Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Bruce R. Locke, Florida State University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 12, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 250 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

This work examines the chemical and physical effects of a material treatment process on the biopolymers PEEK, POM-h, POM-c, PTFE and UHMWPE. The polymers are analyzed physically and chemically using atomic force microscopy, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, contact angle measurement, FT infra-red spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. PEEK is found to be the most suitable polymer and FT Infra-red spectroscopy an informative analytic tool.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The potential use of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactor is limited by the extended start-up periods due to the time-consuming granulation process and the fact that seeding inoculum is not freely available in most developing countries like South Africa. The mass cultivation of granules would provide the waste water treatment industry with suitable seeding inoculum and, therefore, an efficient waste water treatment option would be more easily available. By applying 'stress' conditions on a bioreactor system seeded with raw anaerobic sludge, the population dynamics of the anaerobic community change and the acidogens start to produce extracellular polymers, which in turn enhance the granulation process by providing a matrix for the bacterial cells to adhere to. These "environmental stress" conditions include changes in the C:P:N ratio's. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the impact of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the enhancement of granulation in a batch system, and to determine the best preservation technique in terms of retainment of activity. It was found that the carbon source and concentration had a significant influence on batch granule enhancement. Low concentrations (2.g.l ̄ ¹) of glucose gave the best granule enhancement over a 14 day incubation period. Fruit cocktail effluent was found to be a cheap and effective carbon source for batch granule cultivation. It was found that different nitrogen sources did not have the same impact on granule enhancement, however, urea, at all concentrations tested, gave the best granule enhancement. A major problem encountered during the study was the standardisation of the inoculum. Significant granule enhancement comparisons between the different carbon sources were impeded by the lack of a suitable and reliable form of sludge standardisation. Future research needs to address this problem of the standardisation of the sludge inoculum as this would lead to more kinetically comparable results. Mass granule culturing will require granule preservation without risking the loss of activity. In the second study, six different preservation techniques and storage periods were evaluated in terms of the retainment of activity. These involved freeze-drying, vacuum freeze-drying, vacuum-drying, freezing, cold storage and room temperature preservation. Activity testing was used for comparing the efficiency of the different preservation techniques in terms of the tempo of biogas and methane production. Freeze-drying the granules, with storage for up to 90 days was found to give the best retainment of activity, followed by vacuum freeze-drying. The room temperature preserved samples showed a sudden increase in activity by day 120, which could possibly be explained by cell hydrolysis of the granules after day 90. The highest activity was achieved after 10 h of incubation, and it was, therefore, suggested that activity testing for evaluation purposes should use an incubation time of only 10 h. Furthermore, only the basic test medium with added glucose should be used for activity testing as it was observed that the addition of lactate and acetic acid played no decisive role in determining the level of activity of the granules. This study recommends the use of low concentrations of glucose for optimum granule enhancement during the mass cultivation of granules, and the addition of low concentrations of lactate to ensure a stable system with no acidification. It is also advisable to use a standardised sludge inoculum, as this will allow more efficient comparisons. Freeze-drying is recommended as preservationtechnique as this technique showed the best retainment of activity. A storage period of 90 days is, however, too short to be of much use for the industry. This will have to be investigated, together with the phenomenon of increased activity after 90 days as shown by the room temperature preserved granules. