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Die vorliegende Arbeit geht der Frage nach, inwiefern Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen der Frauen zu Familienplanung und Geburtenregelung auch zwischen den Wohnbezirken einer Stadt unterschiedlich sind, welche Ursachen dafür vorliegen und ob infolgedessen eine regionale Differenzierung bei der medizinischen Betreuung und der sozialen Beratung und Unterstützung erforderlich ist. Mit 3000 zufällig ausgewählten Probandinnen wurden rund 1 % der Ostberliner Frauen im Alter von 15 bis unter 45 Jahren in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Bei der Prüfung der Abhängigkeit der Familienplanung und des Kinderwunsches von der vorliegenden sozioökonomischen Situation der Frauen beziehungsweise der Paare wurde eine jeweilige Regionalanalyse erstellt. Um die soziale Situation der Frau darzustellen, wurden Indikatoren wie Alter der Frau, Anzahl der geborenen Kinder, Familienstand, Bildungsgrad und Erwerbstätigkeit der Frau einbezogen. Entsprechend der regionalen Gliederung Ostberlins in 11 (Stadt-) Bezirke wurde untersucht, ob und in welcher Weise sich die Auffassungen, Meinungen und Verhaltensweisen der dort lebenden Frauen hinsichtlich der von ihnen gewünschten Kinderzahl, der Argumente für einen fehlenden (aktuellen) Kinderwunsch, der Kenntnis, Einstellung und praktizierten Kontrazeption, vorangegangener Schwangerschaftsabbrüche und der Meinung zum Abbruch sowie zum Beginn und der Häufigkeit sexueller Kontakte unterscheiden. Auffallend ist der hohe Anteil junger Frauen mit einer hohen Frequenz sexueller Kontakte, allerdings ohne eine Schwangerschaft anzustreben. Der größte Teil der Verhütung wird durch die Frauen abgedeckt. Dies gilt ebenfalls für den Umgang mit nicht gewollten Schwangerschaften bis hin zur Durchführung einer Abruptio. In der vorliegenden Studie gab knapp ein Drittel der Frauen bereits durchgeführte Schwangerschaftsabbrüche an. Dieses Abbruchverhalten korreliert mit einer oft sehr späten Information über kontrazeptive Möglichkeiten sowie deren Anwendung und muss Grund genug sein, das Wissen um eine gezielte Geburtenregulierung zu intensivieren und je nach regionalen Bedürfnissen umzusetzen. Bei fast allen diesen inhaltlichen Bereichen sind Unterschiede nach dem Wohnsitz der Frau zu erkennen, die mit einem Signifikanzniveau von 5 % Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit statistisch gesichert werden konnten. Damit konnte die Grundhypothese, dass auch innerhalb einer großstädtischen Population regionale Unterschiede im generativen Verhalten bei Frauen und Paaren bestehen, bestätigt werden. Die regionalen Unterschiede im generativen Verhalten sind vorrangig auf die in den einzelnen Bezirken vorhandenen Sozialstrukturen der Frauen im gebährfähigen Alter zurück-zuführen. / The present paper describes the differences that exist in behaviours and attitudes towards family planning and birth control of women from different districts of a big city, the causes of such differences and the resulting need for regional differentiation in health care and social services. The test persons were selected at random. They included 3000 women of age 15 to under 45, ie about 1 % of East Berlin s women of this age bracket. The investigation into the relationship between family planning and wish for children on the one hand and the socio-economic situation of the women (or couples) on the other included a regional analysis. The indicators to describe the social situation of a woman included such data as the age of the woman, the number of children born, her marital status and her gainful employment. An analysis was made on how the women s views, opinions and behaviours regarding desired number of children, the points for not wanting a child at the current time, their knowledge of, attitude toward and practice of contraceptive means, the incidence of previous interruptions of pregnancy and the opinions on abortion as well as on the beginning and frequency of sexual intercourse varied between the 11 municipal districts. The striking thing was that a great proportion of the young women had a high frequency of sexual contacts, but no desire to become pregnant. In most cases the contraceptive measures were covered by the women. This applied also to the handling of unwanted pregnancies, including abortions. Nearly one third of the test persons stated that they had had induced abortions. There was a correlation between abortion behaviour and the age at which information on contraceptive options and their application had been obtained. This should be a good point for intensifying the education on birth control, taking regional requirements and particularities into account. The results of nearly all subjects analysed varied from district to district. With an error probability of only 5 %, these differences can be considered as statistically significant. This confirms one basic hypothesis, namely that the population of a big city shows regional differences in the generative behaviour of women and couples. These regional differences are mainly due to the fact that the social structures that exist for the women capable of childbearing are different in the various districts of the city.

