue. In recent years after the price of gold significantly increased, cheaper dental materials were generally considered in the market particularly dental alloys such as cobalt-chromium (Co–Cr), nickel-chromium (Ni–Cr) and titanium alloys. Cobalt– chromium alloys for example, are used in prosthetic for the fabrication of removable partial dentures and also for the fabrication of some fixed prosthetic appliances, due to its excellent properties such as biocompatibility, good mechanical behavior and corrosion resistant. In this work, the corrosion behavior of three different dental alloys, namely PD CASTA H, CERACAST NB Beryllium Free and PD 2000 alloys were studied and tested in Ringers solution (artificial saliva) at different pH values and temperature. The dental alloys were immersed in the Ringers solution for 14 days. The microstructure characterization and composition of selected alloys were done before and after 14 days of corrosion test on artificial saliva, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface roughness of the alloys was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The EDS, XRD, and TOF–SIMS were also used in the study. Electrochemical measurement on dental alloys was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV). A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as reference electrode, platinum was used as counter-electrode and Ni–Cr and Co–Cr alloys were used as working electrode. The polarization curves were plotted in the potential range of -1000 mV/SCE to +1000 mV/SCE at scanning rate of 0.2 mVss-1. It has been shown in the present study that the corrosion behavior of PD CASTA H and PD 2000 alloys, containing Co and a high Cr content, displays the best corrosion resistance compared to CERACAST NB alloy. The influence in the temperature and pH of the solution had effects on the properties of dental alloys. The electrochemical behavior of dental alloys were studied to provide a comprehensive examination of various biomedical materials used in dental application. However, the surface roughness and the surface morphology of the alloys are very important in dental study and application.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Guastaldi / Banca: José Augusto Marcondes Agnelli / Banca: Margarida Júri Saeki / Resumo: As propriedades do polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular (PEUAPM), tais como módulo de elasticidade semelhante ao osso e baixo coeficiente de fricção, tornam este polímero muito utilizado como biomaterial para a substituição óssea, contudo, por se tratar de um material bioinerte, sua fixação ao tecido ósseo somente é possível pela utilização de componentes metálicos e cimentos ósseos à base de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), os quais são relacionados a efeitos biológicos severos. As biocerâmicas de fosfatos de cálcio, denominadas apatitas, são materiais que apresentam bioatividade satisfatória, ligando-se quimicamente aos tecidos vivos e dependendo de suas fases, apresentam propriedades biológicas diferenciadas, pois suas velocidades de degradação não são iguais. O compósito obtido pela combinação satisfatória do PEUAPM com diferentes fases de apatitas deve proporcionar a obtenção de um biomaterial adequado para a regeneração e reposição do tecido ósseo com atividades biológicas diferenciadas. Neste trabalho, compósitos de PEUAPM com diferentes fases de apatita de importância biológica foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de obter um biomaterial adequado para a reposição e regeneração óssea com a combinação das propriedades mecânicas do polímero com a bioatividade satisfatória das apatitas. Foram obtidas as seguintes fases de apatitas: fosfato de cálcio amorfo (ACP), hidroxiapatita (HA), fosfato tricálcico (TCP) e fosfato octacálcico (OCP) por via úmida. A caracterização das biocerâmicas de fosfatos de cálcio foi realizada utilizando-se as técnicas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura - MEV, Difratometria de Raios X - DRX e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho - IV. Biocompósitos de PEUAPM com 20, 30 e 40 % em massa das diferentes fases de apatita (ACP, HA / -TCP e OCP) foram obtidos pela... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The properties of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), as modulus of elasticity similar to bone and low coefficient of friction, make this polymer widely used as biomaterial for bone replacement, however, because it is a bio-inert material, its attachment to bone tissue is only possible by the use of metal components and bone cements based on polymethylmethacrylate, which are related to severe biological effects. The bio-ceramics of calcium phosphate, called apatite, are materials that have satisfactory bioactivity by binding chemically to living tissue and depending on their stages have different biological properties, because their speed of degradation are not equal. The association of UHMWPE with different stages of apatite provide to obtain a suitable biomaterial for the regeneration and replacement of bone tissue with different biological activities. In this study, composites of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) with different apatite phases of biological importance were developed, aiming to obtain a suitable biomaterial for bone replacement and regeneration, with the combination of mechanical properties of the polymer with satisfactory bioactivity of apatite. Were obtained the following apatite phases: amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) by a wet process. The characterization of the bio-ceramics of calcium phosphate was performed using the techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM, X-Ray Diffractometry - XRD and Infrared Spectroscopy - FTIR. Biocomposites of UHMWPE with 20, 30 and 40% by weight of the different phases of apatite (ACP, HA / -TCP and OCP) were obtained by direct mixing of powders in a mortar, followed by the milling process. The method chosen to obtain the biocomposites... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Estevão Tomomitsu Kimpara / Co-orientador: Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro / Banca: Rubens Nisie Tango / Banca: Marina Amaral / Banca: Luís Augusto Sousa Marque da Rocha / Banca: André da Silva Antunes / Resumo: As ligas de Co-Cr têm o uso consagrado para reabilitação oral com próteses dentárias. Os procedimentos reabilitadores orais por implantes osseointegrados destacaram novas necessidades biomecânicas e estruturais das ligas metálicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e caracterizar três ligas metálicas de CoCr-Mo experimentais, para aplicação odontológica. Foram confeccionadas ligas de Co-Cr-Mo, com percentuais crescentes de Mo (6, 7 e 8% - A, B e C, respectivamente), por duas técnicas de processamento: L2, fusão para acréscimo de Mo a uma liga comercial certificada (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996) (L1); e L3, fusão dos metais Co, Cr e Mo, comercialmente puros. As ligas em estudo foram caracterizadas microestruturalmente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), difração de raios X (DRX), fluorescência de raios X (XDR); fisicamente por microdureza, resistência à corrosão. Fibroblastos dérmicos humanos foram utilizados para avaliar a citotoxicidade das ligas experimentais após 1, 4 e 7 dias de cultura celular. Organização citoesquelética, adesão, viabilidade, morfologia e diferenciação celular foram avaliados por microscopia de fluorescência, análise bioquímica e MEV. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as ligas experimentais (L2A, L2B, L2C, L3A, L3B e L3C) apresentaram desempenho microsestrutural, mecânico e citotóxico superior à L1, sendo indicada para utilização biomédica e odontológica / Abstract: In Dentistry, the Co-Cr alloys are general used for oral rehabilitation by dental prosthesis. The oral rehabilitation procedures by osseointegrated implants point out to new metal alloys' biomechanical and structural necessities. The aim of this study was develop and characterize three experimental Co-Cr-Mo alloys, for dental application. Three alloys will be made out with different Mo's percentages by two processing techniques: L2, casting by addition of Mo to a certified commercial Co-Cr alloy (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996) (L1); and L3, casting of purified commercial metals (Co, Cr, Mo). The experimental alloys were characterized by microstructure by digital optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence; and mechanically by microhardness and corrosion resistance. Human dermal fibroblasts were used to evaluate the biocompatibility of experimental Co-Cr alloys after 1, 4 and 7 days of culture. Cellular adhesion, proliferation, viability, cytoskeletal organization and morphology were investigated using fluorescence microscope, biochemical assay and SEM. Based on data was possible to concluded that experimental alloys (L2A, L2B, L2C, L3A, L3B e L3C) shown higher performance for microstructure, mechanical and cytotoxic as L1 and they are recommend to biomedical and dentistry applications / Doutor

At its primary level (nm scale) bone is a nanocomposite consisting of a mineral (hydroxyapatite) phase which gives bone its strength and an organic (type I collagen) phase giving bone its fracture toughness. Hydroxyapatite, (HAP) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Bone tissue has a complex hierarchical structure spanning multiple length scales (cm to nm). Characterization of mineral composition in biomineralized tissues such as bone at their primary level, is very challenging and requires instrumentation with nanometer-scale spatial resolution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combines high spatial resolution with visual correlation of diffraction and elemental-composition data. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a sensitive technique used to probe electronic structure at the molecular level. TEM-based EELS is the only available technique that can provide information about the chemical and coordination environment of minerals with nm scale spatial resolution. Prior studies in our group has developed a method to create biomimetic HAP using biomineralization routes inside the clay galleries of montmorillonite clay modified with amino acids (in-situ HAPclay). Incorporation of in-situ HAPclay into polymer scaffolds and seeding with human mesenchymal stem cells has enabled the cells towards differentiation into osteoblastic lineages without differentiating media. Because of the importance of these materials for bioengineering applications, TEM-EELS was used to evaluate differences and similarities among HAP, biomimetic in-situ HAPclay, modified MMT clay, and β-tricalcium phosphate. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is an inheritable disease characterized by increased bone fragility, low bone mass, and bone deformity caused primarily by mutation in collagen type I genes and is expressed as changes in structure and mechanics at the macrostructural level of bone. Therefore the mineralization of HAP in OI bone and the molecular basis of OI bone disease makes this an interesting system for molecular-level investigations. Small changes in the valence band and outer electronic structures of the diseased bone have been revealed through EELS. These small changes observed in the electron energy-loss spectra of the OI bone appear to play important biological roles towards development of the disease. / National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. 0619098, 0821655, 0923354, and 1229417