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die potensiële gebruik van die "uptflow anaerobic sludge blanket" (UASB) bioreaktor word beperk deur verlengde aansitprosedure as gevolg van die tydsame granulasieproses en die feit dat geskikte inokulums nie vrylik beskikbaar is in die meeste ontwikkelende lande, bv. Suid-Afrika nie. Die massa-kweking van granules sal die afvalwater-industrie voorsien van 'n geskikte inokulum, en sodoende 'n effektiewe opsie vir die behandeling van afvalwater beskikbaar stel. Deur die aanwending van "stres" toestande op 'n reaktor, wat geinokuleer is met rou anaerobe slyk, vind daar 'n verandering in die samestelling van die anaerobe populasie plaas. Die laktaat-benuttende asidogene begin om ekstrasellulêre polisakkariede te produseer wat die granulasieproses versnel deur 'n matriks te voorsien waaraan die bakteriële selle kan heg. Hierdie "omgewings stres" toestande sluit veranderinge in die C:P:N verhoudings in. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die invloed van verskillende koolstof- en stikstofbronne op die vermeerdering van granules te bepaal, asook om die beste preserveringstegniek in terme van die behoud van aktiwiteit te bepaal. Daar is gevind dat die koolstofbron en konsentrasie 'n betekenisvolle invloed op granule-vermeerdering het. Lae konsentrasies glukose (2 g.I ̄ ¹) het tot die grootste vermeerdering in granules oor 'n 14 dae inkubasieperiode gelei. Vrugtekelkie-afvalwater is geidentifiseer as 'n goedkoop en effektiewe koolstofbron wat ook gebruik kan word vir die kweking van granules. Voorts is gevind dat die stikstofbron en konsentrasie nie so 'n groot invloed op granule-vermeerdering het nie. Urea het nietemin die beste granule-vermeerdering vir al die konsentrasies wat getoets is, gegee. Standaardisasie van die inokulum was 'n groot probleem gedurende die studie. Betekenisvolle vergelykings tussen die granule-vermeerderings verkry met die verskeie groeimedia is bemoeilik deur die afwesigheid van 'n geskikte en betroubare standaardisasie-metode. Toekomstige navorsing moet hierdie probleem aanspreek aangesien dit sal lei tot meer kineties vergelykbare resultate. Massa-kweking van granule sal 'n metode van granule-preservering vereis sonder enige verlies van aktiwiteit. In die tweede studie is ses verskillende preserverings-tegnieke en opbergings-periodes in terme van die behoud van aktiwiteit geëvalueer. Die tegnieke sluit in: vriesdroging; vakuum-vriesdroging; vakuumdroging; bevriesing; koelopberging en kamertemperatuur-preservering. Aktiwiteitstoetsing is gebruik vir die vergelyking van die effektiwiteit tussen die verskillende preserverings-tegnieke in terme van die tempo van biogas- en metaanproduksie. Die granules wat met behulp van die vriesdroogtegniek gepreserveer is, het die beste behoud van aktiwiteit getoon, gevolg deur die vakuum-gevriesdroogde granules. Die monsters wat by kamertemperatuur gepreserveer is, het 'n skielike toename in aktiwiteit na 120 dae van opberging getoon en 'n moontlike verklaring vir hierdie verskynsel kan sel-hidrolise van die granules na 90 dae van opberging wees. Die meeste aktiwiteit is behaal na 'n 10 h inkubasietyd, en dus word hierdie inkubasietyd aanbeveel indien aktiwiteitstoetse vir evaluerings-doeleindes gedoen word. Verder word aanbeveel dat slegs die glukose-verrykte basiese toetsmedia vir aktiwiteitstoetsing gebruik word aangesien die byvoeging van laktaat en asynsuur geen noemenswaardige rol speel in die bepaling van die vlak van aktiwiteit van die granules nie. Hierdie studie beveel die gebruik van lae glukosekonsentrasies aan vir optimale vermeerdering van granules tydens die massakweking daarvan, asook die byvoeging van lae konsentrasies laktaat om 'n stabiele sisteem met geen versuring te verseker. Die gebruik van 'n gestandaardiseerde slyk-inokulum word sterk aanbeveel aangesien dit meer vergelykbare resultate lewer. Vriesdroging (as preserveringstegniek) het die beste behoud van aktiwiteit in die granules getoon en word dus as preserveringstegniek aanbeveel. 