Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ma_me_sjc.pdf: 1315000 bytes, checksum: eea6a5ec2414cf8c1ebf70c5c39426fe (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo avaliou a resistência de união entre dentina bovina e três sistemas adesivos: um de condicionamento total e dois autocondicionantes, variando-se o tipo de preparo da dentina. Foram utilizados 108 dentes bovinos onde as raízes foram removidas e a dentina coronária vestibular foi exposta. As superfícies foram preparadas com os seguintes métodos: pontas diamantadas de granulação média em turbina de alta rotação, pontas CVD acopladas em aparelho de ultra-som e laser Er:YAG. Os grupos foram subdivididos para aplicação dos seguintes sistemas adesivos de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante: Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), Adper SE Plus (3M ESPE), autocondicionantes, e Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), de condicionamento ácido total. Os espécimes foram restaurados com resina composta Filtek 250 (3M ESPE) com espessura de 4 mm. A resina foi inserida em incrementos de 2 mm e fotopolimerizada por 20 s. Em seguida, os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37 °C por 24 h e então seccionados em formato de palito com aproximadamente 1mm2 de área na interface adesiva. Foi realizado o teste de microtração em máquina de ensaio universal com velocidade de 1.0 mm/min. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos de análise de variância paramétrica de 2 fatores (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey empregando um nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Espécimes adicionais foram preparados para observação em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a ponta CVD obteve menores valores de resistência adesiva, enquanto a ponta diamantada e o laser obtiveram valores semelhantes, porém mais elevados. O sistema adesivo Single Bond obteve valores equivalentes ao Adper SE Plus e significativamente diferentes quando comparados ao sistema adesivo Clearfil SE Bond . O estudo concluiu que o método de preparo e o tipo de sistema adesivo influenciaram na resistência de união / The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of two self-etching adhesive systems and one total-etching, with different methods of dentin preparation. A hundred and eight bovine teeth, stored in freezer -18ºC, were used. The buccal face dentine was exposed and prepared with three different methods: Diamond tip (DT) with high speed; CVD tip with ultrasound advice (CVD) and Er:YAG laser (LA). Three different adhesive systems were used: Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) (3M ESPE), total etch; Adper SE Plus (AS) (3M ESPE) and Clearfil SE Bond (CS) (Kuraray), both self-etching. After dentin preparation, the adhesives systems were applied according to manufacturer’s instructions. Blocks of composite resin (Filtek Z250 – 3M ESPE) with 4 mm high were prepared using the incremental technique. After storage in distilled water for 24h at 37ºC, serial mesio-distal and bucco-lingual cuts were made and stick-like specimens were obtained, with transversal section of 1,0 mm2. The samples were submitted to microtensile test at 1 mm/min and load of 10 kg in a universal testing machine. Data (Mpa) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey tests (5%). The results showed lower bond strength in groups prepared with CVD tip. LA and DT groups obtained similar values of bond strength and higher than CVD. The adhesive systems SB and AS showed values higher than CS. It was concluded that the method of dentine preparation and adhesive system tested influenced in bond strength

Resumo: Este estudo avaliou a resistência de união entre dentina bovina e três sistemas adesivos: um de condicionamento total e dois autocondicionantes, variando-se o tipo de preparo da dentina. Foram utilizados 108 dentes bovinos onde as raízes foram removidas e a dentina coronária vestibular foi exposta. As superfícies foram preparadas com os seguintes métodos: pontas diamantadas de granulação média em turbina de alta rotação, pontas CVD acopladas em aparelho de ultra-som e laser Er:YAG. Os grupos foram subdivididos para aplicação dos seguintes sistemas adesivos de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante: Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), Adper SE Plus (3M ESPE), autocondicionantes, e Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), de condicionamento ácido total. Os espécimes foram restaurados com resina composta Filtek 250 (3M ESPE) com espessura de 4 mm. A resina foi inserida em incrementos de 2 mm e fotopolimerizada por 20 s. Em seguida, os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37 °C por 24 h e então seccionados em formato de palito com aproximadamente 1mm2 de área na interface adesiva. Foi realizado o teste de microtração em máquina de ensaio universal com velocidade de 1.0 mm/min. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos de análise de variância paramétrica de 2 fatores (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey empregando um nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Espécimes adicionais foram preparados para observação em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a ponta CVD obteve menores valores de resistência adesiva, enquanto a ponta diamantada e o laser obtiveram valores semelhantes, porém mais elevados. O sistema adesivo Single Bond obteve valores equivalentes ao Adper SE Plus e significativamente diferentes quando comparados ao sistema adesivo Clearfil SE Bond . O estudo concluiu que o método de preparo e o tipo de sistema adesivo influenciaram na resistência de união / Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of two self-etching adhesive systems and one total-etching, with different methods of dentin preparation. A hundred and eight bovine teeth, stored in freezer -18ºC, were used. The buccal face dentine was exposed and prepared with three different methods: Diamond tip (DT) with high speed; CVD tip with ultrasound advice (CVD) and Er:YAG laser (LA). Three different adhesive systems were used: Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) (3M ESPE), total etch; Adper SE Plus (AS) (3M ESPE) and Clearfil SE Bond (CS) (Kuraray), both self-etching. After dentin preparation, the adhesives systems were applied according to manufacturer's instructions. Blocks of composite resin (Filtek Z250 - 3M ESPE) with 4 mm high were prepared using the incremental technique. After storage in distilled water for 24h at 37ºC, serial mesio-distal and bucco-lingual cuts were made and stick-like specimens were obtained, with transversal section of 1,0 mm2. The samples were submitted to microtensile test at 1 mm/min and load of 10 kg in a universal testing machine. Data (Mpa) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey tests (5%). The results showed lower bond strength in groups prepared with CVD tip. LA and DT groups obtained similar values of bond strength and higher than CVD. The adhesive systems SB and AS showed values higher than CS. It was concluded that the method of dentine preparation and adhesive system tested influenced in bond strength / Orientador: Rebéca Di Nicoló / Coorientador: Alessandra Bühler Borges / Banca: Marcelo José Strazzeri Bönecker / Banca: César Rogério Pucci / Mestre

Resumo: A cimentação é vital para o sucesso clínico de restaurações cerâmicas puras e é dependente de muitos fatores como a composição dos materiais cerâmicos, tratamento de superfície, e agente cimentante. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência de diferentes tratamentos superficiais (microjateamento, microjateamento + condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico e silicatização) de diferentes materiais cerâmicos (Duceram Plus - Degussa, IPS Empress 2 - Ivoclar Vivadent, In-Ceram Alumina - Vita) na resistência de união adesiva, usando o teste de microtração. Dezoito terceiros molares humanos superiores recém extraídos foram usados. Os dentes foram limpos e mantidos em solução salina com timol a 0.2% em temperatura ambiente. A superfície oclusal foi cortada perpendicular ao longo eixo do dente com disco diamantado em baixa rotação em máquina de corte. Os dentes foram aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos (n=6) da seguinte forma: Grupo I. Duceram Plus - Degussa; Grupo II. IPS Empress 2 - Ivoclar Vivadent; and Grupo III. In-Ceram Alumina - Vita. Moldagens foram feitas em todos os dentes com silicona de adição e obtidos troquéis em gesso tipo IV. Cada grupo foi dividido em três subgrupos (n=2), em função do tratamento superficial (A, B e C). Tratamento A: microjateamento com óxido de alumínio 50 mm. Tratamento B: microjateamento com óxido de alumínio 50 mm, seguido de condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico a 10%. Tratamento C: microjateamento com partículas de alumina com 100 mm (Rocatec pré), seguido por jateamento com partículas de alumina modificada por sílica (Rocatec plus)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The cementation is vital for the clinical success of all-ceramic restorations and is dependent of many factors as composition of the ceramic materials, surface treatment and luting agent The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of different surface treatment (micro etching, micro etching + etching with fluoric acid and tribochemical silica coating process) of different ceramic materials (Duceram Plus - Degussa, IPS Empress 2 - Ivoclar Vivadent, In-Ceram Alumina - Vita) on bond strength at dentin, using the micro-tensile test. Eighteen freshly extracted human maxillary molars were used. The teeth were cleaned and stored in saline solution with timol 0.2% at room temperature. The occlusal surfaces were flattened perpendicular to long axis of the teeth with slow-speed diamond saw sectioning machine. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n=6 each) as follows: Group I. Duceram Plus - Degussa; Group II. IPS Empress 2 - Ivoclar Vivadent; and Group III. In-Ceram Alumina - Vita. Impressions were made of all teeth preparations with vinyl polysiloxane impression material and poured in a vacuum-mixed die material. Each of the 3 groups was divided into 3 sub-groups (n=2 each), in function of surface treatment (A, B e C). Treatment A: micro etching with 50 mm alumina particles. Treatment B: micro etching with 50 mm alumina particles + etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid. Treatment C: micro etching with 100 mm alumina particles (Rocatec pre) and 100 mm alumina particles modified with silica (Rocatec plus). All specimens were rinsed under running tap water and a silane solution was applied on ceramics specimens... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Orientador: Alexandre Henrique Susin / Coorientador: José Roberto Cury Saad / Banca: Osmir Batista de Oliveira Júnior / Banca: Maria Salete Machado Cândido / Banca: Edson Alves de Campos / Banca: Rodrigo de Castro Albuquerque / Doutor

Orientador: Carlos Augusto Pavanelli / Banca: Eduardo Galera da Silva / Banca: Marco Antonio Meloncini / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união ao cisalhamento de três diferentes tipos de agentes cimentantes: auto-condicionante (Panavia F / P), convencional (RelyX ARC - R) e auto-adesivo (RelyX U100 - U), usando dois tipos de substratos (esmalte / E e dentina / D) e dois tipos de materiais restauradores (cerâmica - C e resina composta laboratorial - R). Foram utilizados cento e vinte incisivos bovinos incluídos em resina acrílica, de modo que uma parte da face vestibular ficasse exposta. Os dentes foram desgastados até se obter uma área lisa e plana, de aproximadamente de 25 mm2, em metade dos espécimes foi exposto esmalte, na outra metade dentina. Uma fita adesiva com um orifício no centro com 3 mm de diâmetro foi colada sobre estas áreas, delimitando a área a ser usada no teste. Foram confeccionados sessenta cilindros de cerâmica a base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max) e sessenta cilindros de resina composta (SR Adoro) com dimensões de 3mm de diâmetro e 3mm de altura. Os cilindros foram cimentados aos substratos com os três tipos de cimento resinoso, formando doze grupos experimentais: G1(PEC); G2(PER); G3(PDC); G4(PDR); G5(REC), G6(RER); G7(RDC); G8(RDR): G9(UEC); G10(UER); G11(UDC) e G12(UDR). Após um período de uma semana, os corpos-de-prova foram levados à máquina de ensaios universais para a realização do teste de cisalhamento com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os resultados (foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em nível de 5% de significância. Verificou-se que o maior valor médio obtido foi do G5 (17,46 MPa) diferindo significativamente dos demais grupos, exceto do G1 (14,60 MPa). O G12 (1,03 MPa) apresentou o menor valor de resistência, não apresentando semelhança estatística com os outros grupos. A adesão em esmalte... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three types of luting agents: self-etching (Panavia F, P), conventional (Rely X ARC, R) and self-adhesive (Rely X U100, U), using enamel (E) or dentin (D) as substrates and two types of restorative materials (ceramic, C and laboratorial composite, R). One hundred and twenty-five bovine incisors were embedded in acrylic resin leaving their bucal side exposed. The teeth were ground flat until a 5mm2 area was created. Half of the specimens had enamel exposed and the other half had dentin exposed. A piece of tape with a 3 mm hole was used to delimitate the bonding area. Sixty cylinders of ceramic (IPS E.max Press) and sixty of composite (SR Adoro), 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height, were confectioned. The cylinders were luted to the substrates, forming twelve groups: G1 (PEC); G2 (PER); G3 (PDC); G4 (PDR); G5 (REC), G6 (RER); G7 (RDC); G8(RDR): G9 (UEC); G10(UER); G11(UDC) and G12(UDR). After one week, the specimens were subjected to a shear test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0,5 mm/min. The results were submitted to both the Anova and Tukey tests (p<0.05) for statistical analysis. It was observed that the mean of G5 (17,46 MPa) was significantly different from the other groups means, except for G1 (14,60 MPa). Statistically G12 (1,03) had the lowest bond strength differing from the other groups. Bondings between was ceramic and enamel determined the highest bond strength for all luting agents. Due to the low bond strength and the failures between cement and substrate, using the self-adhesive cement and laboratorial composite to make bonds is not advisable. / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Existe um consenso de que a instabilidade da interface de uniÃo resina-dentina està relacionada com a quantidade de monÃmeros hidrofÃlicos presentes no sistema adesivo. Dessa forma, interfaces adesivas mais duradouras seriam alcanÃadas com a utilizaÃÃo de sistemas adesivos mais hidrofÃbicos. Uma maneira de unir monÃmeros hidrÃfobos à dentina à atravÃs da saturaÃÃo da matriz dentinÃria desmineralizada por etanol ao invÃs de Ãgua (ethanol-wet bonding technique). O objetivo deste trabalho in vitro foi avaliar o efeito do protocolo de saturaÃÃo