The purpose of the study is to identify what types of pregnancy interventions in which adolescent females in San Bernardino have participated.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Catholic Church is widely known for its opposition to birth control. Yet statistics show that the vast majority of American Catholics use birth control. While multiple studies have been conducted on a larger quantitative scale about the use or attitudes of American Catholics toward birth control, there have not been qualitative studies to understand the experiences of Catholics who use contraception. This study is particularly timely given the recent Catholic opposition to the Affordable Care Act’s mandate of employee healthcare provided birth control as well as, the extraordinary synod of bishops to discuss pastoral challenges to family life in October 2015. Fourteen married Catholic women were interviewed about their religious identities and experiences using contraception. Analysis demonstrated how these women constructed a religious identity by maximizing certain aspects, such as prayer and service, while minimizing other aspects, such as individual autonomy and denominational distinctions, of their religious identity. However in order to cope with the tension between their salient religious identity and their contraceptive decision making women utilizing multiple mechanisms. Specifically, they made boundaries around which types of contraception were acceptable and limits to church or individual authority; they justified their decisions based on medical necessity or betrayal they felt from the church; they legitimated their decisions by discussing God’s control and their husband’s perceptions of NFP; and they normalized their decisions through their desire to care for their children and be sexually intimate with their husbands. This research illuminates unique challenges that religious women face in their sexual decision making and sexual health practices that can help sex educators and health care providers care for women. Additionally, the Catholic Church and American Catholics make up huge forces in education, health care, charity, politics, and employment. However, not all Catholics follow the rules of the church. Those members who remain an active part of the Catholic Church, such as the practicing Catholics in this study can influence the way the church changes. By better understanding the experience of these dissenters, social researchers may be able to better understand the future of the Catholic Church.

Unwanted and unintended pregnancies pose major reproductive health challenges to women throughout the world. Despite the availability of modern contraceptives, many women and men fail to use contraceptives effectively. This research focussed on reasons for not using contraceptives effectively in the Northern Tshwane area of the Gauteng Province of the Republic of South Africa (RSA). Structured interviews were conducted with 83 women and 71 men about their contraceptive practices. Age, religion, educational level and residential areas influenced clients' contraceptive practices. These results were categorised for adult males and females as well as for adolescent males and females. Adolescents encountered problems in accessing contraceptive services. Adult females knew most about traditional contraceptives, although men knew about some of these methods, and adolescents used some of them. All respondents could gain additional knowledge about modern contraceptives. The respondents' knowledge about · emergency contraceptives was extremely limited. Although most respondents knew about legalised choice on.termination of pregnancy (CTOP) services in the RSA, they did not know when nor how to access these services. Nurses working in contraceptive health services, revealed during a focus group discussion that a lack of resources (including shortages of malcondoms, contraceptive injections and oral contraceptives) hampered the quality of services that could be rendered. Of particular concern was the nonavailability of Norplant implants and female condoms. Nurses expressed a need for pecific national policy guidelines about supplying contraception to adolescents. Although most nurses knew about emergency contraceptives, they did not promote its use because they assumed that clients would misuse emergency contraceptives.instead of using contraceptives regularly. The nurses indicated that very few facilities offered CTOP services. The nurses regarded women who obtained repeated CTOPs to be misusing these services and suggested that limitations should be placed on the number-of times any woman could obtain such services. The negative attitudes of community members and of colleagues towards persons working in CTOP services caused hardships for them. Recommendations address ways in which contraceptive services could be improved. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