'n Opbergingsperiode van 90 dae is egter te kort om van veel waarde vir die industrie te wees. Hierdie probleem, asook die verskynsel van 'n verhoging in aktiwiteit na 90 dae van die granules wat by kamertemperatuur gepreserveer is, moet verder ondersoek word.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The start-up period of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactors can significantly be reduced by enhancing the time-consuming granulation process through the batch cultivation of anaerobic granular sludge and thus seeding the reactor with this cultivated granular sludge, instead of raw anaerobic sludge. The precise mechanism for granule formation is not well known, but it is believed that extracellular polymers (ECP) play a critical role in the granulation process. Information on the precise role of ECP is also limited and no universal standardised method for ECP extraction is used at present. Therefore, comparison of results from different researchers has to be made with great caution. The objectives of this study were to evaluate an ECP extraction methód so as to optimise the extraction time, and then to correlate ECP composition of UASB granules with granule metabolic activity. The impact of changes in the environmental conditions, such as sludge sources (Paarl and Kraaifontein-sludge), carbon growth substrates (yeast extract lactate, glucose medium and fruit cocktail effluent) and batch cultivation techniques (roller-table and shake-waterbath), on batch cultivation studies was also evaluated in terms of granule activity, ECP composition and granule formation. A physical extraction method was used to quantify the ECP content of UASB granules from six different sources. The optimal extraction time was taken as the time needed before cell lysis took place, and before intracellular material started contributing to the ECP content of the granules. It was concluded that the ECP composition was affected by the wastewater composition fed to the original UASB reactors, It was also found that the activity test results could be used to indirectly predict the activity of the different trophic groups present in the UASB granules. A correlation was found between the activity test results and the total ECP content, and this showed that the granules with the higher ECP yields exhibited greater biogas (SB) and methanogenic (SM) activities. However, based on the activity data and total ECP content, it appeared that a protein:carbohydrate ratio < 1 affected the activity of the granules, The sludge source used as inoculum for batch cultivation of anaerobic granular sludge had a significant effect on granule formation. The use of a pre- granulated raw anaerobic sludge, such as the Paarl-sludge, resulted in a greater increase in granule numbers at the end of the cultivation period. The acetic acid activity profiles showed that the acetoclastic methanogens that are involved in initiation of granulation by nucleus formation, were inactive or absent in the different batch systems, with the exception of the roller-table glucose cultivated Kraaifontein-sludge (RKG) batch system. The addition of glucose as carbon growth substrate for batch cultivation not only enhanced the activity of the acidogenic population, but also led to the establishment to a greater variety of granule trophic groups within all the glucose cultivated batch systems. The addition of fruit cocktail effluent as carbon substrate enhanced ECP production in the Paarl-sludge cultivated batch systems. However, the addition of carbon substrates showed no discernible trend on granule formation itself. The roller-table cultivation technique resulted in the higher increase in granule numbers, and it was speculated that the more vigorous shake-waterbath technique probably shortened the contact time between biomass and substrate. Large variations in the ECP composition of the different batch systems were found, and these were ascribed to the composition heterogeneity of different sludges. For future