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Grassroots feminism : a study of the campaign of the Society for the Provision of Birth Control Clinics, 1924-1938Debenham, Clare Clare January 2011 (has links)
Whereas the dramatic struggle for the suffrage has received extensive academic attention the feminist campaigns that came immediately after 1918 have been largely ignored. This thesis argues that there was vigorous grassroots feminist activity in the inter-war years which can be seen in the activities of the Society for the Promotion of Birth Control Clinics (SPBCC) who in the post-suffrage era explored their new opportunities. Themes running through this thesis include feminism, grassroots activity, locality and modernism. This research utilises the theoretical framework of comparative social movement theory as well as historical research. A Collective Biography of SPBCC committee members has been constructed to give a profile of activists. This thesis argues that the debate within the post-suffrage society the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship gave backing to the new feminist master frame which emphasised women's role as mothers. This strengthened the SPBCC which campaigned to give working class mothers the knowledge to limit their families, something available privately to middle class mothers. This research explores how the SPBCC tried to pursue its case by creating alliances with the National Council of Women and the Women's Citizenship Association,This study shows how local SPBCC groups attempted to prove the need for birth control clinics by mobilising and founding clinics. Middle class women played an important part in this direct action, but working class women, either individually or from the Women's Cooperative Guilds also participated. Class differences were important, but this research shows that volunteers, who were all mothers themselves, stressed the common bond of motherhood. The SPBCC both locally and nationally strove to counter the condemnation of the medical profession and the Churches. The interplay of religious and political forces is seen in case studies in Stockport, Glasgow, Manchester and Salford, Liverpool. The thesis compares the birth control strategies of the confrontational birth control pioneer Marie Stopes with the more analytical approach of Eleanor Rathbone of NUSEC. This research reveals that some SPBCC members felt they had to make uncomfortable choices between class and gender allegiances or feminism and eugenics. This thesis demonstrates how the SPBCC tested the new political structures by attempting to place birth control on the agenda of national political parties, particularly the Labour Party. However, there was more success in building birth control policy advocacy coalitions at the local level. In 1931 the Labour Government issued Memorandum 153/MCW which allowed municipal clinics to provide birth control advice but this thesis questions to what extent this was a victory. Arguably the SPBCC did not achieve its main objective but it did empower its feminist members in a wide range of political activities.
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Colonies, condoms and corsets : fertility regulation in Australia and CanadaFalconer, Louise Morag 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis investigates Australian and Canadian legislation that regulated women's
reproduction in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and offers some explanation
for their enactment.
At the turn of the twentieth century, Australia and Canada enacted a series of laws that
were aimed at limiting the control women could exercise over their reproductive functions.
From the 1880s through to the first decade of the twentieth century, legislation that
prohibited the advertisement of contraception, regulated maternity homes as well as
criminal laws that proscribed abortion were promulgated by Australian and Canadian
parliaments. This thesis investigates why such legislative activity occurred and proposes
that the initiation of these measures targeting abortion, infanticide and birth control cannot
be disassociated from the highly gendered and racialised rhetoric resonating throughout the
British Empire. Concern about racial integrity, heightened by a fear generated by the
declining birth rate, promoted a climate in which exercising control over women's fertility
was seen as warranted. White women's reproductive capabilities were a vital ingredient in
keeping the settler colonies of Australia and Canada white and British — white women
were expected, quite literally, to give birth to the nation. As this thesis shows, when women
did not adhere to these expectations of maternity, the law was used in an attempt to monitor
and regulate their reproductive activities. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate
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In Their Own Words: Southern Women’s Experiences with Birth Control and PregnancyBaker, Katie, Littleton, Mary Ann, Click, Ivy, Dodd, Julia, Mauck, Erin 01 February 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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A study of the relationship of fertility values of college students to selected socio-economic characteristics, attitudes and other related variables /Phillips, John January 1971 (has links)
No description available.
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A study of the relationship of fertility values of college students to selected socio-economic characteristics, attitudes and other related variables /Phillips, John January 1971 (has links)
No description available.
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Conjugal instability and fertility : a comparative analysis /Gómez, Elsa Gómez January 1976 (has links)
No description available.
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Developmental dimensions of attitudes and values related to judgements about \"an ideal family\" /Montes, Joseph Michel January 1976 (has links)
No description available.
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The effect of instruction in family planning on knowledge, attitudes and behavior of London (Ontario) senior secondary school students /West, Norman William January 1976 (has links)
No description available.
