Les membranes des chloroplastes sont riches en monogalactosyldiacylglycérol (MGDG) et digalactosyldiacylglycérol (DGDG), deux galactolipides essentiels pour la biogenèse de ces organites et le fonctionnement de la machinerie photosynthétique. MGD1 est la galactolipide synthase majeure chez Arabidopsis thaliana. C’est une protéine monotopique, localisée dans l’enveloppe interne des membranes des chloroplastes, qui transfère un résidu galactose à partir d’UDP-galactose sur le diacylglycérol (DAG) pour former le MGDG. MGD1 a besoin de lipides anioniques tels que le phosphatidylglycérol (PG) pour être active, mais le mécanisme d’activation reste à ce jour inconnu. Des études antérieures ont permis d’identifier le résidu P189 comme étant potentiellement impliqué dans la liaison au PG, et le résidu H155 comme base catalytique potentielle. Le but de ma thèse a été d’obtenir plus d’informations sur le mécanisme de régulation de la MGD1, enzyme clé de la biogenèse des chloroplastes. Mon étude s’est portée sur la protéine native MGD1 et deux de ses mutants, H155A et P189A. Ces protéines ont été exprimées chez Escherichia coli et purifiées jusqu’à homogénéité. Une nouvelle méthode de dosage de l’activité MGDG synthase, adaptée de la technique de bioluminescence UDP-GloTM de Promega, a été mise au point. Cette méthode présente de nombreux avantages en termes de rapidité et de sensibilité comparée à la technique classiquement utilisée qui nécessite l’utilisation d’un UDP-Galactose radiomarqué. L’étude des propriétés d’association de MGD1 et des mutants à des membranes modèles, à l’aide de la technique des monocouches de Langmuir, a permis de proposer un mécanisme réactionnel inédit, impliquant une dyade catalytique de type PG-His, qui permet d’expliquer le rôle d’activateur du PG. Un nouveau test d’activité, basé sur cette même technique de Langmuir, qui présente l’avantage de pouvoir discriminer la capacité de liaison de MGD1 à la membrane et sa capacité à transférer un galactose sur son accepteur DAG a été mis en place. Il s’agit du premier exemple de synthèse d’un galactolipide sur une membrane biomimétique constituée d’un mélange DAG-PG. / The membranes of chloroplasts are enriched in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), two essential galactolipids to the biogenesis of these organelles and the functioning of photosynthetic machinery. MGD1 is the major galactolipid synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. It is a monotopic protein, located in the inner envelope of chloroplast membranes, which transfers a galactosyl residue from UDP-galactose to diacylglycerol (DAG) to form MGDG. MGD1 needs anionic lipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) to be active, but the activation mechanism is still unknown. Previous studies identified the P189 residue as potentially involved in PG binding, and H155 as the putative catalytic base. The aim of my thesis was to progress in our understanding of the regulation of MGD1 activity, a key enzyme in the biogenesis of chloroplasts. My study focused on the native protein MGD1 and two mutants, H155A and P189A. These proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. A new method for assaying MGDG synthase activity, adapted from the Promega UDP-GloTM bioluminescent technique has been developed. This method has many advantages in terms of speed and sensitivity compared to the conventionally used technique which requires the use of a radiolabeled UDP-Galactose. Furthermore, the study of the association properties of MGD1 and mutants with model membranes, using the Langmuir monolayer technique, led us to propose a novel reaction mechanism, involving a PG-His type catalytic dyad, which may explain the role of PG as activator. A new activity test, based on the Langmuir technique, which has the advantage to discriminate the MGD1 binding capacity to the membrane and its ability to transfer a galactose to its acceptor DAG has been set up. This is the first example of galactolipid synthesis on a biomimetic membrane formed of a DAG-PG mixture.