studies, it is advisable to characterise sludge, both chemically and microbiologically before using as inoculum. The selection of an appropriate sludge inoculum should then lead to optimisation of the granulation process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aanvangsperiode van "Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed" (UASB) bioreaktors kan noemenswaardig verminder word deur die tydsame granulasie proses te versnel deur die vooraf lot-kweking van anaërobe granulêre slyk waarmee 'n reaktor dus geïnokuleer kan word in plaas van rou anaërobe slyk. Die presiese meganisme van granulevorming is nog nie welbekend nie, maar daar word beweer dat ekstrasellulêre polimere (ECP) wel 'n kritiese rol speel in die granulasie proses. Inligting; oor die presiese rol van ECP is ook nog beperk, en tans word daar nog , geen universele standaard metode vir ECP-ekstraksie gebruik nie. Gevolglik moet resultate vanaf verskeie navorsers met groot omsigtigheid vergelyk word. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om 'n ECP ekstraksiemetode te evalueer deur die ekstraksietyd te optimiseer, en dan te korreleer met die ECP samestelling en metaboliese aktiwiteit van die UASB granules. Die inwerking van veranderinge in omgewingskondisies, soos slykbronne (Paarl- en Kraaifontein-slyk), koolstofbronne (gisekstrak-Iaktaat-, glukose-medium en vrugtekelkie-uitvloeisel) en lot-kwekingstegnieke (rol-tafel en skud-waterbad) op lot-kweking studies in terme van granule aktiwiteit, ECP-samestelling en granulevorming is ook ondersoek. 'n Fisiese ekstraksie metode is gebruik om die ECP-inhoud van UASB granules vanaf ses verskillende bronne te bepaal. Die optimale ekstraksietyd is geneem as die tyd benodig voordat sellise sal plaasvind en die intrasellulêre materiaal 'n bydrae sal lewer tot die ECP-inhoud van granules. Dit is afgelei dat die ECP-samestelling beïnvloed word deur die samestelling van die afvalwater wat vir die oorspronklike UASB bioreaktors gevoer is. Voorts is gevind dat die aktiwiteitstoets resultate indirek gebruik kan word vir die voorspelling van aktiwiteit van die verskillende trofiese groepe wat in die UASB granules teenwoordig is. 'n Korrelasie is gevind tussen die aktiwiteitstoets resultate en die totale ECP-inhoud wat aangedui het dat granules met hoër ECP opbrengste, beter biogas (SB) en metanogeniese (SM) aktiwiteit getoon het. Volgens die aktiwiteitsdata en totale ECP-inhoud het dit egter geblyk dat 'n proteïen:koolhidraat verhouding < 1 die aktiwiteit van granules beïnvloed het. Die slykbron wat as inokulum gebruik is vir lot-kweking van' anaërobiese granulêre slyk het 'n noemenswaardige invloed gehad op granulevorming. Die gebruik van 'n rou anaërobe slyk wat reeds 'n mate van granulasie getoon het, soos die Paarl-slyk, het 'n hoër toename in granule getalle aan die einde van die kwekingsperiode teweeg gebring. Die asynsuur aktiwiteitsprofiele het aangedui dat die asetoklastiese metanogene, wat hoofsaaklik betrokke is by inisiëring van granulasie deur kernvorming, onaktief of afwesig was in al die verskillende lotsisteme, met die uitsondering van die roltafel glukose-gekultiveerde Kraaifonteinslyk (RKG) lot-sisteem. Die toevoeging van glukose as koolstofbron vir lot-kweking het nie alleenlik die aktiwiteit van die asidogene populasie verhoog nie, maar het ook bygedra tot die vestiging van 'n groter verskeidenheid van granule trofiese groepe. Die toevoeging van vrugtekelkie-uitvloeisel as koolstofbron het die produksie van ECP verhoog in die Paarl-slyk gekweekte lot-sisteme. Die toevoeging van koolstofsubstrate het egter geen merkbare verandering getoon in granulasie opsigself nie. Die rol-tafel kwekingstegniek het 'n hoër toename in granule getalle tot gevolg gehad, en dit is gespekuleer dat die meer kragtige skud-waterbad tegniek waarskynlik die kontaktyd tussen die substraat en biomassa verkort het. Groot variasies is gevind in die ECP-samestelling van die verskillende lotsisteme, en dit is toegeskryf aan die heterogene samestelling van die verskillende slyke. Vir toekomstige navorsing is dit raadsaam om slyk voor gebruik as inokulum beide chemies en mikrobiologies te karakteriseer. Die keuse van 'n geskikte slyk-inokulum sal bydra tot die optimisering van die granulasie proses.