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对刚性制度的软性抗争: 宗族文化对于潮汕地区计划生育政策执行的影响 = Flexible resistance against rigid institutions : the impact of clan culture on the implementation of family planning program in Teochew. / Flexible resistance against rigid institutions: the impact of clan culture on the implementation of family planning program in Teochew / 宗族文化对于潮汕地区计划生育政策执行的影响 / Dui gang xing zhi du de ruan xing kang zheng: zong zu wen hua dui yu Chao Shan di qu ji hua sheng yu zheng ce zhi xing de ying xiang = Flexible resistance against rigid institutions : the impact of clan culture on the implementation of family planning program in Teochew. / Zong zu wen hua dui yu Chao Shan di qu ji hua sheng yu zheng ce zhi xing de ying xiangJanuary 2015 (has links)
本文通过研究自改革开放以来计划生育政策在广东省潮汕地区的执行情况,尝试回答一个理论问题,即在一个威权政体中,是什么因素削弱了国家对社会的控制能力,从而民间形成了对刚性国家政策的有效对抗,导致国家的一些政策指令无法在基层得到落实。上世纪八十年代,计划生育政策作为一项"基本国策"在中国大多数地区都得到了严格的执行,并基本完成预定的政策目标。然而,该政策在潮汕地区却遭遇到极大的阻力,无论是城镇还是农村都出现了普遍的严重的超生现象。 / 作者在对该地区进行了实地调研后,有三个主要发现:第一,随着改革开放政策的实行而迅速复兴的宗族文化对于潮汕地区的生育观念和生育行为的影响非常强烈。"多子多福","重男轻女"仍被绝大多数人视为理所应当,"儿孙满堂"更是许多农村人的追求。因此,虽然大部分的干部和群众经过计划生育的宣传都能理解该政策的必要性,但是由于生儿育女事关个人家庭和宗族的"兴衰",所以明知抵触法规但仍会寻求各种可能的办法偷生。第二,在强大的传统文化作用下,基层政府、干部和群众形成了依赖利益和人情而建立起来的"乡规民约",县镇村的干部群众都在这种民间自订的非正式制度下默契地规范约束自己的行为并且互动合作,因此上级的政策到了基层就遇到了无形的有弹性的成体系的抵抗,换言之,人们找到了实现"上有政策,下有对策"的软性抗争方式。第三,在这种强大的利益人情网络的软性对抗之下,上级的政府已经失去了对于基层计划生育的控制。一则他们没有足够的资源和能力去落实对下级的监管,二则上级官员自身也处在一定的利益关系网络中。因此,整体而言,市级乃至更上级政府在计生工作中也只能采取折中的策略,最后"容忍"了基层欺上瞒下的行为。因此,作者认为在潮汕地区县级以下的农村基层,依靠影响力极强的宗族文化而形成的"乡规民约",作为一种软性非正式制度弱化了国家正式的行政体制,形成了一种对计划生育政策不成文的,富有弹性的,自成体系的非暴力抵抗,以及"上有政策,下有对策"的折中局面,使得计划生育政策在这一地区发挥了十分有限的作用。 / This study focuses on "Family Planning Program" ever since the "Opening-up Policy" in Teochew area, Guangdong. By doing so, it aims at answering one theoretical question: within an authoritarian regime, what sorts of factors can impair the state’s control over society, leading to effective resistance against the state’s rigid policies and ineffective implement of those policies at grass-roots level. In the 1980s, the "Family Planning Program", as a fundamental national policy, was strictly implemented in most parts of China, accomplishing its policy goals. However, this policy encountered enormous resistance in Teochew area, Guangdong. "Extra kids" have been widely observed in rural areas. / By carrying out on-site field research, the author has three main findings: / First, clan culture, reviving rapidly after the "Opening-up Policy", has been exerting significant impact over birth concepts and birth behaviors in Teochew area. Such thoughts as "the more sons, the more blessings" and "sons are better than daughters" are taken for granted. Having lots of children and grandchildren is considered the best luck possible. Therefore, even though most cadres and citizens understand very well the necessity of the "Family Planning Program", since having children is a serious matter of family’s and clan’s prosperity, people are striving to have more kids, disregarding the laws and policies. / Second, under the big umbrella of traditional culture, governments at grass-roots level, cadres and masses have formulated so-called "village regulations and folk rules", which are based on mutual interests and relationship, and they behave and cooperate consciously according to these informal institutions. As a result, policies from upper levels have met invisible, flexible and systematic resistance at grass-roots level. In other words, people have found a way to use soft countermeasures to resist rigid institutions. / Third, impacted by these soft resistance, governments from upper levels have lost control over the implementation of family planning at grass-root level. Partially because they do not have enough resource and capability to enforce supervision, partially because they themselves are nested heavily in this interest network. Thus, by and large, governments at prefecture or upper levels can only compromise in family planning related issues, leading to the toleration of grass-roots cheating behaviors. / In sum, the author believes that in rural Teochew area, "village regulations and folk rules", which are based on a strong clan culture, as soft informal institutions, have impaired the state’s formal administrative system, generated unspoken, flexible, systematic and nonviolent resistance against "Family Planning Program", and led to a compromising predicament. Therefore, "Family Planning Program", as a national policy, has generated limited impact in Teochew area. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 庄棟杰. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhuang Dongjie.
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The Sanger Brand: The Relationship of Margaret Sanger and the Pre-War Japanese Birth Control MovementEberts, Carolyn 23 April 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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