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The interface between tendon/ligament and bone tissue is a complex transition of biochemical, cellular, and mechanical properties. Investigating computational and tissue engineering models that imitate aspects of this interface may supply critical design parameters for designing future tissue replacements to promote increased biochemical and mechanical integration between tendon/ligament and bone. Strategies for modeling this tissue have typically focused on the development of heterogeneous structures to create gradients or multiphasic materials that mimic aspects of the transition. However, further work is required to elucidate the role of specific mechanical and material stimuli in recapitulating features of the tendon/ligament-bone insertion. In particular, in constructs that exhibit variation in both mechanical and biochemical properties, the interplay of mechanical, material, and chemical signals can complicate understanding of the particular factors at work in interface formation. Thus, the overall goal of this dissertation was to provide insight into the role of mechanical strain and scaffold degradability on cell behavior within heterogeneous biomaterials. Specifically, a method for determining cell vertical position within a degradable gel through a laminated interface was developed. A computational model was created to examine possible variation in local mechanical strain due to heterogeneity in mechanical properties and different interface geometries. Finally, the influence of biomaterial degradability on changes in encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cell morphology under response to cyclic mechanical strain was explored. Together, these studies provide insight into mechanical and material design considerations when devising tissue engineering strategies to regenerate the tendon/ligament-bone interface.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the modern, fast moving society of today, there is a strong focus in research placed on the elimination of lengthy invasive medical procedures. Target specific, and chemo selective treatments are of great interest. Various advantages of this include patient comfort and over and above all cost reduction of invasive procedures. This project focused on the development of an injectable gel system with the use of biocompatible polymers. A system is regarded as injectable if the functional polymers are in solution before administration, but gels when added together. In order to design this system, one has to make use of polymers with complimentary functional groups. Telechelic amino-functionalized PVP with narrow molecular weight distribution was synthesized via RAFT-mediated polymerization. The polymer was thoroughly characterized and cross-linked with Poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) to form a three dimensional polymeric network capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water and or biological fluid. Unfortunately the cross-linking needed to be performed in non-aqueous solution due to hydrolysis of maleic anhydride as a competing reaction in water. The gel was used in two model studies. The first model study focused on the attachment of a synthetic polypeptide onto the gel. The second model study evaluated the cytotoxicity effects of these gels when placed in direct contact with rodent cardiac myoblast and myocyte cells. These studies rendered promising results for future biological applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die moderne, vinnig bewegende samelewing van vandag, word daar in navorsing, 'n sterk fokus geplaas op die uitskakeling van lang indringende mediese prosedures. Doel spesifieke, en chemo selektiewe behandelings is van groot belang. Verskeie voordele van hierdie is die toename in gemak van die pasiënt en die verlaging van kostes verbonde aan hierdie indringende prosedures. Hierdie projek het gefokus op die ontwikkeling van 'n inspuitbare gel stelsel deur gebruik te maak van biologiese aanvaarbare polimere. ‘n Stelsel word beskou as inspuitbaar, indien die funksionele polimere in oplossing is voor toediening, maar wel kan gel wanneer bymekaar gevoeg word. Om hierdie tipe stelsel te kan ontwerp moet daar gebruik gemaak word van polimere met beskikbare funksionele groepe. Telecheliese amino-funksionele Poly(N-vinielpirollideen) met 'n smal molekulêre gewig verspreiding is gesintetiseer deur middel van RAFT-bemiddelde polimerisasie. Die polimeer is deeglik gekarakteriseer en daarna gekruis-koppel met P(STY-alt-MAnh) om 'n driedimensionele polimeriese netwerk te vorm. Hierdie netwerk is dan ook in staat om groot hoeveelhede water en/of biologiese vloeistof te absorbeer en te behou. Ongelukkig was hierdie reaksie uitgevoer in ʼn nie-waterige oplossing as gevolg van die hidrolise van Maleïne anhydride as 'n mededingende reaksie in water. Die gel is in twee model studies gebruik. Die eerste model-studie het gefokus op die beslaglegging van 'n sintetiese polipeptied op die gel. Die tweede model studie het die sitotoksiese uitwerking van hierdie gels in direkte kontak met knaagdier hart myoblast en lymfocyten selle geëvalueer. Hierdie studies het dan ook belowende resultate vir toekomstige biologiese toepassings gelewer.

published_or_final_version / Orthopaedics and Traumatology / Master / Master of Philosophy