CAPES / As indústrias de celulose são caracterizadas pelo alto consumo de água em seus processos produtivos, gerando consequentemente grandes volumes de efluentes líquidos que apresentam na maior parte de sua composição compostos lignínicos, matéria orgânica, cor e toxicidade. O efluente de celulose, quando não tratado ou tratado de forma indevida, pode comprometer a qualidade da água dos corpos receptores, por conter substâncias tóxicas à comunidade aquática. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de tratamento de efluente de celulose e papel por reator MBBR, através da remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO e DBO5), compostos fenólicos, cor, compostos lignínicos e aromáticos. Para isso um reator MBBR em escala de bancada foi operado por 180 dias com diferentes velocidades de carga orgânica 0,2; 0,4; 1,2; 4,0; 9,0 kgDQO/L.d. Neste foi quantificada também a biomassa aderida e em suspensão na massa liquida. O efluente analisado apresentou 48 e 94% de remoção de DQO e DBO5 respectivamente, também houve remoção de compostos fenólicos e cor de 24 e 12% para VCO de 0,4 kgDQO/L.d, para mesma VCO a remoção de compostos lignínicos e aromáticos foi de 16 e 8,5 % respectivamente. / The pulp mills are characterized by high water consumption their production processes, thereby generating large volumes of effluents that present in most of composition lignínicos compounds, organic matter, color and toxicity. The wastewater from pulp, if left untreated or treated improperly, can compromise the water quality of receiving waters, which contain substances toxic to the aquatic community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment of pulp and paper by MBBR reactor, through the removal of organic matter (COD and BOD5), phenolic compounds, color, and aromatic compounds lignínicos. To this reactor MBBR bench scale was operated for 180 days with different speeds organic load 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 4.0, 9.0 kgCOD / Ld This was also quantified and attached biomass in suspension in the liquid mass. The wastewater analysis showed 48 and 94% removal of COD and BOD5 respectively, were also removing phenolic compounds and color of 24 and 12% for 0.4 kgDQO VCO / Ld VCO same for removal of aromatic compounds and was lignínicos 16 and 8.5% respectively.

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Submitted by Weslei Diego Pavini null (wesleydiego@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T14:13:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação mestrado - Weslei D. Pavini.pdf: 7330663 bytes, checksum: a86ba8ec10a0627ea18d3883c094b461 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T18:18:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pavini_wd_me_araiq_par.pdf: 737035 bytes, checksum: 22742b425e546a6ef2e994294d7d9349 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T18:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pavini_wd_me_araiq_par.pdf: 737035 bytes, checksum: 22742b425e546a6ef2e994294d7d9349 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Biorreatores têm sido estudados para obtenção de H2, um produto de alto valor agregado usado na indústria química e afim e na produção de energia. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um método para análise de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOCs) produzidos em biorreatores para auxiliar na pesquisa e no controle operacional da produção de H2. Com base nos compostos de interesse foi otimizado um procedimento de microextração líquido-líquido (LLME) para recuperação destes do meio aquoso. Para isto foi usado 400 µL de 1-octanol, um solvente lipofílico e biodegradável, sulfato de sódio e 1,2 mL de amostra. Em seguida foi desenvolvido um método de separação e detecção por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a um detector de ionização em chama (GC-FID). A separação foi feita usando coluna de polietilenoglicol de 30 m de comprimento e hélio como gás de arraste. O tempo de análise total foi de 16 min. Através deste método foi possível extrair, separar e quantificar 12 compostos: acetona, metanol, etanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, ácido acético, ácido propiônico, ácido butírico, ácido isovalérico, ácido valérico, ácido capróico e ácido láctico. Todas as curvas analíticas foram validadas usando a análise de variância (ANOVA). Além disso, foram calculadas algumas figuras de mérito, como o limite de detecção, o intervalo de quantificação, a exatidão e a precisão. Foram realizados testes de efeito matriz e estabilidade da amostra. Algumas amostras provenientes dos biorreatores de produção de H2 foram analisadas através do método proposto. O método desenvolvido mostrou-se preciso, exato e tem vasta gama de aplicação. / Bioreactors have been studied to obtain H2, a high value-added product used in the chemical and allied industry and in energy production. In this work a method was developed for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced in bioreactors to assist in the research and operational control of H2 production. Based on the compounds of interest, a liquid-liquid micro extraction procedure (LLME) was optimized for recovery of these from the aqueous medium. 400 μl of 1-octanol, a lipophilic and biodegradable solvent, sodium sulfate and 1.2 mL of sample were used for this. Next, a separation and detection method was developed by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The separation was done using 30 m polyethylene glycol column and helium as carrier gas. The total analysis time was 16 min. This method was used to extract, separate and quantify 12 compounds: acetone, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid and lactic acid. All analytical curves were validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, some figures of merit were calculated, such as limit of detection, interval of quantification, accuracy and precision. The matrix effect and stability of the samples were also performed. Some samples from the H2 production bioreactors were analyzed using the proposed method. The method developed proved accurate, precise and has a wide range of application.