Unwanted and unintended pregnancies pose major reproductive health challenges to women throughout the world. Despite the availability of modern contraceptives, many women and men fail to use contraceptives effectively. This research focussed on reasons for not using contraceptives effectively in the Northern Tshwane area of the Gauteng Province of the Republic of South Africa (RSA). Structured interviews were conducted with 83 women and 71 men about their contraceptive practices. Age, religion, educational level and residential areas influenced clients' contraceptive practices. These results were categorised for adult males and females as well as for adolescent males and females. Adolescents encountered problems in accessing contraceptive services. Adult females knew most about traditional contraceptives, although men knew about some of these methods, and adolescents used some of them. All respondents could gain additional knowledge about modern contraceptives. The respondents' knowledge about · emergency contraceptives was extremely limited. Although most respondents knew about legalised choice on.termination of pregnancy (CTOP) services in the RSA, they did not know when nor how to access these services. Nurses working in contraceptive health services, revealed during a focus group discussion that a lack of resources (including shortages of malcondoms, contraceptive injections and oral contraceptives) hampered the quality of services that could be rendered. Of particular concern was the nonavailability of Norplant implants and female condoms. Nurses expressed a need for pecific national policy guidelines about supplying contraception to adolescents. Although most nurses knew about emergency contraceptives, they did not promote its use because they assumed that clients would misuse emergency contraceptives.instead of using contraceptives regularly. The nurses indicated that very few facilities offered CTOP services. The nurses regarded women who obtained repeated CTOPs to be misusing these services and suggested that limitations should be placed on the number-of times any woman could obtain such services. The negative attitudes of community members and of colleagues towards persons working in CTOP services caused hardships for them. Recommendations address ways in which contraceptive services could be improved. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

The study sought to assess the knowledge of adolescents regarding abortion in a selected area in Lagos Nigeria. The researcher used a non-experimental, exploratory, descriptive research design for the study. One hundred adolescents participated in the study. The study found that many adolescents will not admit to having had an abortion. Moreover, the respondents gave different meanings for abortion, had inadequate knowledge of abortion and sexual and reproductive health. Cultural taboos and religious beliefs have a great impact on adolescents’ sexual behaviour. Most adolescents would not access abortions services because they regard it as killing an innocent baby. Efforts should be strengthened to make contraceptives and family life education available and accessible to the adolescents. / Health Studies / Thesis (M.A. (Health Studies))

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study describes and analyses changes in women's reproductive behaviour ID developing communities. These changes took more than hundred years to occur ID Western communities but only two to three decades in developing communities such as Taiwan and Barbados. The population of Victoria East district of the Eastern Cape province of South Afiica was chosen as a case study of these changes. Changes in the reproductive behaviour of women are described over a period of twenty-two years. The base year for the study is 1978 and data were collected up to 2001. Changes increased in particular since 1988. Statistical descriptive analyses