Marineosins A and B are two spiroaminal-ring containing tripyrrole compounds isolated from the marine actinomycete, Streptomyces CNQ-617, and were found to possess potent and selective cytotoxic activity against leukemia and melanoma. Marineosins belong to the prodiginines class of natural products, examples of which are undecylprodiginine and streptorubin B. Unlike marineosins, prodiginines structures are characterized by the presence of fully conjugated tripyrrole nucleus linked to an alkyl chain (that lacks any oxygen). Cyclic prodiginines arise from an oxidative cyclization of the alkyl chain onto the tripyrrole, a step catalyzed by Rieske-oxygenase like enzymes such as RedG. The biosynthesis of prodiginines is directed via the red gene cluster. The unique structural differences between marineosin and other prodiginines spurred the proposal of a number of hypotheses for its biosynthesis, none of which have been experimentally tested. A red gene cluster homolog which has only one extra dehydratase-encoding gene; marA has been identified from the genomic library of Streptomyces CNQ-617, and the identified cluster was proposed to direct the biosynthesis of marineosin. In this study, the identified putative gene cluster was expressed in the heterologous host, S. venezuelae, and marineosin production in the new strain; JND2 was confirmed via LC/MS and 1H-NMR. The new engineered strain also produces a myriad of marineosin related shunt metabolites and pathway intermediates. This study hence presents the first identified gene cluster proved to direct the biosynthesis of marineosin; the mar gene cluster and proves that the cloned cluster encodes most, if not all the enzymes required to direct the biosynthesis of marineosin. Deletion of the Rieske-oxygenase encoding gene; marG (a RedG homolog) from the mar gene cluster led to the accumulation of 2-hydroxyundecylprodiginine; G410 with an m/z 410.28 and molecular formula C25H35O2N3. This data proves that MarG is not responsible for the introduction of the spiromaminal ring oxygen on the alkyl chain, but is required for catalyzing macrocyclic ring formation between C-8 and C-9 of G410. Undecylprodiginine production in marG deletion mutant was not observed which indicates that undecylprodiginine is likely not an intermediate along the pathway for marineosin biosynthesis, and indicates that the spiroaminal ring oxygen is introduced early in the pathway, possibly due to the incorporation of a 3-hydroxy-butyric acid starter unit. Deletion of the dehydratase-encoding gene; marA, from the mar gene cluster led to the accumulation of compounds JN408 and JN422 with m/z 408.26 and 422.24 and molecular formulae C25H33O2N3, and C25H31O3N3, respectively. Purification and structure elucidation of JN408 proves it to be an oxidized marineosin analog which has fully aromatic tripyrrole rings while; purification and structure elucidation of JN422 proves it to be a 9-keto-JN408 derivative. Both JN408 and JN422 compounds have a spiroaminal ring which indicates that MarA does not catalyze spiroaminal ring formation but catalyzes the reduction of pyrrole ring B of JN408 to yield marineosin. Therefore, we are proposing that MarA acts as a dehydrogenase, rather than a dehydratase. We are proposing that the intramolecular spiroaminal ring formation is catalyzed by either MarG or occurs non-enzymatically. JN422 is a shunt metabolite produced due to promiscuous activity of either MarG or an unidentified oxidase in the mar cluster, possibly MarT. From the data generated in this study, we present the first experimentally supported pathway for the biosynthesis of marineosin and the opportunity to generate novel compounds with potentially useful biological activities.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18336号 / 農博第2061号 / 新制||農||1023(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4843(農学部図書室) / 31194 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 梅澤 俊明, 教授 矢﨑 一史, 教授 三上 文三 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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<p>  </p> <p>Shikonin is 1,4-naphthoquinones produced exclusively in Boraginaceae species. The compound and its derivatives are predominantly made in roots where they function in mediating plant-plant (allelopathic) and plant-microbe interactions. Moreover, this compound has been a target for drug development due to its strong anti-cancer properties. Our genome assembly and analysis of <em>Lithospermum erythrorhizon</em> uncovered metabolic innovation events that contributed to the evolution of the shikonin biosynthesis. This metabolic innovation also reveals the evolutionary link between shikonin biosynthesis and ubiquinone biosynthesis, one of the central metabolism functions in aerobic cellular respiration. To explore additional links between these two pathways, we used a transcriptome-based network analysis which uncovered a shikonin gene network model that predicts strong associations between primary metabolic pathway genes and known shikonin biosynthesis genes, as well as links with uncharacterized genes. <em>L. erythrorhizon</em> geranyldiphosphate (GPP) synthase (<em>LeGPPS</em>) is one