dentinÃria, utilizando alcoÃis, na estabilidade da interface de uniÃo produzida por sistemas adesivos convencionais de dois passos. Para isso, foram utilizados 20 terceiros molares humanos, que tiveram a dentina coronÃria exposta e foram distribuÃdos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n=5): Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) aplicado sobre dentina saturada com Ãgua ou etanol; e XP Bond (XP) aplicado sobre dentina saturada com Ãgua ou tert-butanol. O protocolo de saturaÃÃo da dentina foi realizado atravÃs da aplicaÃÃo de 2 &#956;l de etanol 100% ou tert-butanol 99,5% diretamente sobre a dentina por um perÃodo de 60 s. Um platà de resina composta foi confeccionado sobre superfÃcie dentinÃria apÃs a aplicaÃÃo do sistema adesivo e os espÃcimes foram cortados pela tÃcnica non-trimming de obtenÃÃo de palitos para o teste de microtraÃÃo. Os palitos de cada dente foram igualmente divididos em dois subgrupos: imediatamente testado ou envelhecido em soluÃÃo de NaOCl a 10% por 1 hora. Os espÃcimes foram tracionados atà a ruptura da uniÃo a uma velocidade de 1 mm/min e sua forÃa de uniÃo mensurada. Os palitos fraturados foram analisados e classificados de acordo com o modo de fratura em mista, adesiva, coesiva em dentina e coesiva em compÃsito, e os valores expressos em porcentagem. Os valores de resistÃncia de uniÃo foram estatisticamente analisados usando os testes ANOVA a trÃs critÃrios e Tukey (&#945;=0.05). Discos extras de dentina foram submetidos aos procedimentos adesivos de cada grupo testado e utilizados para investigar as caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas da interface de uniÃo atravÃs de microscopia Ãptica apÃs imersÃo em soluÃÃo amonical de nitrato de prata. Os resultados do teste de microtraÃÃo mostraram que a imersÃo em soluÃÃo de NaOCl reduziu significativamente a forÃa de uniÃo em comparaÃÃo aos grupos controle (p<0.05) e aumentou a nanoinfiltraÃÃo das interfaces adesivas de todos os sistemas adesivos testados. A saturaÃÃo da dentina com etanol 100% reduziu os valores de resistÃncia adesiva para SB quando comparado ao grupo controle, e esta mesma tendÃncia foi observada na infiltraÃÃo de prata. O uso do tert-butanol 99,5% nÃo afetou os valores de resistÃncia adesiva para o XP, assim como a deposiÃÃo de nitrato de prata na interface adesiva. ConclusÃo: Os protocolos simplificados de saturaÃÃo da dentina com alcoÃis utilizados no presente estudo nÃo foram capazes de melhorar a estabilidade da interface de uniÃo para sistemas adesivos convencionais de dois passos. / There is a consensus that the resin-dentin bond instability is correlated with increased hydrophilic resin monomer content in dentin adhesive. Thus, more durable bonds could be created when more hydrophobic resins were used. One way to bond hydrophobic monomers to acid-etched dentin is saturating the demineralized dentin with ethanol instead of water (ethanol-wet bonding technique). The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of âalcohol wet bondingâ technique on the stability of adhesive interface produced by two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives systems. For this, it was used 20 human third molars that had superficial dentin exposed and were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=5): Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) bonded to acid-etched dentin saturated with water or ethanol; and XP Bond (XP) bonded acid-etched dentin saturated with water or 99.5% tert-butanol. The simplified dentin dehydration protocol was performed using 2 &#956;l 100% ethanol or 99.5% tert-butanol directly applied in dentin for 60 s. Composite build-ups were built on dentin surface and specimens were cut into non-trimming dentin-composite beams to microtensile testing. Beams from each tooth were divided equally in two subgroups: immediately tested and aged by immersion in 10% NaOCl solution for 1 h. Specimens were pulled until failure at crosshead speed of 1 mm/min and bond strength was calculated. Fractured sticks were analyzed and classified according to the failure mode as mixed, adhesive, cohesive in dentin and cohesive in composite; and expressed in percentage. Data from &#956;TBS test were statistically analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (&#945;=0.05). Additional dentin disks were bonded using the same groups tested and the morphological characteristics of adhesive interface were investigated by light microscopy after immersion in ammoniacal silver nitrate solution. &#956;TBS results showed that NaOCl solution reduced significantly bond strength comparing with the control groups (p<0.05) and increased the silver nitrate interfacial deposit for all adhesives tested. SB used in ethanol saturated-dentin showed significant lower bond strength values in comparison with SB control group, and this same tendency was observed in the silver nitrate deposition. The use of tert-butanol did not influence XP bond strengths values and silver nitrate deposits. Conclusion: The âalcohol wet bondingâ simplified technique used in the present study was not able to improve resin-dentin bond stability for simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive systems.