were undertaken with regard to patterns of changes in variables such as age at the onset of births, child spacing, the mean number of births per woman, fertility regulation, and the number of children ever bom. Variations in patterns were analysed according to age cohorts, occupation and marital status. Information regarding these variables was collected from records at hospitals and clinics. Focus group interviews were held to reflect women's own descriptions and experiences regarding these variables. The research design thus combines the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The findings confirm a pattern of fertility decline that Caldwell described as the African pattern, which is different from that seen in Europe and Asia. It is characterized by a progressive delay in onset of childbearing and reductions in the mean number of childbirths that occur across all age cohorts and are associated with contraceptive accessibility. The high incidence of non-marital childbearing in the Victoria East district however sets the population studied apart from the polygamous Afiican societies on which Caldwell based the African transition. In this respect the population considered resembles the scenarios seen in Latin America, the Caribbean, Botswana and in recent years Europe. The study population shows a divergence in the patterns of marital and non-marital childbearing, with marital childbearing following the African pattem. Because of its high incidence, non-marital childbearing is dominant and the major contributor to the fertility decline that is afoot. The implications of this pattern needs much more in-depth study before comparisons with the above-mentioned communities can be made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie beskryf en ontleed veranderinge in vroue se reproduktiewe gedrag in ontwikkelende gemeenskappe. Hierdie veranderinge het in Westerse gemeenskappe meer as honderd jaar geneem om plaas te vind maar slegs twee tot drie dekades in ontwikkelende gemeenskappe soos Taiwan en Barbados. Die bevolking van die landelike Victoria-Oosdistrik: in die Oos-Kaapprovinsie is gekies as 'n gevalstudie daarvan in Suid- Afrika. Veranderinge in die reproduktiewe gedrag van vroue in hierdie gemeenskap word oor 'n periode van twee-en-twintigjaar beskryf Die basisjaar van die studie is 1978 en data is ingesamel tot en met 2001. Veranderinge het veral toegeneem vanaf 1988. Statistiese-beskrywende ontleding is gedoen ten opsigte van patrone van verandering in veranderlikes soos die ouderdom by die skenk van geboorte, geboorte-spasiëring, die gemiddelde aantal geboortes per vrou, fertiliteitsregulering en die aantal kinders ooit gebore. Variasies in patrone is ook na aanleiding van huwelikstaat en beroep bepaal. Inligting aangaande hierdie veranderlikes is verky vanaf rekords wat by hospitale en klinieke gehou word. Fokusgroeponderhoude is ook onderneem waarvolgens vroue se eie beskrywings en ervarings aangaande die genoemde veranderlikes verkry is. Groepe is saamgestel volgens verskeie ouderdomskohorte en huwelikstaat. Die navorsingsmetodologie behels dus 'n kombinasie van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe benaderings. Die bevindings bevestig 'n patroon van fertiliteitsafhame wat deur Caldwell as die Afrikapatroon beskryf word en afwyk van die Europese en Asiatiese patroon. Dit word gekenmerk deur 'n progressiewe vertraging in die aanvang van geboorte-skenk, afhame in die gemiddelde aantal geboortes oor al die ouderdomskohorte en word geassosieer met kontraseptiewe toegankliheid. Die hoë voorkoms van buite-egtelike geboortes in die Victoria-Oosdistrik onderskei egter die bestudeerde bevolking van die poligame Afrika gemeenskappe waarop Caldwell die Afrika-oorgangstipe gebaseer het. In hierdie opsig vertoon die bevolking eerder ooreenkomste met ontwikkelende gemeenskappe m Suid-Amerika, die Karibbiese Eilande, Botswana en die meer onlangse Europa. Die bestudeerde bevolking vertoon uiteenlopende patrone van binne-egtelike en buite-egtelike geboortes met die binneegtelike patroon meer in ooreenstemming met die Afrika-patroon. Die hoë voorkoms van buite-egtelike geboortes domineer egter die algehele patroon en kan beskou work as die hoof bydraende faktor in the afhemende fertiliteit wat waargeneem is. Die implikasies hiervan moet egter veel dieper studie ondergaan alvorens verdere vergelykings met die bogenoemde gemeenskappe gemaak kan word.

過去關於臺灣家庭計劃發展的觀點主要有兩種，一種是視家庭計畫為一成功的「臺灣經驗」，一種則從女性史的角度，強調家庭計畫是政府對於女性身體的控制與壓迫。本文則試著從第三種觀點出發，回到歷史原本的脈絡中，引領讀者從臺灣家庭計畫最初的前十年開始看起，首先使讀者了解到臺灣實施家庭計畫的緣由及其背景，而後在這樣的背景之下，第一個推動家庭計畫的機構：中國家庭計畫協會成立了，在本文中將呈現家庭計畫協會的創辦人──舒子寬女士及其他工作者，他們是在怎樣的動機之下加入家庭計畫的推展並成為開拓者，他們在此特殊的時空背景之下，如何獲得各方的資助而得以順利推動，而他們推動的方法又為何？藉由這些面向的探討，以呈現臺灣家庭計畫發展中的女性經驗。 本文相對於過去研究的突破如下：在資料的運用上，本文的寫作運用了過去研究者所未曾使用的農復會檔案，並和家庭計畫的工作者舒子寬女士進行口述訪談，以補充過去研究所未探討到的問題；在新的發現上，本文試圖呈現家庭計畫中的女性經驗，並試圖提出一新的主張：臺灣家庭計畫最初的推動者，基於自身的女性經驗，以試圖改善母性健康為出發點而推動家庭計畫。

This Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the Master of Arts in Demography and Population Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand, 2017 / Background: In South Africa, poor choice of contraception method or contraceptive failure has been noted as one of the key contributors to high rates of unwanted pregnancy and HIV/AIDS. Contraceptive use is highly correlated with pregnancy and fertility intention. While research knows the role of contraceptive use in delaying conception and/or childbearing, what remains unknown is an understanding of whether the methods of contraception used by young women match their fertility intentions. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between fertility intention and method of contraception among young women (20-24 years old) South Africa. Methods: This study provides a secondary data analysis on cross-sectional data from the 19992002 Transition to Adulthood in the Context of HIV/AIDS survey. Given that the survey involved two waves of data collection in 1999 and 2002, the two respective datasets are pooled together to achieve a representative sample of 8 370 adolescents aged 14 – 24. However, because the population of interest is young women, further sample restrictions are performed and a weighted sample of 1,020 sexually active young women aged 20-24 years old is attained. A multinomial regression is adopted for this study because the outcome variable-method of contraceptioncomprises of three categories: (1) modern method (2) traditional (3) no method. As such, in establishing the relationship between fertility intention and method of contraception, three levels of analysis are carried out. Firstly, is a univariate analysis of the variables in the study, followed by a bivariate analysis using Chi2 to examine the association between predictor variables and method of contraception. Finally, a multivariate analysis producing the adjusted and unadjusted associations is conducted to examine whether a statistical relationship exists between fertility intention and method of contraception. Results: Of the 1,020 sexually active young women 20-24 years old years old in the sample, 77.8% do not use any method of contraception while 13.9% make use of modern methods and only 8.1% use traditional methods of contraception. There was no significant association found between fertility intention and method of contraception. Among young women that intend to have three or more children in their lifetime compared to those that intend to have 1-2 children, the relative risk of using a modern method of contraception compared to not using any method of contraception is expected to decrease by a factor of 0.620 (95% CI=0.351,1.095; P>0.05). However, positive associations were found between relationship status and method of contraception as well as between place of residence and method of contraception. Among young women that have steady partners compared to those that are single/not in a relationship, the relative risk of using a traditional method of contraception compared to not using any method is expected to decrease by a factor of 0.274 (95% CI=0.122, 0.617; P<0.05). Furthermore, among young women living in rural areas compared to those in urban areas the relative risk of using a modern method of contraception compared to not using any method is expected to decrease by a factor of 0.499 (95% CI=0.300, 0.831; P<0.05). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that fertility intention cannot be used as the sole predictor of the choice of contraception used by young women. Rather, there are prevailing and contextual demographic and socio-economic factors that intervene this relationship and influence women’s adoption of any method of contraception. Notably, the limited access to healthcare centres; ambivalent feelings about pregnancy as well as misconceptions and perceived side effects of contraception influence the poor use of modern methods of contraception. To address the high rate of unwanted pregnancy among youth in South Africa, it is advisable that policies and programmes assist young women to become decisive about their fertility intentions and provide them with the necessary support and resources to access contraceptive methods that will assist them in achieving their fertility goals. / XL2018