of the candidates predicted by the network analysis, of which encodes a cytoplasmic enzyme shown in vitro to produce GPP. Knocking down of <em>LeGPPS</em> in <em>L. erythrorhizon </em>hairy roots (<em>LeGPPSi </em>lines) results in reduced shikonin content. This result provides functional evidence that cytoplasmic LeGPPS supplies GPP precursor to the shikonin biosynthesis. <em>LeGPPSi </em>lines also increased ubiquinone content, further supporting our hypothesis on the metabolic and evolutionary connection between shikonin and ubiquinone biosynthesis. Further RNA-seq analysis of the <em>LeGPPSi</em> line showed that downregulating <em>LeGPPS</em> significantly reduces the expression of benzenoid/phenylpropanoid genes, indicating the presence of factors that coordinately regulate the pathways providing the 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and GPP precursors to the shikonin pathway. In addition to <em>LeGPPS</em>, we also found<em> ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ4-like </em>gene (<em>LeCOQ4-L</em>) which provided another evolutionary link between shikonin and ubiquinone biosynthesis. The enzymatic activity of canonical COQ4 is unknown. In yeast, the protein is essential for ubiquinone biosynthesis and its metabolon formation. With the existing connections between shikonin and ubiquinone biosynthesis, if LeCOQ4 functions in the same manner as yeast COQ4, it is possible that <em>LeCOQ4-L </em>has an analogous function in shikonin biosynthesis as a structural protein for stabilizing biosynthesis metabolon. This leads us to the characterization of<em> COQ4</em> ortholog in Arabidopsis (<em>AtCOQ4</em>) to gain insight into its functional mechanism. Characterization of <em>atcoq4 </em>T-DNA mutant line showed that reduced <em>AtCOQ4</em> expression resulted in reduced ubiquinone. Further subcellular localization study revealed that AtCOQ4 and <em>LeCOQ4-L</em> localize in mitochondria without conventional transit peptide. We also performed pull-down assay to identify AtCOQ4 interactors which might be the missing enzymes that cannot be identified based on homology. 80 potential AtCOQ4 interactors were found including proteins like AtCHLM, GRIM-19, and AtSSLs. However, further study is needed to verify the protein interactions captured by pull-down assay. Taken all together, our study sheds light on the metabolic innovations that give rise to shikonin biosynthesis from ubiquinone biosynthesis and provide insight into the dynamics of the metabolic networks.</p>

This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, 1966 / In title on t.p., "[epsilon]" appears as the lower-case Greek letter. "September, 1966." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-165). / by John Mahlon Keller. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry

The Mo-nitrogenase complex is composed of two components, Fe-protein and MoFe-protein. This complex is able to catalyze the reduction of N2 through the MgATP dependent transfer of electrons from the Fe-protein Fe4S4 cluster to the MoFe-protein P-cluster and, subsequently, to the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco). FeMo-co is a Fe7S9MoC-(R)-homocitrate cluster and has two biosynthetic precursors, NifB-co and L-cluster, of unknown structure and composition. The biosynthesis of FeMo-co is an enigmatic process that minimally requires NifB, NifEN, Fe-protein, MoO4 2- , (R)-homocitrate and S-adenolsylmethionine. A means to isolate the NifB enzyme for characterization has been developed through use of a GST-fusion tag. Double recombination of A. vinelandii strains with a constructed vector has yielded strains capable of nif promoter regulated expression of GST-NifB. Extracts of strains containing GST-NifB were shown to activate the Monitrogenase complex in biochemical complementation assays. Mass spectroscopy was then used to verify successful isolation of GST-NifB by GSH-Sepharose affinity purification. The number of NifB-co ligand binding sites and ligand types were examined by EXAFS analysis of samples containing selenol and thiol ligands. A Fe6S9C model for NifB-co was optimized to best fit the EXAFS data, where a 2-fold discrepancy in binding sites implied by thiol or selenol only ligand samples suggests Fe-(μ2S)-Fe binding in the absence of Se. Samples containing heterogeneous ligand types indicated that NifX bound NifB-co ligates to four cysteine residues and one molecule of DTT.

The biosynthesis of vitamin B₆ was studied by administering radioactive putative precursors to a mutant of Escherichia coli B., WG2. A new method for the isolation and purification of the vitamin congener, pyridoxol, is described. Partial degradation of the radioactive pyridoxol revealed non-random incorporation of a number of precursors into pyridoxol. On the basis of these results a biosynthetic scheme was constructed which envisages that pyridoxol is derived from three glycerol units. One of these is incorporated via pyruvic acid as a two carbon fragment at the oxidation level of acetaldehyde. The other two are incorporated intact, possibly by way of triose phosphate (Fig. 33). / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)