Materiais cerâmicos têm sido utilizados rotineiramente na clínica restauradora. A capacidade de adesão à sistemas adesivos de cimentação é um dos fatores críticos para o sucesso clínico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as propriedades de adesão à um sistema de cimentação adesiva de dois materiais vitrocerâmicos experimentais, sendo um reforçado por dissilicato de lítio (D) e outro por metassilicato de lítio (M) para aplicação odontológica. Para tal, objetivou-se determinar a influência de diferentes tratamentos de superfície na resistência de união a um sistema de cimentação adesiva através de ensaios de microtração e caracterizar as alterações morfológicas decorrentes dos diferentes tratamentos de superfície testados. Três tratamentos de superfícies para cada material experimental foram selecionados: 1- jateamento com partículas de Al2O3 (J), 2- ataque ácido com ácido hidrofluorídrico a 10% por 20 segundos (20) e 3- ataque ácido com ácido hidrofluorídrico a 10% por 60 segundos (60). Um grupo do material comercial IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent) foi utilizado como controle, seguindo as instruções do fabricante para o tratamento de superfície. As alterações morfológicas na superfície das cerâmicas foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e demonstraram que os materiais experimentais são ácido sensíveis e sofreram modificações topográficas com o jateamento. Para os ensaios de microtração, os blocos das cerâmicas experimental e comercial tiveram suas superfícies condicionadas e silanizadas com o Agente Silano Relyx Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE), e posteriormente foram cimentados a blocos de resina composta Filtek Z100 (3M ESPE) com o cimento resinoso RelyX ARC (3M ESPE). Tais conjuntos foram seccionados, originando espécimes em forma de palito, com 1mm2 de área de secção transversal e submetidos ao ensaio de microtração. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio do teste de O teste utilizado foi o de Análise de Variância a um critério (One-Way ANOVA), adotando nível de significância de &#x3B1;=5%, O teste de Bonferroni foi utilizado para comparações múltiplas, demonstrando que os grupos D20 e M60 apresentaram melhores resultados de resistência de união. D20 não apresentou diferença estatística em relação ao grupo controle e M60 demonstrou resistência de união significantemente maior que o material comercial do grupo controle; levando, portanto, à conclusão de que os materiais experimentais testados apresentam características adequadas de adesão ao sistema de cimentação adesiva utilizado. / Ceramic materials have been routinely used in restorative clinic. The adhesion capacity to adhesive cementation systems is a critical factor for clinical success. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the adhesion properties to an adhesive cementation system of two experimental vitroceramic materials, a reinforced by lithium dissilicate (D) and another by lithium metasilicate (M) for dental application. For this purpose, the objective was to determine the influence of different surface treatments on bond strength to an adhesive cementation system through microtensile tests and characterize morphological changes resulting from the different surface treatments tested. Three surface treatments for each experimental material were selected: 1- blasting with Al2O3 particles (J), 2- etching with hydrofluoric acid 10% by 20 seconds (20) and 3- etching with hydrofluoric acid 10% for 60 seconds (60). A group of the commercial material, IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent) was used as control, following the manufacturer\'s instructions for surface treatment. Morphological changes on the surface of the ceramics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and demonstrated that experimental materials are acid sensitive and suffered topographical changes with the blasting. For the microtensile tests, the blocks of experimental and commercial ceramics had their surfaces conditioned and silanized with Silane agent Relyx Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE), and then they were cemented to resin composite blocks (Z100 Filtek blocks - 3M ESPE) with the resin cement, RelyX ARC (3 m ESPE). These sets were sectioned, resulting in stick-shaped specimens, with 1 mm2 cross sectional area and submitted to the microtensile tests. The test used was the analysis of variance to a criterion (One-Way ANOVA), adopting a significance level of &#x3B1; = 5%, the Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparisons, demonstrating that the D20 and M60 showed best results of bond strength. D20 showed no statistical difference in relation to the control group and M60 demonstrated significantly bond streght better than the commercial material of the control group; leading to the conclusion that the experimental material tested has appropriate characteristics of adhesion to the cementation system used.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência de métodos de esterilização do substrato dental sobre a microdureza de dentes extraídos (esmalte e dentina radicular) submetidos a ciclos de pH, e ainda verificar a influência destes métodos sobre a resistência adesiva do esmalte, dentina coronária e radicular. Para os testes de microdureza, dez terceiros molares extraídos foram seccionados em 40 fragmentos de esmalte e 40 de dentina radicular, sendo divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (para ambos os substratos): Controle - não esterilizado, Óxido de Etileno 7h ciclo de OE/48h aeração, Autoclave 30 à 121oC e Formalina 10% - por 7 dias. Após a esterilização, as amostras foram lavadas, reumidificadas e submetidas a ciclos de pH. Os testes de microdureza em profundidade (30, 60, 90, 120 e 300&micro;m) foram realizados no substrato hígido e desmineralizado. Para os teste de resistência adesiva, 30 terceiros molares extraídos foram seccionados em 60 fragmentos de esmalte, 60 fragmentos de dentina coronária e 60 fragmentos de dentina radicular, sendo divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (para todos os substratos): Controle, Óxido de Etileno, Autoclave e Formalina 10%. Em seguida, os sítios de adesão foram demarcados e cilindros de resina composta foram confeccionados em 3 incrementos. Após 24 horas, os espécimes foram submetidos a testes de cisalhamento. Os dados obtidos para ambas as avaliações foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Fisher (&alpha; =0,05). Para microdureza em esmalte hígido pode-se verificar que o controle apresentou maior valor de dureza e estatisticamente diferente dos outros grupos, sendo que os métodos promoveram alteração da dureza, diminuindo-a (controle>óxido de etileno>autoclave>formalina). Contudo, para as profundidades não houve diferença estatística. Para o esmalte desmineralizado, o grupo controle apresentou maiores valores de dureza diferente estatisticamente da formalina e óxido de etileno e semelhante a autoclave (controle &asymp; autoclave > Formalina &asymp; óxido de etileno). Para as profundidades, observou-se que 30&micro;m < 60&micro;m &asymp; 90&micro;m &asymp; 120&micro;m < 300&micro;m. Para dentina radicular hígida pode-se observar que grupo controle apresentou maior valor de dureza, semelhante ao óxido de etileno e a formalina e diferente da autoclave, sendo a formalina similar ao óxido de etileno e diferente da autoclave. Entretanto, para as profundidades testadas não houve diferença estatística neste substrato. Para a dentina desmineralizada pode-se observar que o método não apresentou diferença significante, contudo para as profundidades ocorreu diferença, 30&micro;m foi similar a 90&micro;m e diferente de 300&micro;m e 120&micro;m. 300&micro;m apresentou as maiores médias de microdureza. Com relação aos testes de resistência adesiva em esmalte os métodos foram semelhantes entre si, assim como em dentina coronária, contudo em dentina radicular a formalina proporcionou maiores valores de adesão. Pode-se concluir que os métodos de esterilização influenciaram na microdureza do esmalte hígido e desmineralizado, bem como, na dentina hígida não promovendo alteração na dentina desmineralizada. Entretanto, os métodos não influenciaram nos resultados dos testes de resistência adesiva em esmalte e dentina coronária, alterando apenas a adesão em dentina radicular. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sterilization methods (ethylene oxide, steam autoclave and 10% formalin) on microhardness of extracted human teeth (enamel and root dentin) submitted to pH cycling, and to determine the influence of these methods on shear bond strength (enamel, coronary and root dentin). For microhardness test, 40 root dentin and 40 enamel blocks were prepared from freshly-extracted third molars. Specimens were randomly assigned to 4 groups according to sterilization method: control group no sterilized, ethylene oxide (7h- EtO gas cycles and 48 degassing period), steam autoclave (30´ at 121oC) and 10% formalin (7 days). After sterilizing, specimens were rinsed, moisten and submitted to pH cycling. Microhardness test in different depths (30, 60, 90, 120 and 300&micro;m) was realized on sound and demineralized areas. For shear bond strength test, 60 enamel, coronary and root dentin fragments were randomly divided into 4 groups according to sterilization method: control group, ethylene oxide, steam autoclave and 10% formalin. The bonding site was delimited and a resin composite cylinder was built. After 24h, the specimens were tested to failure. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fishers test (&alpha;=0.05). Sound enamel microhardness showed the highest values for control group, followed by ethylene oxide and steam autoclave, while the 10% formalin provided the lowest values. For depths, ANOVA showed no statistical difference among them. For demineralized enamel, control group was similar to steam autoclave group and higher than formalin and ethylene oxide (control &asymp; steam autoclave > formalin &asymp; ethylene oxide). Comparing depths, it was observed that 30&micro;m < 60&micro;m &asymp; 90&micro;m &asymp; 120&micro;m < 300&micro;m. For sound root dentin, control group was similar to formalin and ethylene oxide and higher than steam autoclave, being formalin similar to ethylene oxide and different from steam autoclave. It was not verified statistical difference for depths in this substrate. For desmineralized root dentin, ANOVA showed no statistical difference among the methods. For depths, 30&micro;m was similar to 90&micro;m and different from 300 and 120&micro;m. 300&micro;m provided the highest values. For bond strength in root dentin, it was observed statistically significant difference among sterilization methods, presenting formalin the highest values. However, when enamel and dentin were evaluated, ANOVA showed no statistical difference among sterilization methods. It can be concluded that, the sterilization methods employed in this study affect the microhardness of sound and demineralized enamel and sound dentin. On the other hand, the sterilization methods did not affect the microhardness of demineralized root dentin. Shear bond strength was affected by the sterilization methods only in root dentin.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The shift towards minimally invasive dentistry has meant that dental practitioners are now undertaking procedures that are conservative and preserve as much of the existing tooth structure as possible. Repairing composite is a more conservative way of managing damaged restorations when compared to their replacement. A number of different protocols for repairing composite restorations exist but there is little information as to which is the most effective method. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the following treatment procedures have on the shear bond strength of repaired composite: i. Five different repair protocols, ii. Two different types of repair composite materials and iii. Aging in artificial saliva prior to repairing. Materials and methods: Two hundred and forty composite cylinders of 5mm diameter and 5mm height made from Filtek Supreme XTE (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared with the aid of a silicon matrix. They were then divided into two groups: a hundred and twenty of these cylinders were aged in a solution of artificial saliva for 28 days and the remaining samples were left unchanged with no aging. All the aged and non-aged composite cylinders were then randomly allocated to six groups of twenty each corresponding to the repair protocol applied. The first group from both of the aged and non-aged samples was treated by roughening the top surface with a diamond bur followed by an application of Scotchbond 1XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The second group received a surface roughening with a diamond bur,etching with 35% phosphoric acid and application of Scotchbond 1XT. The third group received an application of Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and the fourth one had a single application of Tetric N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) on its top surface. The fifth group was treated by blasting with COJET Sand (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) particles together with an application of Scotchbond Universal. The final group was used as the control where no surface treatment was done. After the surface treatments, each of the composite samples was repaired by the addition of fresh composite in the shape of cylinders measuring 3mm in diameter and 4mm in height. This was done with the aid of a silicon matrix. Within each treatment sub-group (n=20), 10 cylinders were repaired using either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram. All two hundred and forty repaired samples were then subjected to shear bond strength testing on a Universal testing machine. Data analysis: The results of the shear bond strength tests expressed in megapascals (MPa) were recorded and analysed for the effect of three different factors under consideration. The effectiveness of the repair protocols, type of composite and aging in artificial saliva were compared using the analysis of variance. Differences within the groups were identified using a post hoc analysis. Results: The mean highest repair shear bond strength was observed when COJET Sand in conjunction with Scotchbond Universal was used to repair the aged composite blocks. There were no significant differences in the shear bond strength observed when either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram was used as the repair composites. Aging in artificial saliva led to a mean reduction of 18.08% in the repair bond strength across the six treatment groups. Conclusions: The application of a surface treatment and intermediate adhesive is crucial in improving bond strength in the composite repair interface. Repair with Filtek Supreme XTE and Tetric N-Ceram was equally effective. Aging in artificial saliva produced significantly reduced bond strength.

This thesis investigates, using finite element modelling and experimental investigation, the fracture of mesh reinforcement in composite floor slabs at elevated temperatures. The main objective of the research is the study of the bond strength between the welded mesh reinforcement and concrete at elevated temperatures, since this was found to be the principal behaviour that governs the fracture of the reinforcement in a composite floor slab.The experimental programme included steady state and transient pull-out tests carried out at temperatures varying from 20°C to 1000°C. However, unlike previous work, which concentrated on the bond of single bars, rectangular normal concrete prisms were constructed with one longitudinal bar, ensuring a bond length of 200 mm, and one transverse bar welded centrally. As a result, the influence of the weld of the mesh reinforcement in the bond strength between reinforcement and concrete was studied. The bond strength-slip-temperature relationship was obtained for various sized ribbed and plain bars. It was found that the 6, 7 and 8mm diameter ribbed mesh failed by fracture of the longitudinal bar at all temperatures, including ambient temperature. It was shown that the reduction of bond strength of ribbed mesh was similar to the reduction in strength of the bar, which together with the observed modes of failure, lead to the conclusion that ribbed mesh can be assumed to be fully bonded at all temperatures. The 10mm diameter ribbed mesh failed by splitting due to the cover-bar diameter ratio being small. In contrast, all the plain bars failed by fracture of the weld followed by pull-out of the bar. Therefore the correct bond stress-slip relationship should be modelled for smooth bars to accurately predict global structural behaviour.The investigation using finite element modelling utilizes the DIANA program. The incorporation by the author of the bond strength-slip-temperature relationship within the models permits a better prediction of fracture of the reinforcement in composite floor slabs. It has been shown that smooth bars are more beneficial since the bond is broken before fracture of the bar allowing strains to be distributed along the bar. In the case of ribbed bars the bond is such that localised strain will occur in the bar at crack locations leading quickly to fracture of the reinforcement.

Abstract  Aim: To determine the shear bond strength of two commercially available self-adhesive resin cements on four different materials and to analyse the degree of conversion (DC) of those resin cements.  Materials and Methods: A total of 45 embedded specimens made of four different materials were prepared for the notched-edge shear bond strength test. Ten specimens each of resin composite, glass-ionomer, zirconia and 15 of human dentine. Pillars of two different self-adhesive resin cements were luted onto these specimens. Five of the dentine specimens were treated with Katana Cleaner before being luted with Panavia. A single sample from each self-adhesive resin cement was used to determine the DC using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. The samples were measured uncured, right after being light cured and 10 min thereafter. Results: The highest shear bond strength values were seen for RelyX, irrespective of the material tested. This difference was statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was seen between the dentine specimens pre-treated with Katana Cleaner and luted with Panavia, compared to no pre-treatment. No statistically significant differences were found regarding DC between Panavia and RelyX.  Conclusion: The bond between the dental materials and the tooth structure is extremely important for the longevity of the restoration. The bond strength of RelyX for all materials tested were 2.1 to 37.5 times higher than that for Panavia and the differences were statistically significant. Panavia had virtually no bonding to the dentine in this study which might be due to the treatment of the dentine. The differences regarding the degree of conversion between the two resin cements were not statistically significant. However, the DC 10 min after curing was 1.3 times higher than directly after curing for both resins.