This work examines the chemical and physical effects of a material treatment process on the biopolymers PEEK, POM-h, POM-c, PTFE and UHMWPE. The polymers are analyzed physically and chemically using atomic force microscopy, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, contact angle measurement, FT infra-red spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. PEEK is found to be the most suitable polymer and FT Infra-red spectroscopy an informative analytic tool.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The project aimed to carry out the techno-economic modeling of the heterotrophic microalgae bioreactors application in the poultry and swine abattoirs and processing wastewater treatment and possible exploitation of bioproducts from biomass generated in the process. The project focus was directed to the techno-economic modeling of bioprocesses following: (i) agroindustrial wastewater treatment and integral biomass production (ii) obtaining of bulk oil and lipid extracted algal (LEA) as feedstock for biodiesel conversion process and protein production (iii) obtaining of microalgal carotenoid-rich oleoresin solubilized in soybean oil. The results indicated that the agroindustrial wastewater treatment costs and production of microalgal biomass were USD 2.66 per cubic meter and USD 30 per ton of dried biomass respectively. The obtaining of bulk oil and LEA had a production cost of approx. USD 386.5 and 70.4 per ton. Finally, the oleoresin produced had an estimated production cost in USD 146.9 per kilogram. The results evidenced that the techno-economic modeling of the heterotrophic microalgae bioreactors application are an alternative to substantially minimize the production costs, giving economic sustainability to the agroindustry of poultry and swine processing. / O projeto teve por objetivo realizar a modelagem técnico-econômica da aplicação de biorreatores heterotróficos microalgais no tratamento de efluentes provenientes do abate e processamento de aves e suínos e possível exploração dos bioprodutos provenientes da biomassa gerada no processo. O foco do projeto foi direcionado à modelagem técnicoeconômica dos seguintes bioprocessos: (i) tratamento do efluente agroindustrial e produção de biomassa integral (ii) obtenção de óleo a granel e farelo microalgal desengordurado, como matéria-prima para o processo de conversão de biodiesel microalgal e produção de proteína (iii) obtenção de oleorresina de carotenóides mistos solubilizada em óleo de soja a partir de microalgas. Os resultados indicaram que os custos de tratamento do efluente agroindustrial e produção de biomassa microalgal foram US$ 2,66 por m³ de efluente e US$ 30 por tonelada de biomassa seca respectivamente. A obtenção de óleo a granel e farelo de microalgas obtiveram um custo de produção de US$ 386,5 e 70,4 por tonelada de óleo e farelo, respectivamente. Por fim, a oleorresina produzida teve um custo de produção estimado em US$ 146,9 por quilograma. Os resultados evidenciaram que a modelagem técnico-econômica da aplicação do biorreator heterotrófico microalgal, são uma alternativa para minimizar substancialmente os custos de produção, dando sustentabilidade econômica às agroindústrias de processamento de aves e suínos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP